WHAP Ch. 24, Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800-1900

How did the emancipation of slaves in the United States affect African-Americans?

"Jim Crow" laws that segregated public transportation, jobs, and schools

Emperor Pedro I of Brazil published an article in which he called slavery

"a cancer eating away at Brazil"

Section 3 Review The Challenge of Social And Economic Change

- Following independence, American nations eventually abolished the slave trade and slavery. - After the abolition of slavery, a rush of immigrants from Europe and Asia diversified American nations, though most immigrants faced prejudice. - The long struggle to achieve women's rights and end radical and ethnic discrimination altered the Western Hemisphere's political culture. - Although most Western Hemisphere nations were richer in 1900 than in 1800, only Argentina could match the levels of average wealth found in the United States and Canada; nations and regions dependent on exporting raw materials remained underdeveloped. - Increased logging, grazing, and mining ruined vast areas of the hemisphere, but minor conservation efforts were under way by the end of the nineteenth century.

Section 1 Review Independence in Latin America, 1800-1830

- The French invasion of Portugal and Spain created a political crisis in their American colonies that in turn led to independence movements. - Under the leadership of Simón Bolívar, several South American countries gained independence. - Mexico gained independence after a long and destructive war. - Led by the son of the Portuguese king, Brazil gained independence as a monarchy.

Section 2 Review The Problem of order, 1825-1890

- The new nations of the Western Hemisphere, including the United States, found it difficult to establish constitutional governments. - Charismatic military leaders with large followings, like Andrew Jackson and José Antonio Páez, often took power and challenged constitutional limits on presidential power. - Secessionist movements and civil wars threatened the survival of many Latin American nations and the United States. - Wars with foreign powers and neighboring states endangered the independence and national borders of many Western Hemisphere nations. - Native peoples throughout the hemisphere tried to defend their territories, but by the end of the nineteenth century, national governments had overcome native resistance.

Slavery was ended throughout the United States by the:

13th amendment. the Emancipation Proclaimation declared slavery abolished only in the south. the 13th amendment was a full-on law that applied to all of the US

The failure of the Confederacy in the United States Civil War was due to

75 years of stability of the existing national government

What U.S. abolishment of slavery cause?

A civil war in which the southern states seceded from the union but where defeated and reunified.

What type of government did Mexico transition to?

A constitutional monarchy

Who was Fredrick Douglas?

A former slave who was an abolitionist proponent and writer.

What was the Women's Rights convention?

A meeting in Seneca Falls, New York, of women angered by their exclusion from an international antislavery meeting.

Caste War 24:673

A rebellion of the Maya people against the government of Mexico in 1847 that nearly returned the Yucatán to Maya rule. Some Maya rebels retreated to unoccupied territories, where they held out until 1901.

The U.S had massive population growth in the late 1800s, what is this mostly attributed to?

Abolition of slavery and industrialization. They needed more manual labor.

What United States leader abolished slavery?

Abraham Lincoln

The largest numbers of new arrivals in the Americas during the colonial period were

African

What happened to Venezuela's government in the years following its liberation?

Although it was supposed to be based on a constitution, dictators where still able to take control by stretching the limits on their power.

Latin American revolutions were initially triggered by

American and French revolutions

Women's Rights Convention 24:678

An 1848 gathering of women angered by their exclusion from an international antislavery meeting. They met at Seneca Falls, New York to discuss women's rights.

Who took up Hidalgo's torch once he was executed?

Another priest, Jose Maria Morelos

Where were many immigrants from?

Asia, specifically China

A French army was driven out of Mexico by

Benito Juarez

Brazilian Independence

Brazil gained independence as a monarchy. Pedro liked Brazil and declared it independent. Pedro opposed slavery. Aaaand... yea, that's kind of it. Constitutional monarchy.

The Mayan rebellion that occurred when Mexico was at war with the US was called the

Caste War

What uprising nearly returned the Yucatán to Maya rule?

Caste War

What other areas did Bolivar help to liberate?

Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia

What allowed for many of the revolutions to begin and succeed?

Conflict in Europe, Napoleon invading.

Slavery lasted longest on the Caribbean islands of

Cuba and Puerto Rico

How were immigrants treated?

Despite the economic and social advantages of immigrants, they were treated with extreme racism.

How was the government in Canada organized?

Divided into provinces, each with a provincial governor

During the nineteenth century, the majority of immigrants to the western hemisphere were from

Europe

What were some of the challenges of nation building?

Everything had to be made from scratch: policies, laws, religion, governing documents, whether to allow slavery

Why did power often end up in the hands of the Latin American military?

Few citizens were willing to support civilian politicians against the military.

Andrew Jackson 24:665

First president of the United States to be born in humble circumstances. He was popular among frontier residents, urban workers, and small farmers. He had a successful political career as judge, general, congressman, senator, and president. After being denied the presidency in 1824 in a controversial election, he won in 1828 and was re-elected in 1832.

What are caudillos?

In Latin America, a personalist leader who gained and held political power without constitutional sanction.

development 24:681

In the 19th and 20th centuries, the economic process that led to the industrialization, urbanization, the rise of a large and prosperous middle class, and heavy investment in education.

How did abolition occur in Brazil?

It took much longer and wasn't abolished until the British barricaded their ports

Why was the territory a major loss for Mexico?

It was a massive amount of land and when gold was found in California, its wealth went to the U.S.

Who was a naturalist who worked for environmental preservation?

John Muir

What was created to administer areas under the control of Spanish patriots during the French occupation.

Junta Central

What are personalist leaders?

Leaders who gained fame through military conquests

What did the Women's Rights convention discuss?

Lobbying for better working conditions for women, a greater variety of acceptable jobs, and full legal rights

What were relations between the Natives and the settlers like?

Many natives posed a threat to colonists, so imperial powers tried to limit settler expansion.

abolitionists 24:673

Men and women who agitated for a complete end to slavery. Abolitionist pressure ended the British transatlantic slave trade in 1808 and slavery in British colonies in 1834. In the United States the activities of abolitionists were one factor leading to the Civil War (1861-1865).

José María Morelos 24:662

Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1815.

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 24:662

Mexican priest to lead the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811.

In 1810, Spain's richest and most populous American colony was

Mexico

Which of the following was Spain's richest and most populous colony in the early nineteenth century?

Mexico

What invasion occurred in Mexico after it gave up Texas and other northern territories?

Mexico broke out into civil war and France took the opportunity to invade, deposing president Benito Juarez

Why was Venezuela split between loyalists and Patriots?

Napoleon had defeated and deposed the Spanish King Ferdinand. The loyalists didn't want independence they wanted Ferdinand restored. Patriots, the opposite.

Confederation of 1867 24:665

Negotiated union of the formally separate colonial governments of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. This new Dominion of Canada with the central government in Ottawa is seen as the beginning of the Canadian nation.

Did Brazil remain a constitutional monarchy?

No, Pedro II was overthrown by republicans.

Did King John stay in Brazil?

No. He went back to Portugal to protect his throne, but he left his son, Pedro, to rule Brazil.

Did France remain in Mexico?

No. They installed the Austrian Habsburg Maximilian as emperor, but Benito Juarez executed him after regaining power.

Who first led the Mexican revolution?

Padre Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

When King John VI returned to Portugal in 1821, he left his son ________ in Brazil as its regent.

Pedro

What happened in Brazil after King John left?

Pedro I declared Brazil independent and implemented a constitutional monarchy.

Who were abolitionists?

People who wanted to end slavery

personalist leaders 24:665

Political leaders who rely on charisma and their ability to mobilize and direct the masses of citizens outside the authority of constitutions and laws. 19th century examples include: Jose Antonio Paez a Venezuela and Andrew Jackson of the United States. 20th century examples include: Getulio Vargas of Brazil and Juan Perón of Argentina.

Benito Juárez 24:670

President of Mexico (1858 to 1872). Born in poverty in Mexico, he was educated as a lawyer and rose to become chief justice of the Mexican Supreme Court and then president. He led Mexico's resistance to a French invasion in 1862 and the installation of Maximilian as emperor.

What social concept threatened to tear apart new nations?

Regionalism, where different areas won't submit to the same government because of political differences.

The following was true of British North America in comparison to Spanish Latin America regarding independent government.

Residents of British North America had more experience with voting and holding office than the residents of Spanish colonies.

The Women's Rights Convention was held in

Seneca Falls, NY

Tecumseh 24:672

Shawnee leader who attempted to organize an Amerindian confederacy to prevent the loss of additional territory to American settlers. He became an ally of the British in the war of 1812 and died in battle.

What military leader gained prominence during the war for Venezuelan independence?

Simon Bolivar

What son of wealthy Venezuelan planters became the preeminent leader of the independence movement in Spanish South America.

Simon Bolívar

Jose de San Martin led Chilean and Argentine forces against

Spanish military forces

The Shawnee leader who created a large organized alliance of Amerindians of the Ohio River Valley and Great Britain was

Tecumsah

What was the war of 1812?

The U.S.'s second war with Britain. The British burned down the white house, but it was eventually rebuilt

The only Western Hemisphere countries that earned similar individual income levels as Western Europe by 1900 were

The US, Canada & Argentina

What were the three wealthiest countries in the Americas in 1900?

The United States, Argentina and Canada

acculturation 24:677

The adoption of the language, customs, values, and behaviors of host nations by immigrants.

What spurred the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas to declare independence?

The colonies developed a sense of distinct identity after Napoleon's decision to invade Portugal and Spain.

underdevelopment 24:681

The condition experienced by economies that depended on colonial forms of production such as the export of raw materials and plantation crops with low wages and low investment in education.

What group lead the revolution in Venezuela?

The creoles who wanted independence in order to gain power from the Spaniards/peninsulares.

What is acculturation?

The modification of the language, customs, values, and behaviors of culture.

Simón Bolívar 24:660

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia.

What happened when Napoleon set his sights on Portugal after invading Spain?

The royal family of Portugal (King John) fled to their colony of Brazil.

What group of people fought to liberate Mexico?

The urban and rural poor who were being oppressed

How was abolition achieved in the Caribbean?

There wasn't a large push for abolition in the Caribbean so abolition was mainly a product of European mother countries' policies and decisions.

Which of the following were not among the similarities shared between Venezuelan leader Jose Antonio Paez and American Andrew Jackson?

They both rejected slavery as a socio-economic system

Why did Mexico lose so much territory to the U.S.?

They had encouraged Americans to immigrate to Texas. Eventually the number of Americans in Mexico's northern border out numbered the natives.

How were Amerindians treated in Latin America?

They were crushed and driven onto marginal land. Much more harsh than the U.S. Some natives fought back and almost regained control, but didn't

What was the eventual fate of many of the natives?

They were pushed back as their territory was further restricted. They were often deported to more hostile environments where colonists didn't settle.

Simón Bolívar created Gran Colombia, which was to unify

Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador into one nation

José Antonio Páez 24:667

Venezuelan soldier who led Simón Bolívar's cavalry force. He became a successful general in the war and built a powerful political base. Unwilling to except the constitutional authority of Bolívar's government in distant Bogatá, he declared Venezuela's independence from Gran Colombia in 1829.

What was the Trail of Tears?

What was originally known as the Indian Removal Act, forcing the resettlement of the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw and other eastern people to land west of the Mississippi River. Over half the natives died.

In his revolution, Simón Bolívar was aided by all but which of the following?

a military revolt in Spain

What affect did the demand for metals such as copper, zinc and tin have?

a mining boom in the US, Chile and Mexico

What type of government did Mexico eventually keep permanently?

a republic

People who wanted slavery to be outlawed were called

abolitionists

The modification of the language, customs, values, and behaviors of a group as a result of contact with people from another culture is called

acculturation

Canada's desire for political autonomy led to the "birthday of a new nationality" when Britain

agreed to the Confederation of 1867

When confronted with the choice of economic growth or environmental protection, how did nations respond?

all nations chose economic growth

Which of the following technological improvements did not change the Argentinian cattle industry at the end of the nineteenth century?

antibiotics

Unlike its neighbors, Brazil gained independence in 1822

as a monarchy under Pedro I, the heir to the Portuguese throne.

With the king of Spain imprisoned by the French, the authority of Spanish colonial officials was in reality based on

brute force

Plains Indian women had lost prestige because

buffalo hunting reduced dependency on crop growing

Simón Bolívar realized that an effective revolution in northern Latin America would require

building coalitions of people in the region

Georgia cotton farmers abandoned crop rotation after 1870:

but this was a bad idea because it caused soil exhaustion.

After several attempts at achieving independence, Mexico finally became free from Spain in 1821. The new government, under Agustín de Iturbide, was

conservative and monarchical

After Pedro I declared independence in 1822, Brazil's new government was a

constitutional monarchy

One area most Latin American governments had difficulty with was

deciding whether the church would retain religious monopoly and control of education as in the colonial era

In reaction to the arbitrary tyrannical authority of colonial rulers, revolutionary leaders in the Americas:

espoused (adopt) constitutionalism.

Much of Cuba's dense forest was cut for what purpose?

expanding sugar production

Like the United States in the late nineteenth century, Latin America

experienced a large increase in immigration from Europe.

In the latter half of the nineteenth century, the indigenous people of Argentina and Chile

faced problems very similar to those experienced by the indigenous people of the United States.

Low literacy levels and a weak constitutional tradition in Latin America resulted in

few checks on ambitious politicians

In the nineteenth century, Mexico lost all but which of the following?

florida to the US

In 1830, the Indian Removal Act

forced the resettlement of Cherokee, Creek, and Choctaw peoples

Jose de San Martin's most effective troops were

former slaves

One of the issues that led to revolution in Latin America in the early nineteenth century was

frustration over the political and economic power of colonial administrators.

The Plains Indians successfully resisted U.S. expansion in part because they

had become skilled users of horses and firearms

The arrival of the Portuguese royal family in Brazil in 1808:

helped to maintain the loyalty of the colonial elite.

One advantage that Amerindians in Argentina and Chile had in checking settlers' southern expansion was?

herds of wild cattle

An argument to end slavery was that it was

immoral and violated universal human rights

Canada decided to reduce Asian immigration in the 1880s by

imposing a head tax on Chinese immigrants

To settle Texas in northeastern Mexico, the Mexican government made what decision?

invited Americans to come live there

The overthrow of the Venezuelan, Mexican, and Bolivian colonial governments was initially led by

land owning creoles

Venezuela's revolution of 1811 was led by:

large landowners

In the Caribbean, slavery

lasted the longest in Cuba and Puerto Rico.

The following was a stumbling block to the creation of constitutional government in Latin America.

limiting the power of the military

With the end of colonialism in the Americas, Amerindians

lost the protection of the colonial powers

Asian immigration

many immigrants from china and indian arrived with indenture contracts that directed them to plantation zones in the caribbean. NOT ALL WERE INDENTURED SERVANTS, M KAY? Asians increased a lot in the Us and south america.

In Latin America, who were "caudillos?"

personalist leaders who held power without constitutional sanction

The Mexican revolutionaries José María Morelos and Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla were

priests

After the profitability of sugar plantations declined, the British

pushed for the end of slavery

After independence, one of the biggest threats to the new nations of the Americas was

regionalism

The unity of the United States was threatened by rivalries over issues such as

slavery

How did the Paraguayan War help to end slavery in Brazil?

slaves joined the Brazilian army in exchange for freedom

What ways & methods did the United States use to assimilate immigrants?

teaching patriotism and nationalism in school

The Confederation of 1867 created:

the Dominion of Canada

The economic success of the US in the nineteenth century is suggested by

the US railroad network

One of the reasons for the Women's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls, NY, was:

the exclusion of women from an international antislavery meeting.

The most far-reaching effect of the U.S. Civil War, besides the abolition of slavery, was:

the transfer of political power from the plantation South to the industrial North.

Personalist leaders usually relied on:

their ability to mobilize the masses.

European immigration

they avoided regions that depended on slavery. after 1870, most immigrants came from south or eastern europeans. Argentina was an extremely attractive destination.

Why were Caribbean settlers not enthusiastic about independence from European imperial governments?

they feared slave revolts

Why was the Junta Central political body established?

to administer the areas the Spanish patriots controlled

In Venezuela, in 1811, a junta of creoles declared independence from Spain. Their main goal was

to expand their own rights and privileges by eliminating Spaniards from the upper levels of the government.

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the progress towards equality between men and women

was equally slow in the United States, Canada, and Latin America.

After independence, new national governments were generally:

weaker than the colonial governments they replaced.

The U.S. president Andrew Jackson and José Antonio Páez of Venezuela

were personalist leaders who relied on their mass following.

What political issue contributed to regionalism?

whether or not to abolish slavery

Working-class women transformed gender relations by

working outside the home