Workplace Hazards / Toxicology / Ergonomics / Safety Assessment

Discuss WORKSITE ANALYSIS as it relates to OSHA ergo guidelines

1 / 4 aspects of ergo program outlined by OSHA. Entails assessment of workplace to ID working conditions / work processes that are high risk for causing injury to worker. Includes thorough analysis of med records for work related I&I as well as detection of activities or aspects of work evn't that are linked to development of MSK d/o. Should be conducted at regular intervals so physical stress / strain can be detected b/f anyone is injured.

Name the five basic policy components that lead to an effective safety program

1) A commitment to providing the safest work env't possible. This includes ensuring that the work place, work processes, tools and equipment are all designed with safety in mind. 2) A requirement that all occupational injuries and illnesses be reported and steps taken to prevent future occurrences 3) An explanation to all employees of the hazards and health risks they may be exposed to and ways to minimize the risks. 4) Regularly scheduled workplace safety analyses so that potential hazards can be ID'd and addressed b/f accident or injury occurs 5) Disciplinary action when employees are not in compliance w/ safety regulations

Discuss ENGINEERING CONTROL strategies as they relate to OSHA ergo guidelines

1/4 aspects of ergo program as outlined by OSHA. Considered most effective way to reduce stress and strain caused by physical overexertion. Includes design of worksite, tools, and work processes. Some methods includes mechanical aids to help move materials / equipment, technology to reduce physical exertion, altering layout of env't / tool design, changing order of operations.

Define THRESHOLD DOSE

Dose where there is no effect. After this, effect increases greatly. Important aspect of dose-response relationship

Discuss oral ingestion as route of exposure

Least likely. Through eating / drinking contaminated food / drink. Mouth breathing, chewing gum / tobacco, placing tools / fingers in mouth increase risk. Stomach acids help reduce toxicity.

Discuss Trigger Finger as a possible musculoskeletal d/o that can affect workers

Musculoskeletal d/o that affects the index finger. The symptoms of the d/o include difficulty moving the finger and snapping / jerking movements. Cause by repetitive use of the index finger. Some examples of workers affected by it: meatpackers, poultry workers, carpenters, electronic assemblers

Discuss TERATOGENS

One that involves fetal development. Can result in severe birth defects, retarded development, embryonic death, postnatal learning and behavioral d/o's. Fetus is extremely vulnerable b/c of state of development w/ great deal of cell division. Effect depends on age / development of fetus as well as dose of chemical

Describe the basic roles and responsibilities of a safety committee

Overall purpose is the development of a comprehensive health and safety plan. Once this plan has been designed and implemented, the committee is the development of a comprehensive helth and safety plan. Once it's been designed and implemented the committee is also responsible for regular (usually annual) eval and update of the plan. In order to cover all aspects of safety, a committee should be divided into 8 groups: safety activities, rules and procedures, inspections and audits, accident investigation, education and training, health and environment, fire and emergency, and housekeeping

Discuss study of toxicology and its importance w/i an OH and safety program

Study of harmful effects that chemicals can have on organisms. Can be difficult to define b/c not all chemicals cause harm in same dose. Many are considered beneficial in low doses especially with medicines and medical treatments. Even those with benefits have harmful effects if exposure is high enough. Important for workers to understand potential for harm - particularly in industrial setting.

Discuss the multidisciplinary approach to OH and how it relates to the assessment of workplace hazards

The success of any OH program depends greatly on the ID of workplace hazards. The ID of hazards entails a process of assessing the work env't (walk throughs). Although it is often the case that the OHN is the only licensed healthcare professional, most efficient and effective approach to OH relies on expertise and skills of others. Multidisciplinary approach is required, incorporating the abilities of those that have knowledge specific to a particular areas of OH and safety, including physicians, nurses, safety specialists, industrial hygienists

Discuss how health status influences chemical toxicity

Toxic chemical can have greater or lesser effect. For example, dx can effect way chemical exposure affects target organs vs. someone w/o dx. Unhealthy habits (smoking, weight, etc) also play a role

Discuss individual susceptibility and how it influences chemical toxicity

Phenomenon in which immune system mounts a response even if the exposure level is low - hypersensitivity. Individuals can have reactions at "safe" levels. Everyone must be aware of chemicals in workplace and signs of exposure for this reason

Name and describe the 5 types of potential workplace hazards

1) Biological / Infection: biological agents (bacteria / virus / fungi) that can be passed from one to another. 2) Chemical: chemicals that are potentially toxic (meds, solutions, gases, vapors, aerosols, particulate) 3) Environmental: factors w/i the workplace that can cause injuries, strain or discomfort. 4) Physical: aspects that can cause physical harm (radiation, electricity, temp, noise) 5) Psychosocial: aspects that can cause emotional stress, strain, or interpersonal problems

Explain the classifications of chemicals by exposure and targeted effect

Acute vs. chronic. Acute: high dose over short period of time w/ corresponding effect being strong, rapid onset of symptoms with often extreme damage. Sometimes reversible. Chronic: small doses over long time. Often irreversible. Targeted effect of chemical describes just how much of the body is affected by exposure. Local: restricted to site exposed to chemical Systematic: across entire body (or much of)

Name and describe the 5 different classifications of chemicals as defined by The American National Standards Institute

1) Dusts: solid particles that are result of physical processes such as handling, crushing, grinding, rapid impact, detonating. Settle d/t gravity 2) Fumes: solid particles that are result of condensation of gases or d/t chem rxns such as oxidation. Fumes tend to congregate as clouds 3) Mists: drops of liquid suspended in air d/t change of a gas to liquid or by dispersing liquid by splashing / foaming 4) Vapors: gaseous state of substance typically found in solid or liquid state. Can be changed back to previous state by increasing pressure or dec. temp 5) Gases: fluids that stay in gaseous state and can only be changed into liquid or solid w/ combo of increasing pressure / decreasing temp

Name the different types of work injuries as classified by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

1) Struck by (work hit by moving object) 2) Caught in / under / between (body pinched or crushed) 3)Fall from elevation 4) Falls on same level 5) MVA 6) Overexertion / repetitive trauma 7) Other physical trauma

Name and discuss the 5 steps for planning safety programs as outlined by the National Safety Council (1997)

1) Work w/ top officials in designing a health and safety plan. To ensure management commitment to the program, be sure that safety programs are incorporated into the business plan and strategy of the company. 2) ID and define the safety roles and responsibilities of everyone in the organization. Evaluate employees for compliance w/ responsibilities 3) Continually analyze the workplace so that potential hazards are ID'd. Set priorities and work to continuously improve the work env't 4) Set goals and strategies for achieving a safe work env't. Implement actions to achieve these goals. 5) Train all employees, including workers, managers, and supervisors so that all are aware of safety procedures

Discuss ED TRA as it relates to OSHA ergo guidelines

1/4 aspects of ergo program outlined by OSHA. Provides managers / workers w/ info needed to assess workplace for potential ergo hazards. Most important tool for prevention of I&I. Particularly true for new workers / equipment / processes. Appropriate use of equipment, implementation of protocols, and early s/s of MSK d/o are all part of this.

Discuss Raynaud's syndrome as a possible MSK d/o that can affect workers

Affects fingers and hands. Symptoms: numbness, tingling, ashen skin and loss of feeling and control Cause: exposure to vibration Jobs: chain saw, pneumatic hammer, gas powered tool operators

Discuss Trigger Finger as a possible MSK d/o that affects workers

Affects hands / wrists Symptoms: pain / swelling Cause: repetitive or forceful hand / wrist motions Jobs: cake makers, poultry processors, meat packers

Discuss the role of safety programs and safety professionals in the workplace

Best way to ensure that the entire workforce is aware of safety and health issues in the workplace. Thus, this is a primary focus of any safety program, and training and educating workers on safety issues are critical parts of a safety professional's job. All employees, including workers, managers and supervisors, should be trained so they are aware of safety procedures. Safety personnel are in charge of designing the safety program, carrying out relevant procedures and assessing the workplace for compliance and the program for effectiveness. The ultimate goal of all safety program is the prevention of incidents that result in injury or death.

Discuss how nutrition influences chemical toxicity

Biotransformation = process of breaking down / eliminating toxins in body. Certain enzymes are required for this (which limit length of exposure and potential damage). Without this process, toxins build up resulting in illness or death.

Describe the basic roles / responsibilities of OH personnel as they relate to an occ safety program

By recording and reporting data on workplace injuries to the safety director, OH personnel play an important role in accident prevention.

Discuss relationship b/t toxicity and hazard

Cause harm to organism in the form of damage to tissues, organs, or biochemcial processes. Potential for damage is severe enough to result in poisoning. Not every toxic chemical is a hazard b/c of these properties. Safe work practices eliminate or control hazards in workplace. Toxicity cannot be altered.

Define asphyxiants and describe how they exert their toxicity

Cause hypoxia. Simple (CO2 and N) displace O2 in air, reducing amount available to breathe. Chemical (CO) block absorption of O2 at cellular level. Causes hypoxia by binding to hemoglobin interfering with O2 transport.

Discuss CARCINOGENS as they relate to health effects of chemical exposure

Causes cell to become cancerous. Have potential to cause cancer through initiation and promotion. Initiation: genetic mutations occur that make cells a potential cancer. Promotion: changes to the initiated cells that are stimulated to be cancerous.

Define the term POISON

Chemical that produces illness or death when person is exposed to small quantities. Not all toxins fall in this category. Defined as any chemical with an LD50 of 50mg or less per kg of body weight LD50 being amount of exposure that results in death for 50% of those exposed. The lower the number the higher toxicity level. Most chemicals have unknown LD50s d/t inability to perform tests on humans. Data is extrapolated form animal experiments.

Describe ranking system for acute chemical toxicity, including the lethal dose for an adult and example for each class

Class: Lethal Dose - Example 1. Practically nontoxic: >15g/kg (>1 quart) - sugar 2. Slightly Toxic: 5-15g/kg (1pt to 1 quart) - salt 3. Moderately Toxic: 0.5-5g/kg (1oz to 1 pt) - 2,4-D (herbicide) 4. Very Toxic: 50-500mg/kg (1 tsp to 1 oz) - arsenic 5. Extremely Toxic: 5-50mg/kg (7 drops to 1tsp) - nicotine 6. Supertoxic: <5mg/kg (<7 drops) - Botulism

Define DOSE RESPONSE

Describes correlations b/t the dose of a chemical and the amount of effect that is realized. Distinguishes b/t the dose where response is beneficial and dose where response is harmful.

Discuss the purpose and describe the content of OSHA ergonomic guidelines

Developed for meatpacking industry in 1991 w/ purpose of giving employers the info necessary to assess the workplace and determine if there are health / safety issues r/t ergonomics. Can be applied to any work evn't where physical stress / overexertion can result in injury to worker. Guidelines stress that both management support and worker commitment are critical components to successful program. 4 aspects to ergo program: worksite analysis, hazard prevention and control, medical management, training and edu.

Discuss teratogenesis as an effect of exposure to toxic chemicals

Development of birth defects w/i the womb as result of exposure to toxic substance. Cause defects in what would otherwise be healthy tissue. Hypothesized some causes include inhibition of DNA and RNA, changes to structural formation of nucleic acids, inhibition of certain enzymes. Dose is important. High dose can lead to miscarriage / embryonic death. Low doses can have no effect

Discuss the factors that relate to the difficulties in assessing the frequency of work-related diseases

Difficult to obtain accurate estimates of work-related diseases b/c: problems may not be brought to OH clinic and aren't documented; some diseases may not be recognized by the worker / supervisor / nurse as being work related. Particularly the case if there is a long time between occ exposure and the onset of symptoms

Name the harmful properties of chemicals

Include explosiveness and reactivity, flammability and combustibility, radioactivity, corrosiveness, irritation, sensitization, toxicity. All are natural parts of chemical that cannot be altered but degree to which any of these are realized depends greatly on the amount and type of chemical to which person is exposed. Safety procedures such as proper use / safe handling / proper storage can reduce potential harm.

Explain why industrial workers have the largest number of occupational illnesses

Industrial workers have the largest # of occ illnesses b/c they are exposed to mult hazards as part of their jobs. These include: env't and physical hazards, exposure to toxic chemicals (paints, soaps, plastics, resins), harmful dusts / gases / metals. Most common illness: musculoskeletal and skin rashes. ID of hazards entails process of assessing the work env't and done through walk through.

Discuss inhalation as a route of exposure to workplace chemicals

Most common. Causes damage to respiratory tract from irritation to acute pneumonitis and pulm edema. Can pass to bloodstream causing systemic poisoning. Can be felt immediately or several hours later.

Discuss Carpal Tunnel Syndrome as a possible musculoskeletal d/o that can affect workers

Musculoskeletal d/o that affects fingers / wrists. Symptoms: tingling, numbness, severe pain, loss of strength or sensation in thumbs / index finger/ middle finger / or half of ring finger. Caused by: repetitive and forceful manual tasks w/ no time to recover. Worker: meat / poultry / garment workers, upholsterers, assemblers, VDT operators, typists, cashiers.

Discuss Rotator Cuff Tendinitis as a possible musculoskeletal d/o that can affect workers

Musculoskeletal d/o that affects the shoulders. Symptoms: shoulder pain and stiffness. Caused by frequently working w/ hands over the head. Some of the workers that can be affected: power press operators, welders, assembly line workers

Discuss De Quervain's Disease as a possible musculoskeletal d/o that can affect workers

Musculoskeletal d/o that affects the thumbs. Symptom: pain at base of thumb and caused by excessive twisting and gripping. Workers: butchers, housekeepers, packers, seamstresses, cutters

Discuss MUTAGENS as they relate to the health effects of chemical exposure

One of 3 possible health effects d/t chemical exposure. Results in change to DNA of an organism. Can be at a point, damage chromosomes, interference w/ mechanisms of cell division. Damage to organisms genetic material can affect somatic or germ cells. Potential to pass abnormality to subsequent generations.

Discuss the purpose of a RULE AND PROCEDURE task group as it exists w/i a safety committee

One of 8 task groups w/i a safety committee. Purpose of dividing a safety committee into task groups is so that the committee adequately covers all aspects of workplace safety. Responsible for assessing the rules and procedures w/i the workplace and recommending safer ways to execute them. They are responsible for making sure that all personnel have knowledge about safe ways to perform every job and work process. In keeping with these responsibilities, the rule and procedure task group recommends compliance procedures and assess if they are being followed, develops a safety manual and for distribution to every department and recommends necessary education and training.

Discuss the purpose of a HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT task group as it exists w/i a safety committee

One of 8 task groups w/i a safety committee. Purpose of dividing a safety committee into task groups is so that the committee adequately covers all aspects of workplace safety. Responsible for coordinating all activities r/t health and env't safety. Includes assessing safety programs and procedures to ensure that relevant health topics are addressed, conducting health risk assessments and providing health hazards reduction recommendations as well as suggesting necessary health education and promotion activities

Discuss the purpose of a SAFETY ACTIVITY task group as it exists w/i a safety committee

One of 8 task groups w/i a safety committee. Purpose of dividing a safety committee into task groups is so that the committee adequately covers all aspects of workplace safety. Responsible for overseeing the entire safety program, making sure that it is complete and effective and that all employees are adequately informed a/b safety procedures. This is done through employee evals and participation, data analysis, and the cooperation of the other task groups to institute the necessary steps and procedures for plan improvement.

Discuss the purpose of a HOUSEKEEPING task group as it exists w/i a safety committee

One of 8 task groups w/i a safety committee. Purpose of dividing a safety committee into task groups is so that the committee adequately covers all aspects of workplace safety. Responsible for providing the workplace w/ appropriate means for maintaining a clean, orderly, and safe env't. This includes assessing the workplace for cleanliness, providing procedures for maintaining a neat and clean env't, management waste disposal and clean-up procedures, as well as reporting any env't and housekeeping issues or problems that could adversely affect the health and safety of the works to the proper authorities.

Discuss the purpose of an INSPECTION AND AUDIT task group as it exists w/i a safety committee

One of 8 task groups w/i a safety committee. Purpose of dividing a safety committee into task groups is so that the committee adequately covers all aspects of workplace safety. Responsible for: conducting inspections to ID current and potential hazards. This includes establishing a schedule for reg inspections, developing and executing an efficient and effective procedure for inspection, gathering and analyzing the data collected during inspections, recommending corrective measures for hazards discovered during an inspection, and assessing compliance w/ those measures

Discuss the purpose of an ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION task group as it exists w/i a safety committee

One of 8 task groups w/i a safety committee. Purpose of dividing a safety committee into task groups is so that the committee adequately covers all aspects of workplace safety. This group is responsible for looking into every workplace accident to determine the cause / ways to prevent recurrence. Need to investigate and document every accident in timely manner, review accident reports, discuss accidents w/ employees to prevent recurrence, gather and report accident data, and maintain history of accident reports

Describe the purpose of a Job Safety Analysis (JSA) and how it is executed

Used to assess the work process for hazards. B/c hazards can develop at any time once production begins or equipment / personnel changes, it is necessary to institute a policy for regular inspection / analysis. There are 3 basic steps for JSA: 1) Assess a job and break it down into smaller steps for analysis. 2) Hazard ID. This includes ID current and potential hazards that could result in accident or injury 3) Work process must be amended to institute a safe job procedure that eliminates the hazard. This can involve a change in the physical work env't, a change in steps that make up the job procedure, or a reduction in stress or strain

Discuss the purpose of an EDUCATION AND TRAINING task group as it exists w/i a safety community

One of 8 task groups w/i a safety committee. Purpose of dividing a safety committee into task groups is so that the committee adequately covers all aspects of workplace safety. This group is responsible for training employees on hazard ID and prevention. Since safety is the responsibility of everybody at the workplace, this is a critical group for ensuring the entire workforce is capable of acting in this capacity. In keeping w/ this responsibility, the education and training task group develops and executes training schedules and procedures, and then assesses these procedures to determine their effectiveness. B/C it is the goal of this task group to adequately and appropriately train all personnel, it is necessary to keep thorough records of who has / hasn't been trained and types of training they have received

Discuss the purpose of a FIRE AND EMERGENCY task group as it exists w/i a safety committee

One of 8 task groups w/i a safety committee. Purpose of dividing a safety committee into task groups is so that the committee adequately covers all aspects of workplace safety. responsible for designing and implementing procedures to protect personnel, property and evn't in case of a fire or other emergency situations. To ensure all personnel know what to do in emergency situations, it is the responsibility of this task group to develop training programs and procedures, conduct all necessary safety and emergency drills (including evacuation procedures), and assess the workplace and safety procedures to establish emergency preparedness.

Discuss HEALTH/MEDICAL MANAGEMENT programs as they relate to OSHA ergonomic guidelines

One of the 4 aspects of an ergo program as outlined by OSHA. Successful medical management program should include early detection, reporting, and recording of work related illness or injury; an eval and referral system that maximizes off health resources, a conservative tx and RTW policy, program assessment/ monitoring activities for quality control, and the sufficient equipping of health/medical services (including personnel, equipment, and supplies). Effective health / medical management also includes the execution of periodic walk-through by qualified medical personnel. This endures that workplace activities are processes are fully understood and the potentials for development of musculoskeletal d/o d/t physical stressors are more easily identifiable.

Discuss LATENCY PERIOD

Refers to lapse in time b/t moment of exposure and when observable effect is realized. Important to know this for each chemical used in area. When it is short - greater likelihood of negative effects associated w/ exposure will be reported. Long means when symptoms do appear they're not always associated w/ exposure.

Discuss ways to prevent reproductive d/o that are caused by workplace exposures to toxic chemicals

Regular worksite inspections. If a hazardous situation is ID'd, engineering and administrative controls should be employed to remediate the problem. Reproductive health survey should be included in OH hx. Education of workforce is key. Workers need to understand the reproductive risks associated w/ the chemicals in the workplace. SDS's can help with this. Both management and workers need to know where they're located as well as the info they contain.

Discuss worker history and how it influences chemical toxicity

Repeat exposures increase negative effects of chemicals. Possible that chemical exposure and any associated neg effects can have long latency period. Substance may appear nontoxic but isn't. i.e. asbestos. Exposure to multiple chemicals increases worker risk than exposure to only individual ones.

Describe the basic roles and responsibilities of a line supervisor as they relate to an occ safety program

Responsible for a number of things including implementing safe procedures during line operation, ensuring that current equipment meets safety standards and that new equipment is safe and used according to specifications, assessing line workers for compliance w/ safety standards, reporting when accidents or injuries occur.

Describe the basic roles and responsibilities of a safety director as they relate to an occ safety program

Responsible for developing, implementing, and supervising the safety program across all department w/i an organization. Some of the responsibilities of a safety director include: conducting workplace inspections and accident investigations, maintaining current and accurate records of accident or injury, employee education and training, and hazard ID and control. B/c safety should be kept in mind when designing the workplace and work processes, safety director often works w/ other departments during planning and development processes.

Name / briefly describe risk factors that can cause musculoskeletal d/o's

Risk factors: Awkward postures (posture that puts added stress or restricts the flow of blood to joints / muscle) Forceful exertions (activities that put higher loads of force on the muscles such as lifting, pushing, pulling) Repetitive motions (motions that are repeated frequently for prolonged periods of time) Contact stresses (repeated or continuous contact w/ hard or sharp objects) Vibration (when parts of body come in contact w/ a vibrating object) Compression (grasping hard or sharp edges where pressure and restricted blood flow is concentrated on one area of the body) Other workplace conditions that can cause or increase risk of developing musculoskeletal d/o include cold temps, insufficient pauses or rest breaks, machine paced work, as well as unfamiliar work.

Discuss dermal absorption as a route of exposure to workplace chemicals

Skin is body's first line of defense from exposure to harmful substances. Protects against exposure. Exposure possible depending on chemical, time of exposure, presence of skin openings

Discuss ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL strategies as they relate to OSHA ergonomic guidelines

Strategies that address work policies and procedures such as the length of a shift, number of breaks, number of employees, and overall pace of a job. Important to note that administrative control strategies do not remove a workplace hazard; they simply attempt to control it through the institution of relevant policies and procedures. Thus, the key to the effectiveness of any administrative control measures is management enforcement of these policies

Name and discuss the four different specialty areas w/i ergonomics

Study of how physical demands of work and work env't affect the physical well-being of the worker has specialty areas 1) Human factor engineering (engineering psychology): studies engineering controls that can affect the wellbeing of the worker as a result of potential for error in a work process 2) anthropometry: design of clothing / machines / furniture and tools w/ the fit of worker in mind 3) occ biometrics: effects of work on muscle and other connective tissues and development of MSK d/o as result of overexertion of the worker 4) work physiology: deals w/ the ways work affects the cardiovascular system / pulm system / skeletal muscles w/ goal of preventing body fatigue

Define the term ERGONOMICS and discuss its importance in workplace safety programs

Study of how the physical demands of work and work env't affect the physical well-being of the worker. It is discipline that focuses on matching the physical abilities of the worker to the job and eliminating / redesigning work practices or processes that put too much strain on workers. The process of developing an ergonomically sound workplace details designing furniture, equipment, tools, and work processes in such a way that they correspond to both physical capabilities of workers and do not cause excessive physical stress or strain. Key to this procedure is having an understanding of the limits of physical stress on the body b/f injury will occur, as well as particular activities that are high risk for developing musculoskeletal d/o.

Define PERINATAL TOXICOLOGY

Study of toxic response to chemical agens when time of exposure is b/t conception and 1 month after birth. Gravity of response varies based on timing of exposure. Implantation (6-7 days) = embryonic death Organogenesis (7days - 2 months): birth defects Embryonic (0-3 months): birth defects Fetal (3-9 months): developmental and behavioral deficits, endocrine and immune dysfunction, cancer Neonatal (after birth): functional deficits

Discuss the role of assessing the work environment in maintaining a successful OH program

Success of any OH program depends greatly on the OHN's ability to understand / ID hazards in the workplace. ID of workplace hazards entails a process of assessing the work environment and this is done primarily through worksite visits. It is often the case that the OHN is the only licensed professional at the worksite and plays a crucial role in assessment process. Not only does the RN need to have understanding of OH science, need to be familiar with all the diff aspects of a work environment. The goal of any assessment process is always to detect hazards and institute prevention strategies b/f anyone is hurt

Discuss Back Disability as possible MSK d/o that can affect workers

Symptoms: LBP. Shooting pain / numbness into upper legs Cause: heavy lifting/ whole body vibrations Jobs: truck drivers, tractor / subway operators, warehouse workers, CNAs, cashiers, baggage handlers.

Describe the basic roles and responsibilities of the employees as they relate to an occ safety program

W/o employee participation, there is no safety program. Workers must be adequately trained in safety procedures. Includes: training when moved to a new job or area, when new work process or equipment is introduced. Need to be educated to be aware of the potential hazards and safety procedures for any new job or process. It is also important to emphasize the need to report any unsafe or hazardous conditions to supervisors.

Define EFFECTIVE DOSE

dose which there is a positive response. Applies when used in medical treatment. Usually higher dose = greater response.