What are the three major types of rocks?

Name and describe the various types of seismic waves?

Body waves: p waves: fast, compressed, goes through everything s waves; slower, shear,only goes through solids Surface waves: very complicated, on the surface

What causes earthquakes?

Brittle deformation's sudden release of energy

P waves are - Compressional - Transverse - Tensional

Compressional

In a normal fault, the hanging-wall block has moved ____ relative to the footwall block - Upward - Downward - Sideways

Downward

Folds in a rock show that the rock behaved in a ____ way. - Ductile - Brittle - Elastic - All of the preceding

Ductile

Fractures in the bedrock along which movement has taken place are called - Joints - Faults - Cracks - Folds

Faults

The point within Earth where seismic waves originate is called the - Focus - Epicenter - Fault scarp - Fold

Focus

What is the difference between a joint and a fault?

Joint- fracture Fault- Fracture with movement

What is a magnetic reversal? What is the evidence for magnetic reversals?

Magnetic reversal is a change in polarity and mineral records show magnetic reversals

What is the mohorovicic discontinuity?

The Moho is the barrier between the crust and the upper mantle

What are the relationships among the mantle, the crust, the asthenosphere, and the lithosphere?

The crust is above the mantle and is part of the lithosphere. The mantle is made up of the asthenosphere and part of the lithosphere.

The S-wave shadow zone is evidence that The core is made of iron and nickel The inner core is solid The outer core is fluid The mantle behaves as ductile material

The outer core is fluid

What would the surface of Earth be like if there were no tectonic activity?

There would be no earthquakes, mountains, islands, and volcanic activity.

Faults that typically move older rock on top of younger rock are - Normal faults - Thrust faults - Strike-slip faults

Thrust faults

Erosion is a result of Earth's external heat engine, powered by (choose all that apply) a) the Sun b) gravity. c) heat flowing from earth's interior outward. d) the Earth's magnetic field.

a) the Sun b) gravity. c) heat flowing from earth's interior outward.

What is a geologic hazard? a) earthquakes b) volcano c) mudflows d) floods e) wave erosion at coastlines f) landslides g) all of the preceding

all of the preceding

The age of the Earth is approximately a) 4,550 years. b) 4,550,000 years. c) 4,550,000,000 years. d) 4,550,000,000 years.

c) 4,550,000,000 years.

The forces generated inside Earth that cause deformation of rock as well as vertical and horizontal movement of portions of Earth's crust are called a) erosional forces b) gravitational forces c) tectonic forces. d) all of the preceding.

d) all of the preceding

Seismic refraction is caused by Seismic waves bending A change in velocity of seismic waves Sharp rock boundaries All of the above A and b

All of the above

Discuss seismic-wave shadow zones and what they indicate about the Earth's interior

P-wave shadow zone shows refractions within the core and shows differentiating densities within the Earth's interior. S-wave shadow zones proves the liquid core because they don't travel through liquids

The division of geology concerned with Earth materials, changes in the surface and interior of the Earth, and dynamic forces that cause those changes is:

Physical geology

Describe Earth's magnetic field. Where is it generated?

Self-exciting dynamo- self-creating magnetic field and liquid outer core generates electric current which produces magnetic field

Three types of stress and the resulting strain Tensional ←→ ________Faults Compressional →← ________ Faults Shear ⇆ ________ and ________faults

-normal faults -reverse faults -left-lateral and right-lateral faults

What is the minimum number of seismic stations needed to determine the location of the epicenter of an earthquake? - 1 - 2 - 3 - 5 - 10

3

Which of the statements is true? - When forces are applied to an object, the object is under stress - Strain is the changed on shape or size, or both, while an object is undergoing stress - Stresses can be compressive, tensional, or shear - All of the preceding

All of the preceding

Benioff zones are found near - Midocean ridges - Ancient mountain chains - Interiors of continents - Oceanic trenches

Oceanic trenches

Describe the differences between oceanic crust and continental crust?

Oceanic- Higher density crust Continental- Lower density crust

Most earthquakes at convergent plate boundaries are - Shallow focus - Intermediate focus - Deep focus - All of the preceding

Shallow focus

What are the three major types of rocks?

sedimentary, metamorphic, igneous