WHAP Chapter 23

While the reforms of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Turkey largely removed Islam from the public sphere, (A) the Turkish ruler retained the title of caliph of the Islamic world. (B) the sharia was still the basis of Turkish law. (C) women were still required to wear the veil. (D) Turkish society at the local level remained firmly attached to Islamic traditions.

D

What was the fate of many of the political parties that had led the movements for independence in Africa after independence was achieved? (A) Most were soon swept away by military coups. (B) Most remained popular for decades. (C) Most splintered into different factions which gave rise to a vibrant democracy. (D) In formerly British colonies, democratic systems dominated by independence parties remained; in French, Belgian, and Portuguese colonies, military regimes quickly took power.

A

Which of the following is true of the South African freedom struggle? (A) The African National Congress played an important role in advocating for the black African majority before being banned in 1960. (B) The system of apartheid was finally brought down by a short but bloody civil war in 1994. (C) Apartheid was largely dismantled in the 1970s, though in reality inequalities remained. (D) South Africa's freedom struggle after 1960 paralleled very closely the freedom struggle in India.

A

In general, which class benefited the most from independence in Africa? (A) Large landowners (B) The well-educated elite who served in the new government bureaucracies (C) Landowning peasants (D) Urban workers

B

Which of the following was a social or economic circumstance within the European colonies that contributed to anti-colonial movements? (A) Rapid industrialization within some colonies, which led to a growing middle class that took a leadership role in the independence movement (B) The growing number of Western-educated colonial elites who no longer viewed colonial rule as a vehicle for their people's progress (C) The refusal of colonial rulers everywhere to start planning for decolonization through gradual political reforms (D) The spread of a militant anti-colonial version of Christianity

B

Which of the following was an international circumstance that contributed to the end of European colonial rule? (A) The United Nations sent military forces to aid the various struggles against colonial rule. (B) Both the United States and the Soviet Union generally opposed the European colonial empires. (C) Germany refused to relinquish its imperial possessions at the end of World War II unless other European powers did the same. (D) The World Bank offered large amounts of compensation to all colonial powers willing to grant independence to their colonies.

B

What effect did the Westernizing influences under the Shah of Iran have on the nation of Iran? (A) Iran became a well-functioning democracy. (B) Iran was too traditional to be impacted by Westernization. (C) They provoked an intense backlash, leading to the Islamic revolution in 1979. (D) They led to a bloody civil war between Sunni and Shiite Muslims in Iran.

C

Which group of developing countries has been the most successful in stimulating economic growth and industrialization? (A) Sub-Saharan African countries (B) Middle Eastern countries (C) East Asian countries (D) Central Asian countries

C

Which of the following best characterizes the initial aims of the Indian National Congress (INC)? (A) A violent revolution against the British rule (B) Promoting loyal obedience to the British rule (C) Gaining positions of influence in British India to protect Indian interests (D) Writing a constitution for a newly independent India

C

Why did white rule last almost fifty years longer in South Africa than it did in India (1994 versus 1947)? (A) Blacks in South Africa were much better treated than Indians in British India. (B) Black South Africans chose the path of violence, which was futile, as opposed to nonviolence, which the Indians used to great effect. (C) A sizeable and powerful community of permanent white settlers in South Africa, but not in India, controlled the country. (D) Gandhi never spent time in South Africa.

C

What accounts for the ups and downs of political democracy in postcolonial Africa? (CH. 23)

Place - Africa Time - 19th Century Some have argued that Western-style democracy was simply inadequate for the tasks of development confronting the new states. Creating national unity was more difficult when competing political parties identified primarily with particular ethnic or "tribal" groups. Widespread economic disappointment weakened the popular support of many post independence governments in Africa and discredited their initial democracies.

What was distinctive about the end of Europe's African and Asian empires compared to other cases of imperial disintegration? (CH. 23)

Place - Africa & Asia Time - 1914 to Present The end of Europe's African and Asian empires was associated with the mobilization of the masses around Nationalism, and they generated a plethora of nation-states. Comparison: New nations after decolonization claimed international status = to former rulers. African and Asian struggles differed because they affirmed vitality of their cultures - Hinduism, animism, etc. and asserted political independence.

Why was Africa's experience with political democracy so different from that of India? (CH. 23)

Place - Africa & India Time - 19th Century to Present A far larger number of Indians had useful administrative or technical skills than was the case in Africa. Unlike most African countries, the nationalist movement in India was embodied in a single national party, the INC, whose leadership was committed to democratic practice. The partition of India at independence eliminated a major source of internal discord. Indian statehood could be built on cultural and political traditions that were far more deeply rooted than in most African states.

What international circumstances and social changes contributed to the end of colonial empires? (CH. 23)

Place - Global Time - 1914 to Present Europe was weakened through wars and discredited moral superiority. The United Nations provided a way to conduct anti-colonial agitation. Transformation of social values encouraged African and Asians to seek political independence. People became increasingly aware of unfair colonial rule. Wanted independence.

What obstacles impeded the economic development of third-world countries? (CH. 23)

Place - Global Time - 19th Century to Present The quest for economic development took place in societies divided by class, religion, ethnic groups, and gender and occurred in the face of explosive population growth. Colonial rule had provided only the most slender foundations for modern development to many of the newly independent nations, which had low rates of literacy, few people with managerial experience, a weak private economy, and transportation systems oriented to export rather than national integration Development had to occur in a world split by rival superpowers and economically dominated by the powerful capitalist economies of the West.

In what ways did thinking about the role of the state in the economic life of developing countries change? Why did it change? (CH. 23)

Place - Global Time - 20th Century to Present Early in the twentieth century, people in the developing world and particularly those in newly independent countries expected that state authorities would take major responsibility for spurring the economic development of their countries, and some state-directed economies had real successes. But in the last several decades of the twentieth century, the earlier consensus in favor of state direction largely collapsed, replaced by a growing dependence on the market to generate economic development. At the dawn of the new millennium, a number of Latin American countries were asserting a more prominent role for the state in their quests for economic development and social justice.

What obstacles confronted the leaders of movements for independence? (CH. 23)

Place - Global Time - 1914 to Present Efforts for independence were usually fragile alliance of conflicting groups & parties representing different classes, ethnic groups, religions, or regions. They struggled with questions of leadership, power, strategy, ideology, and material benefits distribution. Had a constant lack of resources

Why was African majority rule in South Africa delayed until 1994, whereas the overthrow of European colonialism had occurred much earlier in the rest of Africa and Asia? (CH. 23)

Place - Global Time - 1914 to Present South Africa's struggle was not waged against European colonial power - independent from Britain since 1910 Independence was given to white government under Apartheid Black had no political rights = internal reform. Had modern economy - unlike India, etc. - created dependence on white-controlled economy.

What conflicts and differences divided India's nationalist movement? (CH. 23)

Place - India Time - 19th Century to Present Gandhi opposed industrialization, but his chief lieutenant, Jawaharlal Nehru, supported it. Not all nationalists accepted Gandhi's nonviolence or his inclusive definition of India. Some militant Hindus preached hatred of Muslims.

How did India's nationalist movement change over time? (CH. 23)

Place - India Time - 18th century to Present Beginning - India had only geographic unity on South Asian peninsula - no one was considered an "Indian." Cultural identities were local and varied on language, religion, caste, etc. British colonial rule promoted sense of Indian identity - unified native people against British leaders. Created communication between India's Western Educated Elites. India unified under the INC - which was a political protest - later gained support. The INC originally yearned for acknowledgement of the Indian into society, but quickly got it after WW1.

What was the role of Gandhi in India's struggle for independence? (CH. 23)

Place - India Time - 1914 to 1948 Gandhi experienced racism for the first time in South Africa. Created the concept of India with both Muslims and Hindus leading to the creation of the Truth Force, political nonviolent philosophy Became leader of the INC, campaigned massively, and led to the rise in popularity of the INC. Unified people with principles of duty and morality.

How did South Africa's struggle against white domination change over time? (CH. 23)

Place - South Africa Time - 1914 to Present At first, the ANC appealed to the liberal, humane, and Christian values that white society claimed. For four decades, the leaders of the ANC pursued peaceful and moderate protest, but to little effect. During the 1950s, a new and younger generation of the ANC leadership broadened its base of support and launched nonviolent civil disobedience. In the 1960s, the banning of the ANC happened.