WFC 120

What's the difference between Protandrous and Proto gynous fishes?

*Protandrous fish* = Born male and switch later in life to female Ocellaris clownfish *Protogynous fish* = Born female and switch later in life to male Moon wrasse

Order Heterodontiformes

- Bullhead sharks Appear early in the fossil record (Jurassic) but have never been abundant. Nocturnal Distinct dorsal fins. Feed on small fishes. Wiggle as they swim

Order Chimaeriformes

- Chimaeras Poorly studied group of fishes Long, thin tail; Cartilage skeletons Lay eggs; Electroreception . Deep sea predators.Single gill opening. Tooth plates for crushing mollusks and crustaceans. Oviparous and produce odd-looking egg cases

Order Rajiformes Family Rajidae

- Skates Largest family of Chondrichthyan fishes (15% of all diversity). Thornlike spines often present on dorsal surface Lay rectangular keratinoid egg cases called "mermaid purses

Superorder Batoidea

- Skates and rays 650 species of skates and rays

Order Amiiformes, Family Amiidae

- bowfin Cycloid Scales Gular Plate: bony plate that extends forward from gill and covers part of the throat and lower jaw

Order Lepisosteiformes, Family Lepisosteidae

- gars Adapted swim bladder. Vascularized to help breathe air Tolerate swampy low oxygen conditions.

Family Acipenseridae

- sturgeons Five rows of bony scutes along the body Freshwater and anadromous Inhabit lakes, large rivers, nearshore coastal areas Feed on mussels, crustaceans, invertebrates, plants

Family Polyodontidae - paddlefish

-Paddlefish Family Polyodontidae 2 genera, 2 species 1 species native to the Mississippi Basin, the other the Yangtze Basin. Rostrum: Ampullae, especially on juveniles, used to detect weak electrical currents developed by individual plankton like water fleas, stabilizer Densely packed gill rakers for suspension-feeding tiny prey. Loss of spawning habitat = fast flowing with clean gravel bottoms. Spawning areas degraded by damming which leads to lower flows and siltation. Commercially and recreationally sought for their meat and caviar. The Yangtze paddlefish is more ancient, rarer, and critically endangered. Probably anadromous, and considered the rarest fish in China. Three Gorges Dam will drive to extinction

What are the 4 types of shark teeth?

1) Dense flattened (e.g., nurse sharks) : used to crush bivalves/crustaceans. 2) Needle-Like (e.g., blue sharks and bull sharks): used to feed on small fish. 3) Pointed Lower with Triangular Upper (e.g., Great White Shark): feed on large mammals and large fishes. 4) Low-to-Non-Functional: basking sharks, whale sharks: Greatly reduced often for filter feeding

Roughly how old is genus Sebastes? Is that old or young from an evolutionary perspective?

23-34 mya; old

Ostariophysans

8000 species, key characteristics breeding tubercles, two chambered swim bladder, protractile maxilla, Schreckstoff (Fear scent or response), all minnows here

What % of CA fishes are either extinct or in some form decline?

83% extinct or declining

What does a length-weight relationship look like?

A curve that goes up exponentially. As length increases, weight increases exponentially

Swimbladder

Actinopytergii Key Innovation Helps control buoyancy in modern fishes. Swim bladders are evolutionarily closely related to lungs. In embryo development, both the lung and swim bladder originate as an "outpocketing" of the gut. There are no animals that have both lungs and a swim bladder. Barotrauma; Submarine sensing (Echogram)

Bichirs

All bichirs have lungs, a skeleton made mostly of cartilage, and a uniquely divided dorsal fin (looks like a dragon!). Sister to all other Actinopterygians.Long-vexed evolutionary scientists 40 million years younger than originally thought

Lungfishes- SUBCLASS DIPNOTETRAPODOMORPHA-

Appeared ~420 million years ago Only 6 known species Fossils found in marine and freshwater Retained ability to breathe air. No adapted swim bladder, but lungs, usually 2 of them! Large Represented on all continents including Antarctica Conservative in evolution, low diversity in form Massive tooth plates. During the dry season African lungfish burrow into the mud and "aestivate" inside mucous cocoons.

Order Osteoglossiformes - Family Arapaimidae

Arapaima A more primitive and largest group of teleost fishes (~220M years old). Adapted swim bladder to breathe air, live in floodplain lakes of the Amazon floodplain Supports artisanal fisheries in Brazil, other parts of South America. Diversity = ??? Probably > 1.

What's the typical relationship between fecundity and body size for fish?

As body size increases, fecundity increases

Describe the general cardiac system of fishes.

Basic pattern = single-pump, single- circuit system. Heart ->gills ->body -> heart

Genus Micropterus

Black basses

Lepomis macrochirus

Bluegill Nest in colonies. Females and 3 types of males: parentals, sneakers, satellites (sneakers that are female mimics).

What bare bony plates and scutes and what types of fish have them?

Bony plates possess bone cells (osteocytes). -] if capped with ganoin its termed "scutes" Serve as protection/armor Present in Sticklebacks, Sturgeons, Armored catfishes, Pipefishes, Seashorses

What is an example of a native CA fish species that has declined significantly in status over time?

Bull Trout Last tagged and released in 1975; went extinct due to Shasta Dam construction, which eliminated their food supply. Winter Run Chinook Salmon

How does shape of the digestive tract of fishes provide information on their ecology?

Carnivorous fishes have short straight intestines. Herbivorous fishes have long, often coiled, intestines; can also have gizzards.

Family Gadidae

Cods

What are the 5 common body plans for fishes?

Compressed: squished from sides Globiform: globe-like Anguilliform: snake-like Depressed; squished from top and bottom Fusiform

What is the Weberian apparatus? What types of fishes have this organ?

Connects the swim bladder to the auditory system Amplify Sound Notable and complex system in Teleost fishes Minute bones that originate from the first few vertebrae. These bones grow to physically connect the auditory system, specifically the inner ear, to the swim bladder. California Hitch has it

Approximately how many humans are on Earth now? How many projected in 2050?

Currently 7.6 billion In 2050, 9.2 billion projected

Describe the historical geology of the Great Basin and why it matters to the evolution of fishes.

During Plesitocene and before, many of the sub-basins here contained large lakes that were connected. These lakes are now dry or reduced to remnants. High alkalinity can preclude fishes. Basins have become isolated and fishes have evolved local adaptations and forms. Each basin can often have its own unique species.

Placoderms

Extinct! Among 1st jawed fish Dominated the Silurian: 416-36 million years ago Done in by "The Hangenberg event" (giant anoxic event)

Ostracoderms

Extinct! Armored and Jawless. Lived in the Paleozoic. Used gills for respiration Disappeared when jawed fishes showed up.

What is the extreme sexual size dimorphism displayed by anglerfishes, and why may this may evolved?

Extreme sexual dimorphism in some cases leading to symbiosis: very small males with large female. Males don't have lures or big mouths because they fuse with the female! Male bites into female belly and latches to commence fusion. The body parts the male doesn't need any more (eyes, fins, some organs) atrophy and fall off.

Why is condition factor a useful measure for fish managers?

Fish manages don't have time. They would have to go out and sample to see how the population is doing.

Describe of electric organs in fish work.

Fishes in 6 evolutionary lineages have developed the ability to amplify the usual electrical production associated with muscle contractions. This includes Family Rajidae (Rays), Family Mormyridae (Elephantfishes), Order Gymnotiformes (Knifefishes), and Family Malapteruridae (Electric Catfishes).

Order Pleuronectiformes

Flatfishes; Many food fishes in this group - flounders, halibut, soles, plaice

What is an adipose fin, and why is there a debate over its function?

Fleshy dorsal appendage found in trout, salmon, smelts, lanternfishes, some catfishes, some piranhas.

Order Beloniformes

Flying fish Ctenoid Scales

Can GSI given some sample data? What does GSI data tell you over the course of a year?

Gonadal Somatic Index (GSI) GSI = (Gonad Weight / Total Animal Weight) x 100 Can tell you when peak spawning occurs

Order Carcharhiniformes -

Ground sharks - Comprise the most speciose order of sharks. All species have 2 dorsal fins, an anal fin, 5-gill slits, and a large mouth that extends behind the eyes

Where are pelvic fins typically located in ancestral versus derived fishes?

In more ancestral fishes (e.g., sharks, salmon, shad), pelvic fins are located ventrally (towards the rear of the fish). In more derived fishes pelvic fins are located more anterior towards the head.

What's the difference between the three primary mouth types: inferior, superior, and terminal? What does mouth type tell you about the ecology of a fish species?

Inferior: Bottom feeding fish often have downward-pointing mouths Superior: Surface oriented fish often have upward-pointing mouths; surface feeders Terminal: For most fish the mouth is at the end of the snout

Name several reasons why deep-sea fishes are interesting to study.

Inhabit largest aquatic environment. Push vertebrate structure to limits. Major lineages of fish here only. Resource scarcity a major challenge, thus interesting Canaries in the coal mine; give signs of danger

Describe what Barotrauma is.

It's a condition experienced by some deepwater fish that are brought quickly to the surface. Swim bladder swells

Operculum

Key Innovation of Actinopytergii A protective flap that covers the gills of fishes Vital for obtaining oxygen. Open as mouth closes causing the pressure inside the fish the drop. Water then flows towards the lower pressure facilitating respiration.

Layered Scales

Key Innovation of Actinopytergii Ganoid Scales: Found in sturgeons, paddlefishes, bowfin, bichirs. Most are diamond-shaped. Thick. Little to no overlap (less mobile). Tough! (Armored plates) Cycloid Scales : Smooth texture and uniform. Common in soft-rayed fishes. Overlapping. Smooth margin Trout, salmon, carp. Ctenoid scales: Toothy" appearance Most spiny and ray-finned fishes have ctenoid scales. Rougher texture. Overlapping thus more flexible

Flexible Fin Rays

Key Innovation of Actinopytergii Fins are flexible. Most fins are also collapsible. Fins are supported by flexible jointed fin rays with a unique Bilaminar (i.e., having 2 structures) structure that allows for active control of fin surface conformation. Possess multiple sets of fins that allow them to take advantage of diverse hydrodynamic conditions

Improved Tail

Key Innovation of Actinopytergii Heterocercal to Homocercal Tail Vertical axis of Bending

Upper Jaw

Key Innovation of Actinopytergii The maxilla or upper jaw was a key development in the evolution of Fishes. Sharks and rays lack a true maxilla (instead have a cartilaginous bar). Some fish have permanently protruding maxilla called rostrums. Sailfish use rostrums to "slash" prey.

What are the 6 primary physiographic provinces relevant to inland fishes in CA?

Klamath Province North Coast Province Great Basin Province Sacramento-San Joaquin Province South Coast Province Colorado River Province

Can you locate and identify fin types on a picture of a fish?

Lecture 3 slides

Name two types of mesopelagic zone fishes and two types of bathypelagic zone fishes. How do adaptations of fishes generally shift with ocean depth?

Mesopelagic Zone = diverse fishes, diverse behaviors mesopelagic fishes are all small Types of Fish: Lanternfishes; Bioluminescence via photophores; Global biomass ~600 million metric tons Hatchetfishes; Large eyes that point upward! Mouth pointed up as well; Bioluminescence, but photophores are pointed downwards Bathypelagic fishes= Reduced structures; No swimbladders; Weak skeletons and muscles Watery flesh; Inactive; Meals few and far between;Hard to find mates Types of Fish: Bristlemouths; Sometimes transparent; One of most abundant animals on Earth. Thousands of trillions; counterillumination. Pelican or Gulper Eels; Lack bones, no scales, pelvic fins or swim bladder; Inflatable head; Uses a whip-like tail for movement;Posterior end of the tail bears a complex organ with numerous tentacles, which glows pink and gives off red flashes.

Family Hiodontidae

Mooneyes and Goldeyes 1 family, 1 genus, 2 species

Order Mugiliformes

Mullets Ctenoid Scales

Define Iteroparity

Multiple reproductive events through life.

What are the three types of reproductive behavior? Provide examples of each.

Non-guarders: No protection for young; Broadcast spawners; Benthic;Brood hiders Salmon - build nests and bury eggs in substrate at bottom, then abandon Guarders: Guarders "guard" embyros until they hatch. Territoriality and courtship involved. Usually guarding by males. Build nests or chose and guard substrates. Bearers: Fish that carry embryos around with them either externally or internally. Good examples in pipefishes and seahorses, after eggs are fertilized the female places the embryos on the male.

Family Regalecidae

Oarfish; super long

Do fish have big brains or small brains? Which fishes have the largest brains?

On average fish brains are 1/15 the size of the brain of a bird or mammal of similar size. Sharks have larger brains relative to body size compared to telesost fishes. Elephantfishes have the largest brains at 1/52-1/82 brain: body size.

What is the primary function of the kidneys in fishes?

One of the primary organs used in osmoregulation. Excrete copious quantities of diluted urine.

How many species of native fishes in CA? What % are endemic? How many non-native fishes in the state?

Only about 72 native freshwater species. 35 are endemics, 25 if you don't count those shared with Oregon. About 52 non-native freshwater species - likely underestimated.

Family Lampridae

Opahs; prized by recreational anglers endothermy

Order Perciformes

Perch and other ray-finned fishes difficult to circumscribe and define. >3000 species and up to 90 families. Spines present in the dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins; Ctenoid scales, thoracic pelvic fins with 1 spine and five rays.

What type of scales do Chondrichthyans have?

Placoid scales (Tiny, Tough, Keels)

What are the differences between the following scale types: placoid, ganoid, cycloid, ctenoid?

Placoid: Aka dermal denticles; tiny tooth-like Found in cartilaginous fishes Structurally analogous to vertebrate teeth (have a vascularized pulp). Modern teeth may have evolved from these scales ("Outside-In Hypothesis") Placoid scales cannot grow in size with fish, rather simply add more scales Ganoid: Found in sturgeons, paddlefishes, gars, bowfin, and bichirs. diamond-shaped and connected by peg-and-socket joints. Not "layered" as in other fishes. Covered with a peculiar enamel-like substance called ganoin. Ganoid scales are thick, tough and can be greatly enlarged. Cycloid Smooth texture, smooth outer edge (margin), uniform. Found in Trout, Minnows, Herring & other teleosts. Thought to be inner layer of ganoid scales. Ctenoid Similar to cycloid scales. "Toothed" or spiny on the margins. Most all teleost fishes have either cycloid or ctenoid scales. Some teleosts (e.g., flounders) have cycloid and ctenoid scales.

Subclass Chondrostei

Preponderance of cartilage in their endoskeleton. In essence, primitive bony fishes. Includes the bichirs, sturgeons, and paddlefishes. They all have a heterocercal tail. Moyle and Cech, "There is little reason to think the group is monophyletic. Rather it is more or less a "garbage can" grouping of ancient fishes with multiple origins

Roughly how much water is diverted from Putah Creek?

Putah Diversion Dam Diverts 95% of Putah Creek's water to Solano County via the Putah South Canal

Describe the key differences between white and red muscle.

RED MUSCLE: Is red because it contains a greater concentration of myoglobin (resistant to fatigue). Small diameter fibers High blood volume; ex: Tuna, Salmon WHITE MUSCLE Makes up the majority of locomotor muscle. Used anaerobically in short duration; short and fast burst speed White muscle contains less myoglobin: can contract faster but more susceptible to fatigue.

What is Neoteny?

Retention of juvenile traits and loss of sessile adult stage

Describe the pectoral fins of sharks

Rigid and wing-like. Can be moved but not collapsed. Operate as stabilizers and as diving planes. Normally set at an elevated angle of attack to generate lift for the anterior (head)

What is the geographic epicenter for Rockfish diversity in California?

Rockfish species richness along Pacific Coast Santa Barbara

Archoplites interruptus

Sacramento perch Only native sunfish in CA! •Native to the Central Valley •Preferred habitat is slow water, heavily vegetated, sloughs and lakes. •Identifiable by its irregular vertical bars. •Historically found throughout the Central Valley below 100 m. •Eliminated from 90% of native habitat due to habitat destruction, egg predation and competition by invasive fish species (e.g., green sunfish). New Habitat Pyrmaid Lake, NV

Where is the bulk of inland fish diversity located in CA?

Sacramento-San Joaquin Province Large size, diverse habitats, and isolation have made it a center for fish speciation. Complex geologic history - involving connections & disconnections with neighboring regions. 17 endemic species, but number increases to 40-50 (wow!!) if subspecies and distinct runs of salmon are counted. 1/2 of CA water flowed through the estuary. Klamath province 30 native species, 8 endemic.

Family Pristidae

Sawfishes Use the "saw", or rostrum for disabling swimming prey and for digging for buried prey in soft sediment.

Order Syngnathiformes

Seahorse and pipefishes Elongated narrow bodies surrounded by a series of bony rings. Camo with seaweed Flashy females battle for males who bear the pregnancy and carry their young to term. Males house eggs in an osmoregulated pouch or adhere eggs to their tail.

What are Acanthodiians and why are they important?

Sharks descended from this group Fossil spines/scales often all that remains of these fishes in the geologic records. Acanthodians had a cartilaginous skeleton, but their fins had a wide, bony base and were reinforced with dentine spine Share features of both bony fishes and cartilaginous fishes

How old are sharks evolutionarily?

Sharks thought to be ~450 million years old

Define Semelparity

Spawn once and done. Usually a large event, usually fatal.

What are Ampullae of Lorenzeni?

Special sensing organs for electroreception. Sharks and rays may be more sensitive to electric fields than any other animal. prey had weak direct current (DC) electric fields surrounding their gills, gut, and skin wounds that gave away their presence to sharks All organisms produce electrical fields by muscle contractions, and a shark may pick up these weak electrical stimuli. Network of jelly-filled pores.

What are two reasons why rockfish reproduction so interesting?

Sperm stored by females & multiple matings Impressive fecundity range 0.05-2.8 million eggs Viviparous: live birth; embryos retained 30-52 days

Order Gasterosteiformes

Sticklebacks; super fast evolving

Order Mylobatiformes

Stingrays Serrated venomous spine Marine and Freshwater Bounties against because they eat shellfish and damage shellfishing grounds Used as an underlayer for cord or wrap and produce bullwhips pre-WWII

Family Centrarchidae

Sunfishes Minimum of three anal spines. For most species, males are nest builders and guarders. Recreationally valuable. Many species globally invasive. Many non-native centrarchids in CA

Coelacanths -SUBCLASS COELACANTHIMORPHA-

Super Ancient: Fish Coelacanths appeared 375 million years ago in mostly shallow freshwater areas. Thought to have gone extinct, then in 1938 a single specimen was trawled up off the coast of South Africa. Heralded as one of the most significant findings of the 20th century. Thought to have given rise to terrestrial vertebrates during the Devonian. Only 2 known extant species left on Earth and both species are very rare! Lobbed fins Bear only 5-26 live young and reproduce very infrequently. Produce the largest egg of any bony fish. Large - up to 2m, 7 ft long In the 1990s, a black market developed for the notochord fluid from Coelacanths.Promote longevity.

How can you tell testes from ovaries?

TESTES ARE USUALLY OPAQUE AND WHITE OVARIES ARE VASCULARIZED

Family Moronidae

Temperate basses including striped bass Morone saxatilis

How does scale type tell you about the environment and swimming speed of fishes?

The shape of the scale can tell you how the environment is (hydrologic or otherwise). And if it swims slow or fast.

What is the difference between a homocercal and a heterocercal tail? What is the evolutionary significance of homocercal tails?

The vast majority of fishes have homocercal tails - upper and lower lobes are about the same size. In the cartilaginous fishes, tails are often heterocercal with the upper lobe being longer than the lower lobe.

What are pelvic fins used for?

These fins assist in steering and breaking.

What do pectoral fins look like on fast fishes?

They're long and pointed. Slow fish pectoral fins are broader and more rounded and spread laterally (more stability)

Family Alopiidae

Thresher sharks - long whip-like tail for hunting and stunning prey Habitat - upper layers of deep offshore waters

What's the difference between total length, fork length, and standard length?

Total length - head to tip of tail. Fork length - head to curve of tail. Standard length - head to base of tail.

Family Rhincodontidae

Whale Sharks Usually epipelagic, but occasionally mesopelagic >11 m in length - Largest fish on Earth!! One mature female had 300 pups.

Genus Lepomis

bluegill- nest in colonies, popular sport fish redear sunfish-checkered body and more southern native distribution, large pharyngeal teeth; cherry red ear green sunfish- hardy/tolerant found in polluted systems; colored margin on caudal fin; larger mouth; toothy

Genus Pomoxis

crappies Paper-thin mouths. •Feed on smaller fishes. •Aggregate in schools. •Stained waters. •Spawn in loose colonies.

Family Mormyridae

elephantfishes giant brain:body size ratio - electroreception

Lampreys - SUPERCLASS PETROMYZONTOMORPHA -

jawless, not currently classified with fishes, Have vertebrae, have eyes, dorsal fin and lateral line parasitic, CA natives, also invasive species (sea lamprey), use lampricide to control sea lampreys in Great Lakes region.

Micropterus salmoides

largemouth bass

Hagfishes - INFRAPHYLUM MYXINOMORPHA -

not currently classified with fishes, no vertebrate, no jaw, eyeless, copious amounts of slime!