Western Civilization- Unit 7

Atlantic Slave Trade

Between 1500-1600 there was a process of taking Africans to America to trade for goods and spices to bring back to Europe, this brought new wealth to Europe, they chose to start using Africans because they had an immunity to disease, were easy to spot because of their skin color, and many of them were for the work

What inspired Europeans to begin exploring foreign lands in the 1400s? What made it possible for them to begin these explorations?

G-d, Glory, and Gold inspired Europeans to start exploring, new sailing techniques were invented, also new vessel invented called a carvel(sturdier, had triangular sails, a large cargo, shallow draft to get closer to shore), sextant was used to determine longitude latitude

How did slavery in the Americas differ from slavery in most Africa and Muslim societies?

In Africa the slave had some rights, tough limited, and they were treated as close to humans as slaves can be treated, and in the Americas the slaves were treated as property and branded like a product

Christopher Columbus

Italian Sea captain who convinced Spain to finance a bold plan which was to find a route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean, in october Columbus reached an island in the Caribbean, but he thought he reached an island in the West Indies--his voyage opened the way for European colonization of the Americas, from his voyage grew the tensions of Spain and Portugal

New France

Land founded by Samuel dee Champlain when he sailed up the ST. Lawrence with 32 colonists, they founded Quebec which became the base of France's colonial empire in North America known as New France

Colony

Lands that are controlled by another nation

What was mercantilism? How and why did it encourage European colonization of the Americas?

Mercantilism is the theory that a cow tries power depends on its wealth-- you can earn wealth in two ways: by gaining as much gold and silver as possible or by setting up a favorable balance of trade(where you earn more than you spent); this encouraged European colonization of the Americas because the more land the people bought the greater their colonies and the more they and to receive and trade wealth- in America Europeans settled bringing more wealth to their own land by expanding

Mestizo

Mixed Native American and Spanish population

Vasco de Gama

Portuguese explorer who began exploring the east African coast, he reached the port of Calicut on the southwestern coast of India where he found spices, rare silks, and precious gems that he brought back to Portugal-- his cargo was worth 60 times the cost of the voyage, this voyage gave Portugal a direct sea route to India

Triangular Trade

Process in which Africans were traded and goods were collected, first route- Europeans transported manufactured goods to the west coast of Africa (where the goods were traded for Africans), second route- Africans were taken across the Atlantic and sold in the West Indies, third route- merchants bought sugar, coffee, and tobacco in the West Indies and sailed to Europe with these products to sell

Puritans

Sought religious freedom from England's Anglican Church- established a larger colony at nearby Massachusetts Bay, wanted to build a model community that would set an example for other Christians to follow

Prince Henry

The son of Portugal's king, his dreams of overseas exploration began after he conquered the Muslin city of Ceuta in North America(found many spices and he wanted to know where these things came from), Henry returned wishing to find the sources of these spices and he wanted to spread Christianity, he founded a navigation school in Portugal, by the time Henry died Portugal had set up trading posts along the western side of Africa

Middle Passage

The voyage that brought Africans to the West Indies and later to North and South America- cruel journey where Africans were beaten and tortured to get to the Americas to be slaves

What problems did Europeans have to overcome in order to find an all-water route to Asia? (Think, technology)

They had to build ships that could withstand the journey and they had to find a route that would take them less time to travel through-becasue new materials were not yet invented it took a long time to travel to Asia and they were looking for a better way

Treaty of Tordesillas

Treaty signed by Spain and Portugal agreeing to honor the line which split their land

Favorable Balance of Trade

Where a country sells more goods than they buy

Conquistador

conquerers- people who followed Cortes

Encomienda

forced system to the Native Americans by the Spanish, under system Natives farmed, ranched, or minded or Spanish landlords- holders of this promised Spanish rulers they would act fairly and respect the workers(this did not happen)

Dutch East India Company

richer and more powerful than England's company, eventually drove the English out of the region and took dominance-- East India Company was a company of people that had the power to mint money, make treaties, and raise their own armies

Pilgrims

they founded a second English colony, Plymouth, in Massachusetts-- they were persecuted for their religious beliefs in England, they sought religious freedom

What helped the Spanish forces to conquer the Aztec people?

three things helped the Spanish conquer the Aztecs: they had disease which the Aztecs were not use to because they were very clean people, they also had many weapons which gave them the power to overcome the Aztecs, and the Spanish made allies with other people who also hated the Aztecs giving them a stronger force

French and Indian War

1754 dispute over land claims in Ohio Valley between French and British on the North American Continent led to this war, war led to a bugger issue known as Seven Years War

Jamestown

A company of London investors received a charter from King James to found a colony in North America, They sailed out with three ships and reached the coast of Virginia and claimed the land as theirs--they names it Jamestown after their king; the colony was disastrous at first because the settlers were more interested in finding gold rather than planting crops which led to many deaths

What were some of the ways in which the Atlantic slave trade affected both African and American societies from the 1400s to the 1800s?

African Society: countless families were torn apart- in the process of selling the Africans in both Africa and America many families were torn apart and never found each other again, also Africa lost its most elite members, they also had a devastation in the community because guns were introduced which hadn't been introduced to Africa before; Americas: new culture and ways of life were brought into America- with the slaves came new culture, art, and food, also the population in America increased- Africans now took up a huge amount of the population in America

Mercantilism

Economic policy which had the theory that a country's power depended mainly on its wealth, there were two ways to gain wealth: through finding as much gold and silver as you can or by setting up a favorable balance of trade, nations ultimate goal was to become self sufficient

Hernando Cortes

Spaniard who landed in Mexico looking for new land to claim for Spain, he and his followers carved out colonies in what is known as modern day Mexico, South America, and the United States, he took his people to the Aztec Empire in search for the large quantity of gold, and was seen at first to the leader as a g-d wearing armor--cortes got gold by saying he had a disease to the heart that could only be cured by receiving gold, later on at a party some of Cortes' men killed some Aztec leaders which led to a rebel and eventually Cortes and his men being kicked out of the land- though the Spanish fought back and conquered the Aztecs--Cortes made allies with the natives

Philip II

Strong king who took the land over after his father died, he received Spain and all of its settlements, after his rein he increased the land by over double

Why was it more "beneficial" to use Africans for labor instead of natives?

The Africans were close to immune to disease which gave the slave traders stronger workers who could work longer, also because of the Africans skin they could be easily spotted when trying to escape, the Africans did not know the land so it was harder to escape, they also had much experience with farming which helped them work better and faster

New Netherlands

The Dutch holdings in North America--Dutch government granted the Dutch West India Company permission to colonize the region and expand the fur trade

How were the French, Dutch, and English interests and activities in North America similar and how were they different?

The English were looking to colonize for religious freedom, the French colonized in Canada, both the English and the Dutch wanted to colonize in the a United States and they both had farming, the Dutch and the French both were involved in the fur trade and were looking for a sea route (Dutch- to Asia, French- to Pacific Ocean), the English and French were both in wars to dominate North America, all three colonies were in search for wealth

Columbian Exchange

The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during colonization of the Americas- new items were brought from the Americas to Europe and the other way around