WH 25-1 The Beginnings of Industrialization

Boom

A time of increased activity, wealth, and prosperity

The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way

After buying up the land of village farmers, wealthy landowners enclosed their land with fences or hedges. The increase in their landholdings enabled them to cultivate larger fields. Within these larger fields, called enclosures, landowners experimented with more productive

Changes in the Textile Industry

As you will learn in the feature on textile tech-nology on page 719, by 1800, several major inventions had modernized the cotton industry. One invention led to another. In 1733, a machinist named John Kay made a shuttle that sped back and forth on wheels.

Road Transportation

British roads improved, too, thanks largely to the efforts of John McAdam, a Scottish engineer. Working in the early 1800s, McAdam equipped road beds with a layer of large stones for drainage. On top, he placed a carefully smoothed layer of crushed rock.

Factory

Building where goods are made

Agricultural Revolution

Changes that led to great increases in the amount of food farmers produced

Factors of Production

Conditions needed to produce goods and services

Previewing Main Idea. Science and Technology

From the spinning jenny to the locomotive train, there was an explosion of inventions and technological advances. These improvements pave the way for the Industrial Revolution.

Section Vocabulary. Industrial Revolution

Great increase in machine production that began in England in the 18th century

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain

In 1700, small farms covered England's landscape. Wealthy landowners, however, began buying up much of the land that village farmers had once worked. The large landowners dramatically improved farming methods. These innovations amounted to an agricultural revolution.

Steam-Driven Locomotives

In 1804, an English engineer named Richard Trevithick won a bet of several thousand dollars. He did this by hauling ten tons of iron over nearly ten miles of track in a steam-driven locomotive. Other British engineers soon built improved versions of Trevithick's locomotive. One of these

Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England

In addition to a large population of workers, the small island country had extensive natural resources. Industrialization, which is the process of developing machine production of goods, required such resources. These natural resources included

Inventions Spur Industrialization

In an explosion of creativity, inventions now revolutionized industry. Britain's textile industry clothed the world in wool, linen, and cotton. This industry was the first to be transformed.

SETTING THE STAGE

In the United States, France, and Latin America, political revolutions brought in new governments. A different type of revolution now transformed the way people worked. The Industrial Revolution refers to the

Watt's Steam Engine

James Watt, a mathematical instrument maker at the University of Glasgow in Scotland, thought about the problem for two years. In 1765, Watt figured out a way to make the steam engine work faster and more efficiently while burning less fuel.

Enclosure

Large closed-in field for farming

The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad

News of this success quickly spread throughout Britain. The entrepreneurs of northern England wanted a railroad line to connect the port of Liverpool with the inland city of Manchester.

Entrepreneur

Person who always organizes, manages, and takes on the financial risk of a business enterprise

Crop Rotation

Planting a different crop in a different field each year

Industrialization

Process of developing machine production of goods

Improvements in Transportation

Progress in the textile industry spurred other industrial improvements. The first such development, the steam engine, stemmed from the search for a cheap, convenient source of power. As early as 1705, coal miners were using steam-

Water Transportation

Steam could also propel boats. An American inventor named Robert Fulton ordered a steam engine from Boulton and Watt. He built steamboat called the Clermont, which made its first successful trip in 1807. The Clermont later ferried passengers up and down New York's Hudson River.

The Railway Age Begins

Steam-driven machinery powered English factories in the late 1700s. A steam engine on wheels—the railroad locomotive—drove English industry after 1820.

Economics

The Industrial Revolutions transform economic systems. In part, this was because nations dramatically change the way they produced and distributed goods.

Empire Building

The global power balance shifted after the Industrial Revolution. This shift occurred because the industrialized nations dominated the rest of the world.

Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain

The invention and perfection of the locomotive had at least four major effects. First, railroads spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way to transport materials and finished products.

Rotating Crops

The process of crop rotation proved to be one of the best developments by the scientific farmers. The process improved upon older methods of crop rotation, such as the medieval three-field system discussed in Chapter 14.

CHAPTER VOCABULARY. Abolish

To end

Ban

To forbid

NM 9-12.IC.4 Analyze the pattern of historical change as evidenced by the industrial revolution, to include:

a. Conditions that promoted industrialization;