WIC

How many participated in WIC and how much money was spent across Texas?

$303 million 886 thousand participants

How many participated in WIC and how much money was spent across the US?

$6.7 billion 8 million participants

The average gross monthly income per SNAP household is

$786

The WIC program enacted in

(1974)

SNAP Recipients

39% white, 26% African-American, 12% Latino, 3% Asian, 1% Native American

SNAP Recipients

44% of participants are children, 11% elderly, 10% disabled

SNAP Stats

45.6 million recipients (Jan 2018) $6.6 billion in benefits per month (Oct 2017) Average $1.61 cents per meal, per person $10 billion of economic impact per month Many eligibles don't receive SNAP 10% of SNAP participants move above FPL

Program became available nationwide in

July 1974.

Residential qualifications for WIC?

Must live in the state in which they apply

WIC 1974:

Package includes formula, milk/cheese/eggs, juice, cereal, legumes, and peanut butter

WIC -1992

Tuna and carrots added to BF women's package; FMNP established

Income qualifications for WIC?

no more than 185% poverty ($44,863/year for a family of 4)

What women are eligible for WIC?

pregnant & postpartum women up to 6 months after birth Breastfeeding moms qualify up to infants 1st birthday

What is the importance of WIC? - breastfeeding

promotes breastfeeding

What is the importance of WIC? - development

promotes health during crucial times of development

What is the importance of WIC? - food access

provides access to foods that many low income populations might not have access to without WIC

What foods are offered in the 1-5y WIC packages?

128 oz Juice 6 gal of milk 36 oz of cereal 1 dzn of eggs $6 of produce 1# of legumes 18oz of peanut butter 2# of whole wheat bread

Food Stamp Program enacted in Funded by federal gov't; administered by USDA through states /counties PRWORA changed the Welfare and Food Stamp Program Eliminated eligibility for most immigrants Time limit on FSP eligibility Revised provisions for disqualification

1964

When was WIC piloted?

1972

When was WIC made permanent?

1974

When were food packages changed for WIC?

2009

SNAP Outcomes

5 million lifted out of poverty $1:$1.80 economic multiplier Very low payment error, fraud Decreased food insecurity

What percent of infants and children are served by WIC

50% of infants 25% of children

Criticisms of SNAP

Benefit amounts based on unrealistic assumptions about food costs, time, skills, and access (IOM, 2013) SNAP facilitates unhealthful food purchases

Key Nutrition Messages

Breastfeeding is best More fruits and veggies More whole grains Less saturated fat Less SSB and juice

Food Stamp Act of 1977 -

Eliminated Purchase requirement. Established statutory income eligibility guidelines at the poverty line; Established restrictions for certain populations (e.g., households where the head had voluntarily quit job; students and aliens); Established guidelines for which stores could participate (i.e., must have staple foods available)

PRWORA changed the Welfare and Food Stamp Program

Eliminated eligibility for most immigrants Time limit on FSP eligibility Revised provisions for disqualification

WIC 2009

FV, WG added as categories, soymilk/tofu added

The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) provides

Federal grants to States for supplemental foods, health care referrals, and nutrition education for low-income pregnant, breastfeeding, and non-breastfeeding postpartum women, and to infants and children up to age five who are found to be at nutritional risk.

Starting in late 2013, enrollees saw a reduction in monthly benefits

Food insecurity in families Loss of revenue in local economies Increased burden on pantries

What are the benefits and services of WIC?

Food packages Breastfeeding promotion & support

What foods are offered in the 6-12m WIC packages?

Formula fed: - 128 oz of baby food - 24 oz of infant cereal - 624 oz of formula Breastfed: - 256 oz of baby food - 24 oz of infant cereal - 77.5 oz of baby meat

What foods are offered in 4-6m WIC packages?

Formula fed: 7 packs of formula Breastfed: nothing

RCT on Incentives/Prohibitions

Incentive + prohibition group had reduced calories (-96kcal/day), reduced SSB & sweets (-.6 servings/d), increased fruit (+.2 servings/d), and improved HEI

WIC Eligibility

Low-income (185% of FPL), nutritionally at-risk: Pregnant women (through 6 weeks after birth) Breastfeeding women (up to infant's first birthday) Non-breast feeding postpartum women (up to 6 months after birth) Infants up to age 1 (45% of all infants in U.S. served) Children up to age 5

What are the Nutritional risk qualifications for WIC?

Medical based or dietary based condition risk

What are the incentives WIC offers for fully breastfed infants?

More items (food, veggies, and baby food meat)

how the program plays both a remedial and a preventive role

Provides monthly checks or vouchers for foods Offers nutrition education and counseling Gives screening and referrals to health care service

Expansions in early 1970s - 1965 - participation over 500,000.

Reached 1 million in March 1966, 2 million in October 1967, 3 million in February 1969, 4 million in February 1970, 5 million March 1970, 6 million May 1970, 10 million February 1971, 15 million October 1974. Increases in participation primarily due to geographic expansion (program available in more areas).

WIC Outcomes

Reduces premature births, low birth weight, and infant mortality Higher rates of immunization 2x more likely to receive well-child care 2/3 WIC moms initiate breastfeeding

Eligibility (entitlement) for SNAP

Resources < $2,250 Net income <100% FPL/Gross <130% FPL Employment 18-50 w/o dependent children: benefits only for 3 months in a 36-month period if they do not work Elderly or disabled Different criteria Immigrants Legal status & 5+ years in the US (or other special criteria)

What programs are people automatically eligible for if they qualify for WIC?

SNAP Medicaid Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

Who determines the WIC eligibility?

State agencies

Food Stamp Act of 1964 (Johnson). Made the FSP permanent. Purposes:

Strengthen the agricultural economy, provide improved levels of nutrition among low-income households.

The WIC program funded by

WIC is federally funded but administered by the states and 47,000 local retailers

WIC 2004

Yogurt, WG pasta added

What was WIC piloted as?

an ammendment to the Child Nutrition Act of 1966

What was added to the food packages in 2009?

baby food & baby meats

Food Stamp Program funded by

federal gov't; administered by USDA through states /counties

What is the purpose of WIC?

federally funded to improve health of at rick individuals during times of critical development

What is the importance of WIC? - food preferences

has the potential to build healthy food preferences among infants and toddlers

What are the offspring qualifications for WIC?

infants: up to 1st birthday Children: up to 5th birthday

What was taken out of the food packages in 2009?

juice

What changes were made to the 1-5y old food packages in 2009?

less juice, milk, & eggs added grains and $6 for produce

What does WIC provide?

supplemental food vouchers nutrition education health care referral breastfeeding counseling