Western Civilization Chapters 17 and 18

Voltaire was the author of...

"Treatise on Toleration"

At the end of the eighteenth century, London's population was...

1 million

In a sincere effort to reform his domains typical of enlightened rulers, the Austrian emperor Joseph II issued...

6,000 decrees and 11,000 new laws

John Locke's "tabula rasa" refers to...

A blank mind

New European attitudes toward children are made visible in all of the following EXCEPT...

A reinforcement of the custom of primogeniture

According to The Social Contract, the general will was...

A social consensus to which the individual must bow

The enlightened legal reforms expressed by Catherine the Great in her Instruction.

Accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten

The problem of poverty in eighteenth-century Europe was...

Aggravated by the hostile feelings of government officials toward the poor

Andrea Palladio was a noted Venetian...

Architect

The religious movement that came to be known as Methodism...

Became a separate and independent sect from the Anglican Church

A less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the eighteenth century is associated with...

Beccaria

The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was...

Bernard de Fontenelle

Of the great European powers in the eighteenth century, the only one NOT to possess a standing army and to rely on mercenaries was...

Britain

A key financial advantage the British government enjoyed over French rulers in the eighteenth century was...

Britain's capacity to borrow large sums of money at low rates of interest

Pugachev's rebellion broke out after...

Catherine the Great's policies worsened conditions for the peasantry

The purpose of Diderot's Encyclopedia, according to him, was to...

Change the general way of thinking

All of the following were persistent trends in the upper-class eighteenth-century European family EXCEPT...

Childhood being viewed more and more as a special phase in human development.

In the 1700s members of the British Parliament were...

Chosen in different ways in different districts

The author of The Progress of the Human Mind and who became a victim of the French Revolution was...

Condorcet

Politically, the period from 1715 to 1789 witnessed...

Continuing process of centralization in the development of nation-states

Those rulers associated with enlightened absolutism in the eighteenth century...

Could never completely overcome the political and social realities of the time

Europe's unequal social organization in the eighteenth century was...

Determined by the division of society into traditional orders

Under the reign of Frederick William I, Prussia...

Developed a civil service staffed by middle-class officials

In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism, in what two countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers choose new religious movements?

England and Germany

High culture in eighteenth-century Europe was characterized by the...

Enormous impact of the publishing industry

Gustavus III of Sweden...

Established freedom of religion, speech, and press

The Baroque-Rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century was...

Evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann

True or False: Adam Smith's "The Wealth of Nations" was a forceful rejection of the doctrine of "laissez-faire."

False

True or False: Although Enlightenment intellectuals attacked many elements of their society, they enthusiastically supported the divinely sanctioned division of society into traditional "estates" or "orders".

False

True or False: As a result of the Seven Years' War, France consolidated its hold on Canada.

False

True or False: Denis Diderot was an ardent Christian.

False

True or False: Frederick the Great had no use for the Enlightenment or its philosophes, immersed as he was in building his military.

False

True or False: In the War of the Austrian Succession, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria managed to wrest Silesia away from Prussia.

False

True or False: In the eighteenth century, the British Parliament was dominated by the urban middle classes, particularly merchants and industrialists.

False

True or False: Mozart's most famous piece was his "Saint Matthew's Passion".

False

True or False: Poland was dismembered through a single partition of its land in 1772 by Austria, Prussia, and Russia.

False

True or False: The eighteenth-century English historian Edward Gibbon blamed the downfall of ancient Rome on pagan religion practices.

False

True or False: The great scientists of the seventeenth century, such as Galileo, Kepler, and Newton, pursued their exploration of science in an explicit attempt to question and undermine religion.

False

True or False: The potato was first cultivated in Ireland.

False

Catherine the Great of Russia...

Followed a successful policy of expansion against the Turks

A favorite type of private charity supported by the rich in eighteenth-century Europe was...

Foundling homes for poor and abandoned children

A diplomatic revolution resulted when Austria succeeded in separating Prussia from its chief ally,...

France

The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was...

Francois Quesnay

The Grand Tour...

Generally completed the proper education of an aristocrat's sons

A cheap and popular alcoholic drink in eighteenth century England was...

Gin

Deism is the belief that...

God created the universe but does not actively run it

The special legal privileges of the European nobility included all of the following EXCEPT...

Guarantees against becoming poor

The eighteenth-century musical composition that has been called one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputably a masterpiece of the highest order is...

Handel's Messiah

European music in the later eighteenth century is best associated with...

Haydn and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy and Germany to the Austrian Empire

The philosopher who proclaimed the motto of the Enlightenment as "Dare to know!" was...

Immanuel Kant

Pogroms were...

Instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities

All of the following are correct about trade and commerce in the eighteenth century EXCEPT...

International trade had become greater than trade within Europe

The French painter whose work represented the continuing appeal of Neoclassicism was...

Jacques-Louis David

Who said that individuals would be forced to be free if they did not obey the general will?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Which statement is FALSE about published travel accounts of different cultures?

Led to placing Africans at the highest rank of humankind

Carnival was celebrated in the weeks leading up to...

Lent

European warfare in the eighteenth century was characterized by...

Limited objectives and elaborate maneuvers

As a result of the French and Indian Wars, France...

Lost Canada

France in the eighteenth century...

Lost an empire while acquiring a huge public debt

Louis XV's most famous mistress was...

Madame de Pompadour

The growth of reading and publishing in the eighteenth century was aided and characterized by the development of...

Magazines for the general public

The young Habsburg empress whose country was attacked in the War of Austrian Succession was...

Maria Theresa

The English writer who argued in A Serious Proposal to the Ladies that women should become better educated was...

Mary Astell

The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by...

Mary Wollstonecraft

Under Frederick II of Prussia, the most important offices in the government usually went to...

Members of the nobility

The eighteenth-century composer considered to be the most innovative who composed the opera, The Marriage of Figaro was...

Mozart

Eighteenth-century writers, especially in England, used this new form of literary expression to attack the hypocrisies of the era and provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers.

Novels

The European peasantry in the eighteenth century...

Often owed extensive compulsory services to aristocratic landowners

The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was...

Paris

In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant,...

Played a major role in social and spiritual areas

In England, a legislative district controlled by one man or one family was known as a...

Pocket borough

The works of Fontenelle...

Popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion

Which one of the following non-native, imported products allowed Irish peasants to survive on the small plots of land left to them by English landlords?

Potatoes

In "The Spirit of the Laws", Montesquieu argued that the best political system in a modern society is one where...

Power is divided between the three branches of government

According to Rousseau, the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes was...

Private Property

Johann Sebastian Bach...

Produced religious music as a way to worship God

Rousseau's influential novel, Emile, deals with these key Enlightenment themes.

Proper child rearing and human education

Isaac Newton and John Locke...

Provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society

The Austrian emperor Joseph II...

Provoked general discontent due to his enlightened but radical reforms

The punishment of crime in the eighteenth century was often...

Public and very gruesome

Voltaire was best known for his criticism of...

Religious intolerance

Which of the following cities did NOT benefit significantly from eighteenth century Atlantic trade?

Rome

Which of the following countries participated in the partition of Poland?

Russia

Which of the following statements concerning salons is NOT true?

Salons were frequented by wealthy bourgeoisie but shunned by aristocrats and government officials

Adam Smith believed that government...

Should not interfere in people's economic decisions

The dismemberment of Poland in the late eighteenth century...

Showed the necessity of a strong, centralized monarchy to defend a state in the period

The War of Austrian Succession began in 1740 when Prussia attacked the Habsburg province of...

Silesia

By the eighteenth century, the Dutch Republic...

Suffered a decline in economic prosperity

Which war do some historians regard as the first world war?

The Seven Years' War

A key financial innovation of the eighteenth century was...

The circulation of paper banknotes compensating for a lack of coinage

European society in the eighteenth century witnessed...

The continued dominance of the nuclear family

The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to...

The emergence of the science of man

All of the following contributed to the growth of population in the second half of the eighteenth century EXCEPT...

The eradication of typhus and smallpox

The French philosophes mostly included people from...

The nobility and the middle class

At the beginning of the eighteenth century,...

The old order remained strong

The Rococo artist Antoine Watteau emphasized...

The pleasure and joy of aristocratic life

The domestic system of textile production in France and Britain is known as...

The putting-out system

During the second half of the eighteenth century...

The rate of population growth was nearly double that of the first half of the century

A continuing trend in eighteenth-century Prussia was...

The social and military dominance of the Junker nobility

Which of the following statements BEST describes eighteenth-century European cities?

They were still filthy and lacked proper sanitation

True or False: Although many European rulers desired to emulate the size and grandiosity of Versailles, they usually adopted the Baroque-Rococo architectural style rather than the French classical style of Louis XIV's palace.

True

True or False: Between the death of Louis XIV and the death of Cardinal Fleury, France pulled back from foreign war and promoted the growth of industry.

True

True or False: Eighteenth-century enlightened rulers were not always "enlightened" but they were also hindered in instituting necessary reforms because of the power still held by the hereditary aristocracy.

True

True or False: In her "Vindication of the Rights of Woman", Mary Wollstonecraft argued that the Enlightenment was based on the ideal that reason is innate in all human beings, including women.

True

True or False: John Locke influenced the eighteenth-century Enlightenment through his theory of knowledge and his concept of the "tabula rasa".

True

True or False: Of the great powers, only Great Britain had no regular standing army, often relying upon German mercenaries to fight their battles.

True

True or False: Pietism refers to an emphasis on the mystical experience of God as a conduit of faith.

True

True or False: Rousseau, whose novel "Emile", emphasized the heart and sentiment, served as a precursor of the Romantic movement of the early nineteenth century.

True

True or False: The French Physiocrats, in their belief in natural economic laws, were harsh critics of economic mercantilism.

True

The Encyclopedia...

Was a 28-volume compilation of articles by many influential philosophes

Montesquieu's Persian Letters...

Was a method that allowed him to criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy

During the eighteenth century, the idea of divine right...

Was replaced by the idea of "enlightened absolutism" justified by utilitarian arguments

European diplomacy during the eighteenth century...

Was shaped by the attempt to prevent one state from dominating the others

During the eighteenth century, Spain...

Was temporarily rejuvenated by the reforms of Philip V

The French philosophes...

Were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality

The prime minister who furthered British imperial ambitions by acquiring Canada and India was...

William Pitt the Elder

The Jews of eighteenth-century Europe...

Won the right to publicly practice their religion in Austria with Joseph II's Toleration Patent of 1781

By the end of the eighteenth century...

corporal and capital punishment were on the decline

An early female philosophe who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was...

the Marquise du Chatelet

Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended...

the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life

European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by...

the emergence of secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life