world arts final exam
Le Bonheur de Vivre (The Joy of Life)
-20th century modernism -artist: Henri Matisse -French Fauves
Autumn Rhythm (No. 30)
-20th century modernism -artist: Jackson Pollock -Action painting -Abstract Expressionism ("NY School")
LHOOQ
-20th century modernism -artist: Marcel Duchamp -Dada
Ma Jolie
-20th century modernism -artist: Pablo Picasso -Cubism
Seagram Building
-20th century modernism -artists: Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson -NYC -International Style skyscraper
Horn Players
-Postmodernism (1970s-present) -artist: Jean-Michel Basquiat -Neo-Expressionism -Acrylic and oil paintstick
What is Shinto and how did it affect japanese art?
- the loose collection of indigenous Japanese beliefs and practices -a religion that connects people to nature -Japan's indigenous spirituality. It is believed that every living thing in nature (e.g. trees, rocks, flowers, animals - even sounds) contains kami, or gods. Consequently Shinto principles can be seen throughout Japanese culture, where nature and the turning of the seasons are cherished
what was the impact of photography on art?
-Photography allowed them to make bold realistic statements with this new form of art -allowed painters a closer examination of light and asymmetrical, cropped spaces, as well as an exploration of spontaneity and visual ambiguity
Marilyn Diptych
-20th century modernism -artist: Andy Warhol -American Pop Art -Silkscreen
The Great City of Tenochtitlan
-20th century modernism -artist: Diego Rivera -Mexico City -fresco -Mexican Mural Movement
Fallingwater
-20th century modernism -artist: Frank Lloyd Wright -Kauffman House -Pennsylvania -Organic architecture
What are some distinctions or attitudes of the Modernist period as a whole?
-A rejection of history and conservative values (such as realistic depiction of subjects); innovation and experimentation with form (the shapes, colors and lines that make up the work) with a tendency to abstraction; and an emphasis on materials, techniques and processes. -Modernism has also been driven by various social and political agendas. These were often utopian, and modernism was in general associated with ideal visions of human life and society and a belief in progress.
Nkisi Nkondi
-Africa 19th Century -Kongo Culture -Democratic Republic of the Congo
Sowei Mask
-Africa 19th Century -artist: Sierra Leone -Mende Culture
Flag for a New World Power
-Africa 21st Century -artist: El Anatsui -récupération
What are some major themes of art in the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and in the 21st century?
-Appropriation -readymades -identity
How did artists throughout the Americas respond to aspects of European Modernism?
-Artists responded by reassessing the relationship of humans to their increasingly industrialized environment. Fresh styles and subjects reflected life on this side of the Atlantic, bringing into focus the richly textured and multiple meanings of modernism in the Americas.
What happened in 1947 in India?
-British India won its independence from the British and split into two new states that would rule themselves.
Frederick Stevens, Victoria Terminus
-Colonial Period, British Raj (1858-1947) -Style: Gothic revival -Mumbai, India
What are some of the themes and subjects expressed in contemporary "non-Western" art? How have artists responded to local cultural traditions and concerns and Western influences?
-Continuation of Traditions--trying to connect with them and keep them alive in the present -Colonial and Post-colonial experiences and consequences -Expressions of Identity -Regional events and concerns (war, politics, daily life and struggles, etc.) -New materials and technologies -Relevance to International Art Market --how to connect with many different audiences across the world and make things that can be understood on some level by everyone
what were world fairs? how did they embody modern innovations of their day?
-Crystal palace -Eiffel tower -Eiffel tower embodies modern innovations because of the use of iron rather than stone or brick -Crystal palace was the first structure to be built entirely of industrial-made parts. also used the latest cast plate gas techniques
How did traditional literati ink painting (practiced in China and Japan) continue to have relevance in Modern and Contemporary Art?
-Each artist was expressing themselves or emotions related to other events in their works. They were painting for themselves.
Hokusai
-Edo Period, 19th century -The Great Wave -Ukiyo-e ("pictures of the floating world"- japanese woodblock prints) -Polychrome woodblock print on paper
The Stone Breakers
-French Realism (1848-1900) -Artist: Gustave Courbet -France
The Banjo Lesson
-French Realism (1848-1900) -Artist: Henry Ossawa Tanner -America
What are the 4 Modernist approaches?
-Impressionism (uses short, thick brushstrokes to convey movement and different uses of light to suggest fleeting moment) -Expressionism (forms and colors used to evoke personal responses/feelings) -Primitivism (use of subject and/or forms from peoples and cultures viewed to be primitive or simple. Typically depicted ancient art, children, women, and the mentally ill) -Formalism (experimenting with formal aspects of art like shape, color, and texture).
What were the main characteristics and concerns of Impressionism?
-Impressionist artists differed from Manet and realists -instead of challenging social commentary, these artists painted pretty pictures of the upper middle class at leisure -their point of view tended to be that of a city person
How did African art influence Modern Western art? What about it was appealing to these artists?
-It influenced modern western art through abstraction. They liked the forms that they used
Olympia
-Modernism, ca. 1860s-late 1960s - Artist: Édouard Manet -French, no movement
Eiffel Tower
-Modernism, ca. 1860s-late 1960s -Artist: Gustave Eiffel -for the 1889 Universal Exposition -Paris, France -Modern architecture
Impression: Sunrise
-Modernism, ca. 1860s-late 1960s -artist: Claude Monet -French Impressionism
A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte
-Modernism, ca. 1860s-late 1960s -artist: Georges Seurat -Post- Impressionism
Wainwright Building
-Modernism, ca. 1860s-late 1960s -artist: Louis Sullivan -St. Louis, MO -Chicago School Functionalism
Starry Night
-Modernism, ca. 1860s-late 1960s -artist: Vincent Van Gogh -Post-Impressionism
Kano Eitoku
-Momoyama Period, 16th century -Chinese Lions -Six-panel screen, colors, ink, and gold leaf on paper -Byobu (folding screen)
Taj Mahal
-Mughal period (1526-1857) -Style: Mughal -Commissioned by Shah Jahan -Agra, India
Jahangir and Shah Abbas
-Mughal period (1526-1857) -Style: Mughal miniature painting
Krishna and the Gopis
-Mughal period (1526-1857) -Style: Rajput miniature painting -From the Gita Govinda -Rajasthan, India
Rock garden (karesansui)
-Muromachi Period, 15th century -Kyoto, Japan -Ryoanji (temple) -Dry landscape rock garden
The Dinner Party
-Postmodernism (1970s-present) -artist: Judy Chicago -Early Feminist Art -White tile floor with 999 names in gold; table with painted porcelain, sculpted porcelain plates
China Monument: Temple of Heaven
-Postmodernism (1970s-present) -artist: Wenda Gu -Installation
Walking Buddha
-Thailand -Literally leaving his mark as a symbol of spiritual conquest -Recalls Buddha as a wanderer and missionary teacher
what changed politically in the meiji period? how did this affect art in japan?
-The abolition of the feudal system and all feudal class privileges. The enacting of a constitution and formalization of a parliamentary system of government. The formation of a national army. The adoption of universal education. -this period saw a rapid expansion of artistic forms, mediums, subjects and styles
Daguerreotype
-The daguerreotype was the first commercially successful photographic process (1839-1860) in the history of photography -Named after the inventor, Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre -each daguerreotype is a unique image on a silvered copper plate
How did the experiences and subjects of female Impressionists compare to their male counterparts?
-The fact that the Impressionists had both men and women in the group resulted in art that showed the different point of view of the two genders -women are seen taking care of children
What are some of the main approaches/forms and materials of African art?
-The main approach was abstraction. The main materials they used were sculpture (wood, metal), masking/performance, and textiles.
What are some major themes of African art, and how are they reflected in the works?
-The major themes are 1. assertions of power and leadership (size and scale), 2. continuing the life cycle and gender roles (identity), 3. connecting with and honoring spirits and ancestors (masquerades: connecting to spirits an initiation rights/identity), and 4. Expressions of identity (textiles, body adornment, sculpture, and masking)
What Japanese aesthetic qualities and subjects like those seen in ukiyo-e prints were appealing to Modern Western artists?
-Western artists were intrigued by the original use of color and composition. Ukiyo-e prints featured dramatic foreshortening and asymmetrical compositions. Japanese decorative arts, including ceramics, enamels, metalwork, and lacquerware, were as influential in the West as the graphic arts -Ukiyo-e art also influenced the Impressionists to focus on the subject only and to eliminate excessive details and complicated backgrounds from their paintings
chanoyu
-a Japanese ceremony consisting of the serving and taking of tea in accordance with an elaborate ritual
Post-Impressionism
-a genre of painting that rejected the naturalism of Impressionism, in favor of using color and form in more expressive manners -precursor to modernism
Organic Architecture
-a type of architectural design wherein buildings are inspired by, built around, and blend in with their natural surroundings -it is what frank lloyd wright called works like his fallingwater
dada
-an art movement formed during the First World War in Zurich in negative reaction to the horrors and folly of the wa
cubism
-best known art movement of modernist era -picasso -wanted to show the whole structure of objects in their paintings without using techniques such as perspective or graded shading to make them look realistic
What is functionalism in architecture?
-characterized by low levels of ornamentation and extraneous decoration, as well as a prominent display of raw materials -the design is above all orientated towards the practical, utilitarian use of a building or everyday object, so that purpose and functionality take priority over aesthetic principles
futurism
-early 20th century Italian art movement that emphasized the machine as art -a focus on the technical progress of the modern machine age, dynamism, speed, energy, vitality and change
what characterizes modern architecture?
-emphasis on form over ornament -appreciation of materials and structure instead of idyllic revival constructions -the adroit, methodical use of space
fauvism
-exhibited vibrant colors in order to capture landscapes and still-lifes -instilled a heightened sense of emotionalism into their paintings, often utilizing crude and blatant brushstrokes -art critic called such painters "wild beasts"
en plein air
-french for "in the open air" or outdoors
What were some positive and negative reactions and innovations of the industrial revolution?
-gas lights -electric lightbulb -mass produced building materials: concrete and steel -factory system -cotton gin -steam locomotive (train) -spinning jenny (sewing machine) -cast iron, steel, glass (for architecture)
calotype
-introduced by talbot -salt paper print -This process uses a paper negative to make a print with a softer, less sharp image than the daguerreotype -because a negative is produced, it is possible to make multiple copies.
wet plate process
-invented by Archer -comes from the photographer covering the plate with a light-sensitive emulsion -In doing so, the photographer creates a photographic sensor that captures the image -The emulsion contains silver halides. These react when exposed to light
heliograph
-invented by Nicéphore Niepce -a semaphore system that signals by flashes of sunlight reflected by a mirror -The flashes are produced by momentarily pivoting the mirror, or by interrupting the beam with a shutter -created the first and earliest known permanent photograph
How did the Modern movements react to industrialization?
-it drove the growth of U.S. cities and a rapidly expanding market economy
What is zen buddhism and how did it affect japanese art?
-known for its elegant simplicity, embodied in the many paintings and calligraphies in this exhibit that consist of black ink on white paper or silk. -The range of subject matter eventually broadened to include literary figures and landscapes, and the painting styles often became more important than personal expression
How did the subjects and forms of Manet's paintings, Le Dejeuner sur l'Herbe and Olympia, challenge Western traditions and values?
-le dejeuner included a naked women who was supposed to be a prostitute, and the man is supposed to be the customer -in olympia, the woman is nude and gazes down at us, indicating that she is in the position of power -Manet overturns the entire tradition of the accommodating female nude
avant-garde
-meaning "advance guard" or "vanguard" -these artists saw themselves as working in advance of an increasingly bourgeois society -ex: the stone breakers
What are the major themes and concerns that characterize Postmodernism?
-rather than a distinctive style, post modernist art is best recognized by its attempt to undermine key principles of modernism, especially its insistence on an art that was pure, autonomous, and universal
How did Modern European and American artists affected by various historical contexts?
-rejected the fragmentation of reality that had been common in their style before the war -artists explored new forms of Classicism, abstraction, and satire in their work
What were some themes and concerns in Modern art of the Americas?
-the great depression -the new deal
What is the significance of Courbet's "The Stone Breakers" and "The Burial at Ornans"?
-the stone brreakers: As a work of realism the subject matter addressed a scene of everyday life. This painting was intended to show the hard labor that poor citizens experienced. -the burial at ornans: functions as a painting that raises the status of the everyday citizen to that of a monarch or god—leveling social class.
surrealism
-this modern art movement formed after ww1 out of the dada movement. artists like salvador dali were inspired by sigmund freuds psychoanalysis and depicted dream-like imagery believed to reveal the unconscious
Harlem Renaissance
-this modern movement that celebrated african american history and culture was centered in a neighborhood in NYC
international style architecture
-this style of architecture developed after ww1 and reflected the need to rebuild and reorder after the war. it is characterized by the use and emphasis of industrial materials like glass, steel, and concrete; plain, standardized geometric building parts; and a "universal" form that stands out from its environment and could be placed anywhere in the world
modernism
-this time period in art began roughly around the 1860s and was evident until about the late 1960s. it included many different art movements which tended to challenge the past and express more personal reactions to dramatic changes brought on by events like industrialization
german expressionism
-was an early twentieth century German art movement that emphasized the artist's inner feelings or ideas over replicating reality
What are the differences between Japanese Yōga and Nihonga paintings?
-whereas Yoga are oil-on-canvas paintings, Nihonga are painted on Japanese washi-paper or silk cloth with traditional pigments known as iwaenogu or with black ink
japonisme
A style in French and American nineteenth-century art that was highly influenced by Japanese art, especially prints.
what is the purpose behind the Kongo Nkisi Nkondi figure?
connecting with the spirit world for assistance
kente
this cloth is a textile originally associated with royalty in Ghana