Woodrow Wilson & The Treaty of Versailles US History II
What was the war-guilt clause?
The part of the Treaty of Versailles where Germany took full public responsibility for starting World War One. It also made them pay reparations and lose some territory.
How much did Germany have to pay in reparations?
$33 billion
Which countries appeared on the pre-war map but not the post-war map?
Austria-Hungary, Montenegro, Serbia,
What countries were a part of the Central Powers? The Allies?
Central Powers -> Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. Allies -> Serbia, Russia, France, United Kingdom, Italy, Belgium, and the United States
What countries were created as a result of WWI?
Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, and Latvia gained independence from Russia (now Soviet Union) Turkey from the Ottoman Empire
Which countries had acquired which mandates?
France -> Lebanon, Algeria, Morocco, and Syria Italy -> Libya Spain -> Smaller countries near Spain
Where was the League of Nations headquartered and why was it there?
Geneva, Switzerland because Switzerland was "neutral".
Which countries lost land as a result of WWI?
Germany, Bulgaria, Austria-Hungary
What countries got new land as a result of WWI?
Greece, Italy, and Romania
What was the mandate system?
The mandate system required new colonial rulers to report to the League of Nations on their administration of the territories of the former Central Powers.
How did Wilson get to Europe for the Paris Peace Conference, and was he welcomed or not?
He got to Europe by sailing on a ship called The Washington. He was very warmly welcomed by most Europeans.
What did Wilson do in reaction to the senate?
He refused to compromise on his principles with the senate, even though he was willing to compromise with the Big Four. He ended up going on a train tour throughout the country to gain support for the Treaty of Versailles.
What happened to Wilson during the train tour?
He suffered a debilitating stroke, which caused him to be paralyzed on his left side and caused him to lose his vision.
How long did World War One last, and what caused it?
In July of 1914, the earlier part of Wilson's 1st term, World War One began after Franz Ferdinand (Archduke of Austria) was assassinated. The war was formally ended in 1918 when the Treaty of Versailles was signed by most of the Allies and Germany.
What was the only non-European country that signed the Treaty of Versailles?
Japan
Did the USA sign the Treaty of Versailles? Why or why not?
No, the United States did not sign the Treaty of Versailles. The reason for this was that Congress (specifically conservative senators (ex. Henry Cabot Lodge)), did not approve of it. They were afraid of losing self-determination, military/government isolation, and the right to independently declare war.
Did the United States ever join the League of Nations?
No.
Who were the "Big Four", where was each one from, and what did each want from the Paris Peace Conference?
President Woodrow Wilson -> USA -> Wanted to establish world peace w Fourteen Points/create the League of Nations Premier Georges Clemenceau -> France -> Wanted to completely destroy Germany Prime Minister David Lloyd George -> Great Britain -> Wanted to keep the British Navy powerful (because it is an island) Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando -> Italy -> Wanted Austrian held territory
How did Germany get punished for "causing the war"?
Reparations Military disarmament Forced to take full responsibility for causing the war
What was the major difference between the 3 leaders from European countries and the one leader from North America?
The European leaders wanted reparations from Germany for war damages, while the North American leader wanted to create lasting world peace with the League of Nations. They ended up having to compromise.
When/How did WWI end for the United States?
The United States finally signed a different treaty with Germany in 1921 under President Warren G. Harding.
When/How many times did the senate deny Wilson signing the Treaty of Versailles?
Twice. Once in November 1919 and March 1920.
What were Wilson's "Fourteen Points" for lasting world peace?
Wilson believed that lasting world peace would be created if all countries maintained self determination (right of people to govern themselves), open diplomacy (no secret treaties), freedom of the seas (boats can sail anywhere), abolish/lower trade barriers (ex. tariffs, etc.), and reduce arms (reduce amount of soldiers/guns/weapons that countries kept available for immediate use).
What group did he want to create in order to maintain the "Fourteen Points"?
Wilson wanted to create the "League of Nations" to establish and maintain lasting world peace.
When was Woodrow Wilson president?
Wilson was president from 1913 until 1921, which means he served two terms.