World Cinema Movements Midterm

Kinetoscope

- October 1889 dickson shows edison projection with sound - Quality is poor - Edison opts for silent, individual - showings of films - Invents kinetoscope - Kinetoscops were set up in a pariors You would see dancing, juggling, clowning, wonders of the world a few re-enactments - No stories yet

georges melies shows

- a trip to the moon (1902) - the conjuror (1899)

Black Maria

- camera could only move forward and backward - roof opened to allow sunlight in building rotated to catch sun's rays camera used electricity 1893 dickson markes first films in black maria studio - blacksmithing

thomas edison

- despite edisons shortsightedness in mass projection he leave his mark on motion pictures - he contributed sprocket holes on film - black maria - first move studio

19th century

- photo plays drew viewers to a story just as a film does today - combination of magic lantern shows, live actors and photography - same lasted up to 2 hours and told melodramatic stories -proved the potential of projected film

18th century

- showmen travel across europe showing magic lantern shows - used drawn images in the beginning - eventually used photographs

characteristics of third cinema

-political: trying to resists the authority of neo colonial & colonial -cinema is used as a effort to fight against the unjust rules & opressors -focus around the problems with social & economic issues -strives to make change -thematic: recording the struggle of the neo colonial -shows poverty of the everyday life -expresses the difficulties of standard way of life & the modern way of thinking or doing things -unpredictable future

sound in cinema

-powerful film technique for several reasons; it engages a distinct sense giving the spectator a complete perceptual experience, it creates what sergei einstein called the "synchronization of senses" making a single rhythm of expressive quality unity both image and sound -can also alter and shape how we percieve/interpret an image, while also being used to possible anticipate an event that will occur onscreen; another value of sound to consider is that it gives important to silence, helping to instate unbearable tension as the viewer concentrates on the next sound to come -a last advantage to consider is it had nearly unlimited creative possibilities for the filmmaker to explore and implement into their movies

Breathless (film)

-premiered in 1960 -directed by jean-luc godard -low budget crime/drama -tells the story of a car theif named michel poiccard who gets in over his head. On this journey he is accompanied by patricia who observes as his life spirals out of control

straight musicals

-rare today -this and background musicals are usually about a couples courtship

styles & techniques in third cinema

-realistic -light hand held cameras -non professional directors -non professional actors -places emphasis on presenting certain topics over craftmanship -no particular aesthetic film strategy

popular dadaist films

-rhythmus 21 (hans richter, 1921) -ballet mecanique (fernand leger, 1924) -anemic cinema (marcel duchamp, 1926)

famous filmmakers and films apart of neorealism movement

-robert rossellini rome ipen city 1945, paisan 1946, germany year zero 1947 -alberto lattuada ll bandito 1946 -aldo vergano ll sole sorge ancora 1946 -luigi zampa vivere in pace 1946 -luchino visconti la terra trema 1947 -giuseppe de santis caccia tragica 1947 -vittorio de sica shoeshine 1946, bicycle thieves 1948 -michealangelo antonioni cronaca di un amore 1950

Film Noir History

-rooted in german expressionism (shadows and lighting) -post war -started in the 1920s but gained popularity in the 1940s and the 1950s -counter to musicals and comedies -during and after WW2 (anxiety, released in france)

continuity editing

-seamless, setting takes precedence, staged and worked upon arrangement; a group of editing techniques and strategies used for a more market friendly product

Characteristics of neorealism

-self consciously composed shots -shot on location -non actors -economic and political causes of characters actions -effects are fragmentary and inconclusive -edited according to the norms of classical hollywood style -ellipsis -sweeping musical score -sound almost invariably postdubbed -allows control after filming

Projection

a difficult problem to solve; it roots go back as far as 1646

who is considered one of the early feminist directors?

a) d.w. griffith b) orson welles c) germaine dulac d) auguste lumiere correct answer: c germaine dulac

which film movement sought to show subjectivity by portraying the thought process and inner life of charecters?

a) dada b) french impressionism c) classical hollywood d) german expressionism correct answer: b french impressionism

which film movement stood for nihilism and a complete rejection of meaning in art?

a) french impressionism b) german expressionism c) dada d) surrealism correct answer: c dada

who invented celluloid film in 1884?

a) lumiere brothers b) d.w. griffith c) thomas edison d) george eastman correct answer: d george eastman

which of the following genres was a legacy of german expressionist filmmaking?

a) musical b) film noir c) wester d) comedy correct answer: b film noir

who believed that maximum conflict in images & editing creates a maximum of emotion & stimulating power?

a) orson welles b) abei gance c) sergei eisenstein d) d.w. griffith correct answer: c sergei eisenstein

who sought to present "life caught unawares" and said that the filmmakers essential tool was the use of documentary footage?

a) orson welles b) sergei eisenstein c) d.w. griffith d) daiga vertov correct answer: d daiga vertov

who directed the film the cabinet of dr. caligari?

a) robert wiene b) sergei eisenstein c) fritz lang d) germaine dulac correct answer: a robert wiene

who directed man with a movie camera?

a) sergei eisenstein b) dziga vertov c) lee kuleshov correct answer: b dziga vertov

what film movement sought to develop methods to liberate the imagination and tap the unconscious mind?

a) surrealism b) dada c) french impressionism d) german expressionism correct answer: a surrealism

the first film studio built by thomas edison in west orange new jersey?

black maria

Zoetrope

circular drum set with silts allows moments of darkness creates illusion of movement 1834 by william horner

among d.w. griffith innovations was the powerful use of a framing in which the scale of the object is shown is relatively large, usually a persons head and shoulders, what is this called?

close-up

Overtonal

cumulation of metric, rhythmic, and tonal montage to synthesize its effect on the audience for a more abstract effect

Big 5 Agreement

leow (MGM), famous players lasky, first national universal, producers distributing corporation -an agreement between the studios to adopt a single sound system if an industry wide conversion of the sound would happen -took place on February 1927, and the companies decided to adopt western electrics sound-on-film technology in 1928 as it offered more favorable contracts for the companies

the quality, according to the french impressionists, which distinguishes a film shot from the original object photographed is called?

photogenie

fidelity

the extent to which the sound is faithful to the source as we conceive it (image of barking dog with a barking noise= faithful image of barking dog with an oinking noise= unfaithful)

toy makers

used this theory to create hand held machines that were the basis of film development

Timbre

used to describe the texture or "feel" of sound. the harmonic components of sound give it a certain tone quality. best example if the cliched use of saxophones playing during a seductive scene

tonal

uses the emotional meaning of the shots, to elict a reaction from the audience even more complex than from the metric montage

essential films from the new american movement

-bonnie & clyde -easy rider -midnight cowboy -five easy pieces -the last picture show

Magic Lantern

- 1646 father athanasius kircher made drawings of a box that could reproduce an image through a lens -ancestor of present day slide projector

French New Wave

-"Nouvelle Vague" began in the late 1950s and lasted until the late 1960s -the movement has been greatly praised as one of the most important film movements -it was a post war movement heavily inspired by Italian-Neorealism amongst other noir styles of filmmaking -responsible for many stylistic choices made in modern films -was very grounded and addressed aspects of the real world that many other filmmakers neglected at the time -identity comes from its distinctive stylistic choices -unlike previously discussed film movements, French New Wave had very few technological advancements with the exception of the new lightweight handheld camera

Andre Breton

-(1896-1966) writer, poet, co-founder, leader and principal theorist of surrealism -first and second "manifesto of surrealism"

Lumiere Brothers

-1884 tinker with edisons kinetoscope -designed their own machine within a year

famous film musicals

-1927 the jazz singer -1929 broadway melody -1931 the threepenny opera -1933 42nd street -1936 swing time -1939 the wizard of oz -1952 singin in the rain -1977 saturday night fever

old western films

-1939 stagecoach john ford -1946 my darling clementine john ford -1948 red river howard hawks -1954 johnny guitar nicholas ray -1968 once upon a time in the west by sergio leone

new western films

-2003 open range kevin coster -2007 3:10 to yuma james mangold -2011 rango gore verbinski -2012 django unchained quentin tarantino -2015 the hateful eight quentin tarantino

steven speilberg

-Born december 18th 1946 (still alive at 75 years old) -Born in cincinnati ohio & grew up in phenix arizona -Started making movies when he was 12 years old -When he grew up, he moved to california to study film in college: applied to the university of southern california's film school, but got turned down, got accepted to california state university, long beach & his first job was to direct one segment for the pilot in the 1969 tv show night gallery; however, his contribution to the show was not well received by the crew -In the early 70s when he was working as a writer, he took some time to perfect his own filmmaking techniques, impressing producers -In 1974 speilberg released his first film the sugarland express 1974 which received many great reviews -Although the film got great reviews, it did not do well in the box office which speilberg blamed universal for because of poor advertising & marketing -Speilberg then went on to direct jaws 1975 with the movie winning three academy awards; however, speilberg went 100 days over production and the film was threatened to be canceled because of this & many other reasons -After jaws 1975 speilberg went on to direct & produce countless sulms such as jaws 2 1978, close encounter of the third kind 1977, et the extra terrestrial 1982, back to the future 1985, and so many more -He is still making films today & is known as one of the most commercially successful directors of all time

George Lucas

-Born may 14th 1944 (still alive at 77 years old) -Born & raised in modesto california: as a child he was very into science fiction & comics -Before he got into filmmaking, he wanted to become a racecar driver however, after a major accident causing bruised lungs & going into emergency medical treatment he chose to pursue different interests -He first went to modesto junior college, where he studied anthropology, sociology, & literature then later transferred to the school of cinematic arts at the university of southern california as his interest in film increased -After he graduated & failed to get drafted into the vietnam war. He went back to school to USC to get his graduate degree in film production -When working as a film teacher to U.S. Navy students, he created his first short film electronic labyrinth: THX 1138 4EB 1967 winning him his first award at the 1967-68 national student film festival: this caught the attention od warner bros, allowing him to create the movie of his choosing, with his first film being finian's rainbow 1968 -This lead to lucas co-dounding the studio american zoetrope with francis coppola then creating lucasfilms, LTD. after the first studio went under The creation of that studio lead lucas to make classic movies such as american graffiti 1973, star wars 1977, being executive director on the indiana jones films and many more -He is now semi-retired, focusing more on smaller independent films instead of big blockbusters

origins of new realism

-Mussolini's fail -italian film industry lost organizational center -production firms became small-scale affairs -lack of studio facilities -postwar period -italian spring 1945 -break with old ways -cultural renewal and social change -parties formed coalition government -left liberal ideals basis of reborn italy

projection problems

-Projector needs a powerful light source to make images clear. -Film has to run smoothly past this light source without tearing. lumiere brothers turned their cinemograpge camera into a projector as well

film brats storytelling style

-Some of these films were known to touch on grittier topics that past film wouldent think of doing -This made the films more personal for the audience -Film brats incorporated political issues of the 1970s into their films -A lot of films from this era reflected on the transition from the vietnam war ending to a new president -Some films also took inspiration from the techniques used in film noir and repurposed those techniques in their films -Others also focused more on the people and music rather than the plot itself, focusing more on a slice-of life way of storytelling -Seen in italian neorealism (american graffiti 1970) -Because the film rating system was established in 1968, some films were able to add curses, obscenities, nudity, adulterous affairs, and stimulated sex into their movies

film brats notable filmmakers

-Steven speilberg -George lucas -Robert altman -Francis coppola -John millius -Brian de palma -Paul schrader -Martin scorsese

end of film brats movement

-The directors of the film brats movement went on to go up in the filmmaking ranks, winning awards & becoming critically acclaimed -The films they created transferred over to films that we are more familiar with today like the matrix 1999 & men in black 3 2012 -These directors would go off to inspire others like quentin tarantino pulp fiction 1994, paul thomas anderson, and danny boyle slumdog millionaire 2008 -They were also responsible for innovations that would change the industry: special effects speilberg, new talent scorsese, digital filmmaking lucas

film brats origins

-The film brats movement went from the 1960s to the 1970s and was even inspiration for movies of the 80s -the seperation of vertically integrated studios in the 50s & 60s caused a decline in movie goers -at the time, movies like the sound of music 1965 & dr zhivago 1965 were coming out, but there was still a decline in the movie industry -only 1 billion tickets were sold each year -1969 hollywood companies were losing over 200 million dollars annually -the industry was later saved by what many call the block buster mentality -blockbuster mentality: the pressure faced by smaller movie makers who run alot of the industry to create productions with a high budget -these film brats came in & created stories that were more personal & by doing so they changed how we saw movies -most of these new young directors came from film schools like NYU, the university of south carolina, and the university of california instead of coming up through the studio system ranks -by going to thesr film schools, they were able to learn not only the mechanics of film, but also the history that goes along with it, ex. the french new wave -because of this amount of knowledge on film history these students were soon called movie brats or film brats -they were also called that in the film industry

film brats notable films

-The godfather 1972 -The exorcist 1973 -American graffiti 1973 -Jaws 1975 -Taxi driver 1976 -Star wars IV: a new hope 1977 Close encounter of the third kind 1977 Superman 1978

characteristics of film brats

-They planned to both expand on old traditions in filmmaking while also trying new ideas (ex. Steven speilberg) -When making E.T. the extra terrestrial (1982) steven speilberg made the main alien adorable instead of scary -They also used state-of-the-art special effects to attract younger audiences, which helped bring people back into the movie theaters -Some of these directors found ways to turn B-movies into blockbuster A- movies with different film techniques: steven speilberg used deep focus in jaws 1975 similar to that of citizen kane 1941 -Also created motion-control techniques when filming miniatures for the film star wars 1977: this caused lucas special effects firm named industrial light & magic (ILM) to become the head of special effects technology during this time -The film brats of this movement not only worked on their own films, but helped each other by working on other peoples films as well: steven spielberg made suggestions on the final editing of the movie taxi driver 1976 -Because these directors were worried about big studios compromising their visions, most of the films during this movement were independent, films which allowed sound to have a greater range -This also offered for a more detailed film soundtrack

kuleshov effect

-a concept used in film-making founded by kuleshov in the 1920s. would put a film together, showing the expressionism of an actor, edited together with a plate of soup, dead woman and a woman lying on a recliner -filmmakers saw this as the foundation of film art and therefore used the shot

Western styles

-a genre of determinate space -set social codes, characters and violent conflict -hero comes in, solves the issue, leaves -cowboy rides into town, helps the conflict within it and rides into the sunset (this hero uses his individualistic and unchanging ways to interact with a dynamic world of conflict -western has a generic narrative -each film has the same character types/setting -easy to predict what will happen -deals with issues that can apply to real world despite the historical difference to current times (individual vs. community or order vs. anarchy)

what is third cinema in africa

-can also be called third world cinema -was mainly in africa & latin america -three types (1,2,3) -hollywood is first cinema, european films are second cinema and african or latin america was third cinema

founders of german expressionism

-carl mayer -hans janowitz -hermann warm -walter reimann -walter rohrig

dada impact

-changed perception of art -appeal to emotions -rose to be an anti-art movement -used for political means (dada event turned into riot)

goal: photogenie

-a term that indicates something more complex than an objects ability to be photogenic. louis delluc popularized the term around 1918, using it to define the quality that distinguishes a film shot and how the image they see compares to what reality looks like without the lense examples; grances la dixieme symphonie (1918) with this being the first, its emotional displays made an impressionism and jump started the movement, clairs le voyage imaginaire (1926) "the imaginary journey" a fantasy film which popularized getting creative with the camera and its story, bernards le petit (1919) an early comedic feature that brought more respect to the genre of comedy within france more examples: L'herbiers rose-france (1919) three images put into one to create a widespread shot triptych painting, grances la roue (1922) image of norma is overlapping with the smoke, a representation of a fantasy norma is thinking of (cross-cutting), kirsanoffs menilmontant (1926) an emotionally overwhelmed mother taking in the hectic city enviroment, emphasizing the derangement feeling of the charecter

important impressionists

-abel grace: la dixieme, symphonie (1918) is the first major film of the impressionist movement -louis delluc: with much money in his family and help from other filmmakers, he supported the tiny companies that produced his low-budget films like fievre (1921) and L'inondation (1924) -germaine delac: was hired to direct her avant garde charecter study the smiling madame beudet by the film d'art company -marcel L' herbier: rose france was the second impressionist film of the era and then he produced to more films sponsored by gaumont L'Homme du large and el dorado -jean epstein: made of the the most expieremental of the impressionist films, a quasi documentary pasteur (1923) for porthe. also made coeur fidele (1923)

dada: experimental film

-abstract/unconventional -embraced -nonsense -irrationality -spontaneity -expieremented with time and space -meant to shock the audience -multi disciplinary -poetry -sound/music -performance -dance -photomontage -came from european cabaret traditions and german expressionism

med hondo

-african filmmaker med hondo who was born & brought up in mauritania, instantly embraced this movement against entrenched authority institutions; when he moved to morooco at the age of 18 & then to france, the racism & predjudice he witnessed on a daily basis had a direct impact on his filmmaking. colonialism in africa was coming to an end in the 1970s resulting in political conflict & dramatic uprisings in a number of nations. Hondo was an outspoken promoter of african films as a means of demonstrating the damage and instability that colonialism had wrecked on many people -movies he made: oh, sun 1967, sarraounia 1986, les biscots negaes vos visina 1974, nous aurona toute la mort pour dormir 1977

Andrew Bujalski

-aka the godfather of mumblecore -director of both funny haha & mutual appreciation -his films focuses on real life issues, which paved the path for the genre funny haha is about figuring out what to do with ones life & romance & mutual appreciation is also about figuring but ones career -his films set the movement off -the plots of the films were almost aimless, & were rather about just telling someome how they truely feel

closeups and intercut action

-allowed for intense action scenes filled with emotion -including this film technique into his films created intrigue and were one of the main reasons his films were so innovative for his time

Introduction of Sound

-although films were called silent films, they did employ large orchestras to play music and add sound effects to what was happening on the screen -D.W. Griffith commissioned scored to be performed with specific scenes in his films -only biggest theatres can afford these, smaller venues used a pianist -inventors in early cinema tried to join the image to mechanically reproduced sound on photograph records -the introduction of synchronized sound is usually dated in 1927 with warner bros the jazz singer -the process of inventing and spreading sound technology occured at different rates involving many different countries with many competing systems and patents

male protagonist in film noir

-an anti hero -tragic flaws -the maltest falcon "when one of your organization gets killed, its bad buisness to let the killer get away with it"

updates on those famous mumblecore filmmakers

-andew bujalski: created a few more movies with mumblecore elements like support the girls in 2018. he is also a writer for many studio projects -joe swanberg: has as written a few films since his mumblecore era. he wrote the rental with dave franco & created easy on netflix -aaron katz has written & directed four feature films, one being land ha, which won an award at the independent spirit awards -the duplass brothers: have their own production company (duplass brother production) & produce the HBO show room 104 -lynn shelton: unfortunately, lynn had passed away in 2020 at age 54 from lukemia before she had passed away, she was director for tv show episodes, such as new girl & mad men

notable filmmakers mumblecore

-andrew bujalski: funny haha, multual appreciation -jow swanberg: kissing on the stairs -aaron katz: dance party -mark & jay duplass: the puffy chair -lynn shelton: humpday

surrealists conclusions

-art movement influences -andre breton influences -the end to french surrealism -individual surrealists continue their efforts -tim burton films (caroline) other mother button eyes

German Expressionism

-at the beginning of the 1910s germany showed mostly films from other countries in their theatres and their own film in others -when WW1 began and french and american governments banned german films being screened in their own countries german film companies pulled french and american films from being shown in germany as well -to bring money into their own theatres, the german goverment started to funding the film industry -131 studios were created by 1918 -the goverment had many of these studios combine together (UFA) to further fund the studios to provide them with the most highley technical film equipment in europe -very subjective; camera stays in the same spot not much movement at all

birth of a nations lethal influence

-because of this movies innovative and groundbreaking cinmatography, it became popular to the masses; it portrayed black ppl as animalistic and dangerous men while the ku klux kan as heroes -racially motivated murders were common in the south, this movie caused lynchings to become popular and accepted in society -gave a rebirth to the ku klux klan

steven speilberg

-born december 18th 1976 (still alive at 75 on years old) -born in cincinnati ohio & grew up in pheonix arizona -started making movies when he was 12 years old -when he grew up, he moved to california to study film in college; applied to the university of southern californias film school, but got turned down, got accepted to california state university, long beach & his first job was to direct one segment for the pilot in the 1969 tv show night gallery; however, his contribution to the show was not well recieved by the crew -in the early 70s when he was working as a writer, he took some time to perfect his own filmmaking techniques, impressing producers -in 1974 speilberg released his first film the sugarland express 1974 which recieved many great reviews -although the film got great reviews, it did not do well in the box office which speilberg blamed universal for because of poor advertising & marketing -speilberg then went on to direct jaws 1975 with the movie winning three academy awards; however, speilberg went 100 days over production & the film was threatened to be canceled because of this & many other reasons -after jaws 1975 speilberg went on to direct & produce countless sulms such as jaws 2 1978, close encounter of the third kind 1977, et the extra terrestrial 1988, back to the future 1985, and so many more -he is still making films today & is known as one of the most commercially successful directors of all time

jean-luc godard

-born december 3rd 1930 -director of breathless film -was one of the many film critics who left journalism for filmmaking -became renowned for his stylistic choices and helped define the french new wave movement. he is also credited as one of the most influential post war filmmakers -he drew lots of inspiration from previous film movements -many of his films share his political ideas and views such as Le Petit Soldat, which addresses the Algerian War of Independence -while he is renowned as a french new wave director, he has continued working up until 2015 and never officially retired

D.W. Griffith

-born in 1875 in oldham kentucky -had little to no interest in short films -his interests in movies grew when he consulted billy fitzer (a well known short film director for advice) -able to shoot different scene settings on one set -first to combine closeups and action -most popular films: way down east (1920), broken blossoms (1919), intolerance (1916), birth of a nation (1915)

Yasujiro Ozu

-born on december 12 1903 and was the son of fertilizer salesman -ozu hardly saw his father and he went to a remote school as his hometown where his mother raised him -his childhood was reflected in many of his films which dealth with family life & relationships between parents & their children -ozu disliked school but enjoyed watching movies from hollywood -watching these films made him curious as to how they were made which struck his desire to become a director -was mainly important because he expressed ideas through little moments of everyday life -he ignored how the rest of the world shot films & created his own visual language -he broke every rule there was & did it in the most original way possible -he used compositions, contemplative pacing, low camera angles, & brief storytelling which are great film techniques that the professional film maker used to evoke emotions in his films -ozus original style; often shooting his actors from floor heigh & favoring simply photography & editing has has a huge inspiration on western filmmakers -popular films: dragnet girl 1933, an autumn afternoon 1964, tokyo story 1972 -dragnet girl: is important because it tells the story of a gangster and his girlfriend seeking redemption through the actions of an innocent girl & her not so innocent criminal brother. a gangster film sets up the seperation between crime & order, good & evil, where ozu recognized the importance of respectable society -tokyo story: is a general conflct between parents & their children. ozu was inspired to create his film because of his childhood & family issues and also after everything that happened during the way. the children ignore their aging parents but their son who was the only one who would stop by & visit them died in the war leaving his wife a widow. his parents realized that they should lock after the closet parson left of their son bringing them even closer. was filmed only seven years after the way which was another reason why this film was so important -an autumn afternoon: deals with the world war 2 generation of Japanese men & the social problems they face as there left behind

Akira Kurosawa

-born on march 23 1910 in tokyo japan and died on september 6 1998 -not only was an important movie director he was also a really good painter -after leaving middle school, kurosawa went to an art school and began painting -he was awarded important art prizes he gave up his career of being a painter because he has a passion for filmmaking -he became an assistant director in the PLC cinema studio -directed thirty films in his career throughout five decades -one of the most important, influential, and inspiring filmmakers in history -entered the Japanese film industry in 1936 -years after working on numerous films as an assistant director and screenwriter, he finally got his career as a man director during world war 2 -was also an important director because he decided to break away from the usual Japanese style and became more involved with the factor of american filmmaking; he was passionate about directing movies that would form a more worldwide audience -films were known for their compostion in camera movement, emotion and framing -popular films: seven samurai 1954, rashomon 1951, ikiru 1958

Kenji Mizoguchi

-born on may 16 1898 in tokyo japan & died august 24 1956 -father was a roofing carpenter -his family was middle class until his father tried to make a living by selling raincoats to soldiers during the russo japanese war -before he started filmmaking he also studied painting in 1919 -he spent a short amount of time designing advertisements for the kobe soshin daily news in the city of kobe -later he returned to tokyo & also became an actor at the nikkatsu motion picture company -three years later he became a director -his mother died in 1915 while he was still in his teens; his sister placed their father in a home and took in her brothers. these experiences inspired him to create films & work hard in his csreer -according to yimiuri shimbun (a Japanese newspaper) he was "the dean of Japanese filmmaking" -mizoguchis work was talked about by many famous people for its long takes & mise-en-scene -according to the writer mark le fanu "his films have an extraordinary force & purity" -the majority of his films were seen in reflecting in his personal life much like ozu -he also creates films on womens rights & what its like to live life as a women in the japanese society -popular films: osaka elegy 1936, street of shame 1956, sister of the gion 1979 -osaka elegy: film talks about the position of women in japanese society. it involves a young women who relies on prostitution after being fired from the japanese pharacuetical firm & her story as a victim; is important because it talks about what life is like living as a women in Japanese society and her story as a victim in prostitution -sisters of the gion: two sisters had a hard life in the gion district of kyoto. one of them feels committed to support a bankrupt businessman and the other sister plots several plans to get rid of him; this is important because it shows the ways with how two women cope with the expierence of being in geisha. the sisters have different educational backgrounds and different views. one of the sisters, umekichi, is able to be compatible in the world of prosititution. in her opinion, it is her job to serve men but the other sister omocha does not think that serving men should be a major role in her life. in her opinion, it is her job to serve men but the other sister omocha does not think that serving men should be a major role in her life. in this film, we get to see different views of different women and the challenges they had to face as women living in the 20th century in Japanese society -street of shame: this film involves several japanese women from different backgrounds living the life as prostitutes together in a brothel. it was mizoguchis last film

Orson Welles

-born on may 6th 1915 in kenosha Wisconsin -died october 10th 1985 at 70 years old -famous producer, director, screenplay writer, and even an actor -after high school, he attended multiple acting companies, eventually becoming a director of plays -he held radio dramas that were adapted from a selection of famous novels -his magnificant abilities in plays and radio eventually got him to hollywood where he partnered with RKO radio pictures, INC. this gave leeway to produce any type of film just the way he wanted

fued between welles and william randolph hearst

-citizen kane was a criticism to newspaper magnate william randoplh hearst. hearst tried to cancel and shut down the movie because of this. he ruined the films reputation for a while, thus making welles lose lots of reputation. -hearst created a newspaper empire through selling stories that were mostly scandalous and fiction. welles set out to bring notice of this through citizen kane -hearst would feature false subjects about welles in his paper, causing some theatres to drop the movie

french impressionism coming to an end

-connections disperse, ideas of movement lose momentum, and investments lessened impressionists once supporting eachother continue with their own paths and views towards cinema -attention on such type of films lessened through the impact of expieremental films many impressionists lost their independent companies due to the introduction of sound (too much money) -much was still learned during that time period and those ideas have evolved and thrived in current cinema today -"original devices such as rapid montage or the tracking or panning camera are not vulgarized. they are old hat, and it is necessary to eliminate visibly obvious style in order to create a simple film" (jean epstein) -the sucesss of impressionism, along with its gradually dying style, opened doors for filmmakers to expierement in different directions, overall the stylistic diffusion broke unity and momentum and from there, some impressionists went out of business, some quit, some continued, but were constrained with the progression of technology such as sound and some focused on more progressive ideas that were becoming popular such as surrealist, dadaist, and abstract films

Bonnie and Clyde

-considered one of, it not the most significant film during this era -released in 1967 -produced by warren beatty, who also played clyde barrow -directed by arthur penn -mix of graphic violence, sex, & humor along with the theme of glamorous disaffected youth was a hit with audiences -awards for best support actress & best cinematography

storytelling style in neorealism

-contemporary social conditions -loose narrative relations -slice of life plot construction all events are flattened to the same level -climaxes played down -mudane activities -coincidences -scenes arent motivated or connected casually -accidents -chance encounters of daily life -mixed tone -embracing the ordinary world in all its varying modes -unresolved endings

history behind surrealism

-dada movement -core values lead to surrealism -"manifesto of surrealism

What is Film Noir?

-dark film or black film -argued if it is considered a genre or not -cynical protagonist -low budget tricks -lightning -american literature (raymond chandler, james m cain, dashiell hammet, cornell woolrich) -detectives, gangsters, or tempted into crime: femme fatale lures main character into crime (popular crime in these films was murder

Black Girl (1966)

-directed by ousmane sembrene and was his first feature film; the first african film to win global aknowledgement -a story about a senegal nursery maid who goes back to france and brings her white employers, once in france she realizes her relationship isnt the same; she is not a nurse but a housemaid, the countless responsibilities and poor treatment becomes overwhelming for her she becomes very lonely -film techniques used: personality, humor, sarcasm, & experimenting with cinematic film techniques including montage are only a few of the techniques and creative cinematic language -when film was released it recieved a lot of positive feedback; it won the award for having "best african director of a feature film at the first festival" -french professor daryl lee explained "that the festival was significant because of its international project to unite african nations, as well as to represent africa to the rest of the world"

late 19th century

-discovered intermittent movement was needed (similar to zoetrope silts) -each frame stops briefly in front of the light source -ended problem of the light source and tearing -created problem of burning film -invented cooling system (similar to todays)

the start of dogma 95

-dogma 95 is a cinematic movement created on march 13th 1995 by two danish directors -lars von trier & thomas vinterberg -they made a manifesto & revealed it at a Parisian conference -held to celebrate 100 years of film, & discuss the future of cinema -listed a set of rules known ad the vow of chastity -handed out a red paper with the vow of chastity on it to the people at the conference

What is Dogma 95

-dogma: a set of principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true -trier & vinterberg created this movement with the belief that cinema has become too concerned with manipulating the audiences emotions with special effects & cinematic techniques -wanted a more authentic way to draw emotion -did not like aspects of cinematography or CGI -thought plot should be presented by performances of the actors & let the themes speak for themselves -it also gave indie filmmakers with a low budget a way to complete with larger productions with a much larger budget

third cinema latin america origins

-during the 60s to 70s latin american countries were faced with great instability -latin american countries faced instability in their economy along with their government: this is shown through the downfall of many developmentalist governments and takeovers by military dictatorships -through the political turmoil & struggles during this time period, 3rd cinema in latin america erupted -the term 'third cinema' originated from a film produced in 1968 by argentinian producers, fernando solanas & octavio getino -their film hacia un tercer cine, translates to "toward a third cinema" -they also produces the film, the hour of furnaces, which further pushed this film movement into motion

historical context of sound

-during the development of sound in cinema (1926-1946) two major historical events occurred: the great depression and WW2 -october 26, 1929 "black tuesday" wall street crash that triggered the great depression in america, trickling to other countries -threatening political climates arose in europe; facism adopted in italy 1922 hitler became chancellor of germany in 1933 instituting the nazi regime, japan moved to the extreme right -german invasion of poland on september 3, 1939 started world war 2 which lasted until 1945, resulting in massive loss of life and destruction -u.s. economy boosted, carrying the country of the great depression -introduction of sound in cinema coincided with the early years of the great depression

economic impacts of Japanese cinema

-during the second world war, there weren't many people directing films due to low budgets, high employment rates and a weak economy -after japan was defeated in the war it was immediately occupied by the U.S. -macarthur brought in many hollywood films that illustrated the american way of life with the goal of the U.S. becoming a model of political, social, and cultural values -once the japanese people took ownership of their film industry the occupation officially ended in 1952 stores in live action films were mostly about nationalism and rebuilding family values, especially in the post war time period -films tried to take back patriotic feelings of satisfaction in a great history; feelings which were lost following japans defeat in the second world war -during the way, japanas weak economy & high rates of unemployment caused the Japanese cinema to endure -during the occupation macarthur found a way to battle against the propaganda of japanese cinema -an understanding campaign began, in which hollywood studios screen americam films throughout japan

end & beyond of neorealism

-economic & cultural forces -films so critical of contemporary society disapproved by government -censorship and state pressures constrained the movement -large scale italian film production began to reappear -neorealism no longer had freedom permitted by small production companies -emergence of an international modernist cinema - filmmakers followed the neorealist model in rejecting polished studio production values

artistic elements in film noir

-elliptical -non linear -complex -protagonist is an anti hero (non conventional charecteristics of a hero) -concise dialogue -post war -high contrast lighting -dark shadows -flashbacks

cinematography in western films

-establishing shots/long shots -show isolation/vastness -lowkey, high key & noir lighting -contrasts good/bad

world war 2 & Japanese Cinema

-even though world war 2 is mainly known for the 1939 german invasion in poland; japan had already been at war with the republic of china since july of 1937 -during this time, the Japanese government would order to enlarge propaganda in cinemas -films were to show the honor, potential, and power of the empire of japan -film directors could not contempt the military or depress the nation; they were told not to "exaggerate" the cruelties of war with overly realistic depictions any offensive films were to be cut or banned

the expressionist style

-expressionism started out in art then moved into theatre -it was known for its over exaggerated imagery -filmmakers kept the over the top visuals; the sets and ppl within the frame were the most important part of a scene, rather than french impressionism which focused on editing and cinematography -exaggerated shapes and actors wearing dark makeup conveyed heavy emotions -many films were considered fantasy and horror stories since their sets and costumes created the illusion of larger than life settings

sergei einstein

-eye + water + weep -ear + next door = listen -strike (1924) battleship potemkin (1925) october (1927) the general line (1928)

famous films

-festen 1998 thomas vinterberg -the idiots 1998 lars von tier -won the jury prize at the 1998 cannes film festival

world & cinema during the 60s-70s

-film movement began during the 1960s-1970s in the US -historical events that happened during the 1960s-1970s in the US: kennedy was elected 1961, cuban missile crisis 1962, landed on the moon 1969, apollo 13 1970, vietnam war ended 1975, the watergate scandel 1972 -important events/movies for the film industry: the first african film to win global acknowledgement was black girl 1966, new decade for filmmakers as imitations on language, sexuality or adult content as well as violence was easier to express 1970, the godfather 1972, jaws 1975, rocky 1976, psycho 1960, mary poppins 1964, doctor zhivago 1965

german expressionism in modern film

-film noir: after the style of german expressionism films died out in the early 30s it still lived on within imagery of film noir in the 40s and 50s -alfred hitchcock: a director known for horror and thriller films. as a child he would often see many films which heavily inspried the look and imagery of his films -tim burton: known for his distinct burtoneque style in almost all of his films, crooked sets, dark colors, quirky charecters, and more

about third cinema

-filmmakers were influences by german dramatist bertolt becht producers from the british social documentarian era, and early marxist theories of production -third cinema focused their films on under discussed topics including poverty, war, the divisions in society and very real and unfortunate events that were rarely showcased in mainstream hollywood films -rejected ideologies & styles of hollywood films -filmmakers produced works that connected to a larger audience on a realistic level -films were produced by the people for the people

History of Japanese Cinema

-filmmaking in japan began in 1897 when a cameraman who was working with the lumiere brothers filmed the views of Tokyo -even though film was new to the Japanese culture, moving pictures go back much further; the dutch has introduced the magic lantern to the Japanese in the 18th century; became very popular throughout Japanese towns -the japanese would use several magic lanterns to create phantasmagoria theater using rear projection, they would use puppets to show skeletons, ghosts, & demons -in the early 1900s Japanese film theatres would screen pictures while storytellers would tell tales, these silent film narrators were called benshi; the benshi would wither introduce a film or narrate the charecters voices -because the benshi were so entertaining silent films were popular for a lot longer in japan than in other parts of the worls -by the 1930s the Japanese government became more involved in cinema demanding the production of propaganda and production documentaries -these cultural films were called bunka eiga, and in germany, the same stype of documentaries were very influential and gave rise to the nazi party

not all films dogma 95 abided by every rule

-films made by other directors were shown to the brethren in order to recieve the official "dogma 95" certificate -when submitting a film for consideration, the director was required to "confess" the ways in which they have failed to comply with their vows -the brethren then decided if the rule breaking (or bending) was able to be overlooked lasted 10 years 1995-2005 -by the time dogma 95 movement ended in 2005, 35 films were given the dogma 95 certificate

December 28, 1895

-first theatre opens to the paying public -basement of a paris cafe

what is french impressionism

-for starters, imagine cinema as art -you can observe a work of art and what? how do you feel? -cinema allowed impressionists to get creative to illustrate their ideas, messages, beliefs, and stories passively: with the intent to make an impression on their audience -intend for you to feel emotion -viewed cinema as an art form, had a very avant garde and innovative approach to cinema

how impressionism began; what sparked such creativity

-french film industry suffered from WW1 -resources deplected prioritizing war efforts, the french film production industry was really struggling to make a comeback for quite a while due to high demand and economic issues, the goverment continued to import foreign films into france for a good period of time (until 1930) it also didnt help that money was so tight in the film industry that it was cheaper to purchase a foreign film then to produce their own films -american films dominanted: frances industry post-war consisted at very few limited and outdated production facilities with foreign competition pouring into france, along with an increased tax on movie tickets. all of which added up against the people within frances film industry when trying to just jumpstart films

western origins

-genre began during the silent-film era of the late 19th century -there was a resurgence of the genre in hollywood during the 1930s -one of the first western films was the great train robbery by edwin s. porter in 1903 -westerners were set in the late 18th century in the american old west; stories depicted cowboys, settlers, and outlaws exploring the wild west

iris shot

-griffith including iris shots in scenes conveyed a sense of deep importance for the situations at hand -it allowed viewers focus on specific actions that were important to remember and introductions to new characters

Flashback scene

-griffith used many visual techniques to guide viewers through the movies he directed -give important background information and reason to a charecters actions or a consequence unfolding

Iconography

-guns/gun rights -trains -horses -bank robberies -stage coaches -slowdowns -sheriffs/outlaws -denim, boots, spurs, hats, bandanas

impressionism to surrealism

-impressionism film replaces external action with an exploration of the charecters inner life -using a slow motion, disorted or filtered shots incorporating surrealism into a production

the french impressionist movement (1918-1929)

-in a crisis after WW1 it was very hard for directors and producers of the film industry to even make enough money to start the productions, they would raise money using the director or a star in the film to gain promotion. many film companies went out of buisness and many struggled if they were unable to make enough money to make films. there just wasent enough money within the industry even in the late 1920s when hollywoods film budget was hitting 400,000 france was still paying around 30,000 per feature created. with much competition delaying frances comeback. barely any help from the goverment, tax on tickets that decrease the number of customers in the theatres and outdated filming equipment and facilities: the french knew they had to get creative in order to make sales and be notices again in the world of cinema

the african film industry

-in terms of quantity, number of yearly films, income & popularity, the nigerian film industry is the largest in africa -it is also the worlds second largest movie producer -nigerias film industry generated 2.3 percent of the countries revenue in 2016 -nollywood is a name for one of the film industries: the first film produced was boron sarret which tells the story of a cart dakar nollywood (in 2019 it was known for being the second largest film industry in the world behind hollywood -video film features are a new type of third cinema that has just emerged from africa filmmakers now say its important to attract notice & display such images using this new feature. all video films are used to depict nigerian modern life, the depiction of african culture through the bare breasts of naked women appears to have come to an end, instead we now see the "high profile upper class" specifically buisnessmen & women

international adaption of sound

-initial struggle of interpreting sound to different languages -language barriers became surmounted through subtitles, mixing/re-recording dialogue -tobis klangfilm (production co) tri egon was the sound standard in europe -similar sound on disk technologies adapted globally -france (1930 la petite lise: jean gremillion), under the roofs of paris (1930 rene clair) -great britain (blackmail 1929 alfred hitchcock) -japan (madam and wife 1931 heinosuke gosho)

french impressionism style/technique

-perspective on cinema: impressionists viewed cinema as an art form and differs to what is seen in theatre. in order to successfully display such differences in their perspective, they took a more natural approach to their charecters acting with subtle expressions -emotion: put great focus on the emotions demonstrated on screen with edits, charecters, or storyline. often utilizing flashbacks, dreams, memories, rhythmic cutting and many more editing techniques to be conveyed -lighting: while americans were acustomed to their artifical light. the french had the opposite approach, due to lack of updated tech. from the gov the french put emphasis upon shadows, utilizing the sunlight, and then blocking out light to create patches of darkness in the place they wanted on set -subjectivity: within impressionist films consisted of mental images and perspectives conveyed through different camera work. moving camera shots, filters, throwing the lens out of focus and a curved mirror to distort the image are just a few ways impressionists tried to achieve the subjective style in their work -flashbacks were a flicker: within la roue elles death scene was the first time single frame shots were utilized -natural landscapes used to their advantage: within L'innocation propesely shot aiming the camera in the position opposite to the sun in order to construct a bright and bueatiful shot of the charecter walking down the country road to enhance its photogenie

essential directors from the new american movement

-peter bogdanovich -steven spielberg -george lucas -francis ford coppola - martin scorcese

early sound technology and history

-introduction of sound begins with thomas edison -phonograph 1877 could record and playback sound eteched on wax cylinder -edison met with eadweard muybridge (creator of zoopraxiscope) on idea of combining two inventions -lacked the ability to amplify sound for large audiences, idea abandoned by muybridge in 1894 edison and assistant william kennedy laurie dickson develop kinetophone -a kinetoscope connected to a phonograph -three sound on disk devices exhibited at paris fair 1900 (phanorame, chronophone, and phono cinema theater) all easy to lose sync, limited recording time (5 min) no amplification -tri ergon process created, combining audio waves into electricity making a light, which was photographed on film strip negative (sound on film) amplification still not solved (density was the strength of signal; josef engl, joseph massole, hans vogt -1906 audion tube took small signal and amplified it, key for radio broadcasting and telephones (lee de forest, solved amplification issue) -1922 de forest phonofilm company produced series of short sound films in NY -vitaphone sound on disk process that was created by western electric and bell telephone labs (warner bros took interest in it, originally for synchronized music; august 6th 1926 premier of dan juan astonishing success) -the jazz singer (al jolson 1927) first feature film to use synchronized sound in a realistic way, improvised singing to mother, international success which sparked the whole film industry into the track of talkies -end of 1927, sound films attracted more buisness then silent films -1927-1929 entire industru was retooled at estimated cost of 300 million (bold moves helped hollywood survive the great depression)

important/popular figures in film noir

-john huston (the maltese falcon 1941) -edward dmytryk (murder my sweet 1944) -john cromwell (dead reckoning 1947) -orson welles films have noir features (citizen kane 1941) -the big sheep 1946 fritz lang -the third man 1949 carol reed -stranger in the third floor 1940 boris ingster -the lady from shanghai 1948 orson welles

western themes

-justice -freedom -culture vs. nature -cowboys vs. indians -the law vs. outlaws (good vs. evil) -aimed to teach a lesson of right from wrong and good morals

surrealism effects

-juxtaposition -un natural circumstances -electic

Japanese Genres

-kabuki theater is one of the earliest forms of entertainment in japan beginning in the early 1600s; they are plates with elaborate customes & makeup; kabuki gave way to the jidaigeki & gendaigeki genres -jidaigeki: genre of modern day "period pieces" films and shows about the edo period in japan settings take place between 1603-1868 -gendaigeki: a modern day period piece

Famous Founders

-lee de forest -G.W. Pabst -busby berekely -fred Astaire (actor) -eddie cantor

edward s. porter shows

-life of an american fireman (1902) -the great train robbery (1903)

nollywood movies

-living in bandage 1992 -violated 1996 -maami 2001 -contract 2012 -married but living single 2012 -30 days in atlanta 2014 -ojuju 2014 -taxi driver: oko ashewo 2015 -okafors law 2016 -the wedding party 2016 -from lagas with love 2018

cinematographe

-machine shot the pictures, printed them and projected them -the camera was portable -hand crank provided power

femmes fatales

-manipulative -desperate -mysterious -women entering the workforce (during WW2) "new women" -usually convinces the protagonist to commit some sort of crime -done for her personal gain

musical style

-many musicals started out as revenues which were programs of numbers with little or no narrative

impact of bonnie & clyde

-motivated other filmmakers to be more forward about sex & violence in fims -the impact of this film is important in understanding the rest of the new american cinema era -the success of this film paved the way for these young directors to gain full control from the studios

the history of mumblecore

-natural dialogue & performances -improvised lines -daily experiences & awkward scenes - dialogue heavy with no music or sound effects -when filming: shot at real locations, handheld cameras, natural lighting -low budget: probabley the biggest charecteristic of this genre, brings out the realistic feeling in the movies -non professional actors: easier for low-budget, emphasized natural & realistic ideas

characteristics of new american cinema

-new generation of filmmaker: film-school educated, counterculture bred, & young attracted young audiences & essentially better films -emphasis on realism: one of the greatest changes, motion picture assocation of american film rating is introduced -location shooting was a lot more viable because of technological breakthroughs editing to artistic effect films would often feature anti-establishment political themes, rock music, sexual freedom that was deemed "counter culture -many figures of this time admitted to using LSD & Marijuana youth movement of 1960s made bonnie & clyde pop culture heroes

french new wave origins

-officially began in the late 1950s with the film Le Beau directed by Claude Chabrol -many directors began their careers as film critics who worked for Cashiers du Cinema and wished to see a change in the film industry. they felt modern films at the time were out of touch with their audiences -amongst three film critics was Jean-luc godard who directed breathless -hollywood was beginning to be seen as lazy and repetitive by many and a change was needed -most directors during this movement were independent directors and they had protection from the french government

new america cinema 1967-1976

-often referred to as new hollywood, it is a film movement that took place in the U.S. from 1967-1976 -lead by a group of film students who wanted to challenge the stagnent status quo -the films they made were part of the studio system not independent filmmakers but they introduced subject matter & styles that set them apart from the studio traditions -"hollywood renissance" -studios were desperate after such massive movie flops which is what led them to be more innovative, take more risks, & bring in younger directors & producers

introduction of the deep focus

-welles poularized the deep focus technique within citizen kane -deep focus is a type of shot where you have everything within the shot in focus, including the background and the foreground -this was difficult for filmmakers during this period, as they had to work with the light, mise-en-scene, composition and camera lens to get the effect down -its used to show multiple overlapping actions

film brats storytelling style

-some of these films were known to touch on grittier topics that past film wouldn't think of doing -this made the films more personal for the audience -film brats incorporated political issues of the 1970s into their films -a lot of films from this era reflected on the transition from the vietnam war ending to a new president -some films also took inspiration from the techniques used in film noir & repurposed those techniques in their films -others also focused more on the people & music rather than the plot itself, focusing more on a slice-of-life way of storytelling -seen in italian neorealism (american graffiti 1970) -because the film rating system was established in 1968, some films were able to add curses, obscentities, nudity, adulterous affairs, & stimulated sex into their movies

notable filmmakers

-steven speilberg -george lucas -robert altman -francis coppola -john millius -brian de palma -paul schrader -martin scorsese

what exactly is mumblecore

-subgenre of american indie films -films are low budget -focuses on natural dialogue & charecter development -improved lines & scenes -the name of '"mumblecore" comes from the word "murmur" -actors in these films would often mumble their words or make murmurs as it helped with showing the realness of a charecter -the name also relates to the movement itself, because this genre was alternative to mainstream hollywood cinema

surrealism: a cultural movement

-surrealism started off more as an art laying largely outside of the film industry -during the movement in the 1920s filmmakers relied on their own means and private patronage -a striking instance in france was offered of how different film movements may flourish in the same time and same place

rise of surrealism

-surrealist art influenced by freudian psychology -surrealists searched for "bizarre or evocative imagery" -slapstick comedies -luis bunnel: most famous surrealist filmmaker -storytellers vs. antinarrative -audiences reactions to surrealist films

setting

-takes place in: small frontier towns (saloon) isolated ranches, native american villages -the american frontier was characterized by the lawlessness that resided in territories west of the mississippi river during the years (1865-1895) everyone you would find here was brought together through expansion, defense, greed, and reinvention

Japanese political impact

-the 1930s also saw the growth of government involvement in cinema, which was represented by the process of the film law which have the state more power over the film industry -in 1939 the government made some forms of cinema, producing propaganda films and promoting documentary films (also called bunka eiga or cultural films) -the 1950s were known as the golden age of Japanese cinema; three Japanese films from this decade that were most popular were rashomon, seven sumurai, and tokoyo story -each director lived through the difficult times of the way and the following occupation by america in the most inspiring ways

famous german expressionism films

-the cabinet of dr. caligari (1920), nosferatu (1922), metropolis (1927), waxworks (1924)

film brats origins

-the film brats movement went from the 1960s to the 1970s and was even inspiration for movies of the 80s -the seperation of vertically integrated studios in the 50s & 60s caused a decline in movie goers -at the time, movies like the sound of music 1965 and dr. zhivago 1965 were coming out, but there was still a decline in the movie industry -only 1 billion tickets were sold each year -1969: hollywood companies were losing over 200 million dollars anually -the industry was later saved by what many call the blockbuster mentality -blockbuster mentality: the pressure faced by smaller movie makers who run alot of the industry to create productions with a high budget -these film brats came in & created stories that were more personal & by doing so they changed how we saw movies -most of these new young directors came from film schools like NYU, the university of south carolina, and the university of california instead of coming through the studio system ranks -by going to these film schools, they were able to learn not only the mechanics of film, but also the history that goes along with it (ex the french new wave) -because of this amount of knowledge on film history these students were soon called movie brats or film brats -they were also called that because of their close knit community in the film industry

nollywood filmmakers

-the first film shot in color was in 1956, it was called fincho; the movie became the first nigerian film in color -historical filmmakers of nollywood are: "ola balogun, hubert ogunde, jab adu, moses olayia, eddie ugboma" -then in the year 1984 wale adenuga (film maker) created papa ajasco the movie became a success and one of the first blockbuster movies and one of the largest cinematic events in nigeria, the film made over 61,000 nairas in just three days 61,000 nairas is only $146.81

Musical origins

-the goal of musicals was to synchronize music and song with moving images for silent films -1920s is when a full film of musicals numbers arose soundtracks were developed from musicals based on a technological innovation rather than emotional effect or subject matter -musicals are often associated with children's stories

notable films

-the godfather 1972 - the exorcist 1973 -american graffiti 1973 -jaws 1975 -taxi driver 1976 -star wars IV: a new hope 1977 -close encounter of the third kind 1977 -superman 1978

Japanese Cinema

-the history of Japanese film that shows how cinema tells the story of japans modern age -it has been around for more than 120 years and is one of the oldest & biggest film industries in the world

soviet montage outcomes

-the impact broke the rules of the editing of the classic hollywood style -relies heavily on the uses the close-up angle -only portrays the positive side of the soviet social reality -sound and vision could be used in concert, soviet montage, cinema plays

edison shows

-the kiss -the execution of mary, queen of scotts

citizen kane 'the greatest movie of all time'

-welles was just 24 when he made the movie considered (one of) the greatest movies of all time -was a revolutionary work of art for its time, extremly different from any other movie that was out for its time period -introduced new techniques and camera work manipulates the viewers perception of kane throughout the movie, gives a sense of mystery to the charecter -deviated from the standard storytelling of other movies, had a much different narrative

who created African third cinema & why

-the name "third cinema" was created by fernando solanas who was a filmmakers created to attempt to unite third world populations expierencing political & economic opression, mainly in africa & asia with the intention of inspiring people to revolt against a tyrannical type of government -unlike hollywood or second cinema (the european art film) filmmakers of third cinema wanted to stay away from drama & dramatic storylines but instead show the drama of what life was everyday, while still promoting critical thinking -seek to be socially realistic depictions of reality, focusing on subjects & concerns including poverty ethnic & individual identity, oppression & revolutions, colonization, wealth & cultural standards

Hero in a Western film

-the protagonist of the western is the cowboy -quick with his gun -smooth talker -good morals (dosen't lie, swear, gamble) -rugged -individualist -saves the town from "savage indians" catches bandit, brings order -agent of civilization -john wayne and clint eastwood were stars who typically played this charecter

notable works of orson welles

-the war of the worlds (radio broadcast) october 30th, 1938 -citizen kane (1941) -the magnificent ambersons (1942) macbeth (1948)

the african film movement

-theories & ideas arose in reaction to the cultural, political & economic state in countries oppressed by alleged neocolonial rules in the 1960s & 1970s -explaining the neo-colonist dilemma there was a need for a new cinema and a call for a revolutionary one; moving towards a third cinema starts by explaining the problems the filmmakers were facing & the policies that were burdened by -the system did not have a purpose to move or create change within the culture; it was simply there to sustain it -the idea was that movies were made to only make a profit from it & nothing else -"third cinema is in our opinion, the cinema that recognizes in that struggle the most gigantic cultural, scientific & artistic manifestation of our time, the great possibility of constructing a liberated personality with each people as the starting point in a word"

film brat characteristics

-they planned to both expand on old taditions in filmmaking while also trying new ideas (steven speilberg) -when making E.T. the extra terrestrial 1982 steven speilberg made the main alien adorable instead of scary -they also used state-of-the-art special effects to attract younger audiences, which helped bring people into the movie theatres -some of these directors found ways to turn B-movies into blockbuster A- movies with different film techniques: steven speilberg used deep focus in jaws 1975 similar to that of citizen kane 1941 -also created motion-control techniques when filming minatures for the film star wars 1977 this caused lucas special effects firm named industrial light & magic (ILM) to become the head of special effects technology during this time -the film brats of this movement not only worked on their own films, but helped each other by working on other peoples films as well: steven speilberg made suggestions on the final editing of the movie taxi driver 1976 -because these directors were worried about big studios compromising their visions, most of the films during this movement were independent, films which allowed sound to have a greater range -this also offered for a more detailed film soundtrack

the four dogma 95 brethren

-thomas vinterberg -lars von trier -kristian levring -soren kragh-jacobsen

style of citizen kane

-time and mystery are a big part of citizen kane. to start, charles foster kane, is already dead at the start of the movie. instead of kane, the movie follows a detective who is trying to find the meaning of kanes last words, "rosebud". the movie leads the viewer through multiple interviews in which you get more insight into kanes charecter and the relationships he had with people. you only get to know kane through what others have to say about him and flashbacks that are told to the detective -the viewer must put together the pieces of kanes life story since their view of the story is manipulated by time within the movie. the events arent linear which make the movie more unclear and mysterious

goals of third cinema filmmakers

-used film as an ideological tool to get their various messages across to audiences to question structures of power -to give a voice for populations living in political turmoil and for those who migrated to other countries due to exile, economic struggle -to give liberation for the oppressed -to reveal the struggles of women, lower class members & minorities -to challenge viewers to reflect on the experiences of poverty by showing how it realistically lived -to strive for change by using politics of inclusion and the ideas of the people -to interact with audiences to educate them on struggles faced by masses through film

characteristics of a musical

-very diverse -brightly lit to set off the cheerful costumes and sets -color film shock was applied early on to musicals; contemporary musicals tend to be cut very quickly -crane shots and high angles remain common to show off patterns -lip synching and pre recorded tracks became popular

notable films & filmmakers third cinema

-vidas secas barren lives: nelson periera dos santos, 1963 brazil -la hora de los hornos, the hour of furnaces: fernando solanas & octavio getino 1968 argentina -memorias del subesarrollo memories of underdevelopment: tomas guetirrez alea 1968 cuba -sangre de condor blood of the condor: jorge sanjines 1969 bolivia -mexico, la revolucion cangelada, mexico the frozen revolution: raymond gleyzer 1971 argentina -agarrando pueblo, the vampires of poverty: louis ospina & carlos moyolo 1978 columbia

ousmane sembene

-was a revolutionary filmmaker & writer (film director, writer & producer) -the los angeles times considered him one of the greatest authors of africa and he has often been called the father of african film -his films focused on racism, he broke censorship plus language barriers; ousmane sembene changed africa & senegal culture -movies he was known for: moolaade 2004, camp de thiaroye 1988, black girl 1966, emitai 1971, ceddo 1977

innovations within citizen kane

-welles introduced an abundant of new story telling techniques that were revolutionary for its time -the "wipe" technique was popularized where an image in a shot is wiped away by another image -another was the use of lighting since the movie was limited to black and white. welles had to configure the lighting in his scenes. he was able to use this to his advantage, and he could put emphasis on subjects or represent a charecters emotions just through the lighting

Soviet Montage

-went from 1924-1930 with around 30 films -there were two revolutions in russia in 1917, the first one took place in February eliminated tsar's goverment, and the second revolution took place in october -vladimir lenin was the leader of the leader of the revolution and the USSR was created, when that time came the film industry was controlled -the state film school was established by narkompros in 1919 -lev kuleshov joined the state film school, his expierements showed how fundamental editing is as he though an idea to the style

landscape shots

-were provided in a scene to show viewers the location overview and its importance

lumieres shows

-workers leaving the lumiere factory -arrival at a train at la ciotat -a babys meal

famous Japanese directors

-yasujiro ozu -akira kurosawa -kenji mizoguchi

origins of dada

-zurich switzerland in 1916 at cabaret voltaire -by refugees (hans ritcher) -founded from hate towards elitism after world war 1 -movement spread when refugees returned to their countries

3 phases of third cinema

1) films that largely focused on traditional hollywood entertainment topics & styles such as bollywood films in india 2) films that focus on local culture & history. these films seem to romanticize the past & neglect social transformation 3) films were often produced by unprofessional individuals, instead of local elites these films focus on disruptive topics that are not covered by traditional media

the vow of chastity

1) shooting must be done on location. props & sets must not be brought in (if a particular prop is necessary for the story, a location must be chosen where this prop is to be found) - no green screens, stages, studios 2) the sound must never be produced apart from the images or vice versa (music must not be used unless it occurs where the scene is being shot) -no music added in editing, must be a part of the story (people gathering to listen to someone play a piano) 3) the camera must be hand-held any movement or immobility attainable in the hand is permitted -no tripods or studio cameras, gives a sense of realism 4) the film must be in color. special lighting is not acceptable (if there is too little light for exposure the scene must be cut or single lamp be attached to the camera) -cant have studio or stage lights, no other artifical lighting besides the lamp 5) optical work & filters are fobidden -cannot use colored filters, exposures, or anything in post production to change how the film looks 6) the film must not contained superficial action (murders, weapon, must not occur) 7) temporal & geographical alienation are fobidden (that is to say that the film takes place here & now) -cannot be story about the past or future 8) genre movies are not acceptable -can have aspects of genres in them, but cannot revolve around a specific genre 9) the film format must be academy 35mm 10) the director must not credited

Nicephore Niepce

1816 made first photographic images

silver copperplate

1839 louis daguerre created clear, sharp images (required 15 minute exposure time) 1841 onlt 3 mins needed for exposure

Eadweard Muybridge

1872: set up 12 cameras along a track; tied strings to the shutters which were tripped as the horse ran down the track created movement with photography

Etienne-Jules Marey

1882: invents "photographic gun" lens in the muzzle; paper in the chamber pull trigger and have 12 rapid exposures eventually 100 exposures

George Eastman

1884: developed celluloid film originally created for the camera it made motion pictures possible flexible and allows light to pass through

Fred Ott's Sneeze

1889: william dickson working for thomas edison begins using celluloid film first film in america

american cinema: medium cool

As the film begins, we see a deep focus shot of a car mirror as two characters are proceeding towards the car blurred as the focus remains on the mirror. From here, the use of a wider frame is used to show a whole setting shot of a damaged vehicle on a road with two characters incorporated within the shot. Even the filter used on this scene seems to give viewers a more depressing feeling as it comes off on screen as a blue tint which I believe filmmakers use these types of filters as it sets the mood more for the scene and shows how the actors in the scene are feeling and to depict those feelings onto viewers. From here, we can see filmmakers in the scene as actors holding camera equipment themselves getting footage of the totaled car. Following this another wide shot occurs of the car driving off into the distance as the camera stays put in the same spot just filming the car. To introduce the movie title a shallow focus was then used where the frame started off as blurry focused in on the car's red rear lights and then slowly started to focus in on the film title along with other cars and a person on a motorcycle to begin the scene. Then using a follow shot it looks like we are essentially on the motorcycle with the individual as we can see this aesthetic scenic background from the highway with a beautiful eye catching sunset to then daylight with skyscraper buildings in a city setting. Throughout this film in general, we see the differences in social classes as towards the beginning people are seen in high quality clothing with hair and overall presence very pristine compared to later on in the film where we can see gentlemen in worn down clothing where men are seen without shirts on living in poverty. Then the emphasis of diversity comes into the plot of the film as the military is seen as riots occur along with police brutality after son Harold goes missing putting an emphasis on diverse communities and issues they have on all local, national, and global levels. Within this film we see uses of people of color, and women shooting guns which is your not typical uses in films displaying a family of color and women being the ones to have access to fire arms especially during this time period in the late 1960s. This film shows comparisons between wealthy and poverty, privilege based on skin color, and not so typical gender roles along with the extreme usage of cineomatic techniques allowing for this film to prosper.

Soviet Montage: Man with a Movie Camera (1929)

As yet the film Man with a Movie Camera is another non-narrative film, it still thoroughly caught my attention as right from the start, all the film equipment is shown including: a phantasmagoria camera projecting the motion picture through a lens, and we can almost see the behind the scenes aspects of how this film was broadcasted in a theatre setting. We can see throughout this film how the approach of this soviet montage created meaningful associations between the combinations of various film shots. For instance, we see a young boy laying down on a bench sleeping then within a few seconds later, it goes to an orphanage seeing small babies bundled up in crib-like structures sleeping, showing the effects of age in just a small time frame. Through another use of emotional dynamisation, we see a man working on train tracks as a train is coming straight towards him looking as if it's going to run right into him leaving viewers in peril as to what may happen. Following this, their is another scene emphasizing a visual counterpoint as it shows a collection of different clips briefly showing the actual train itself, the machinery behind it, and a man working on the train parts performing what looked like maintenance. In contrasting these specific approaches with the Battleship Potemkin film, we see more audio-visual counterpoints throughout this film as their are scenes with many sailors on a ship that seem to be arguing wit eachother as they are putting their hands on eachother while the music picks up faster with more dramatic effects. Also unlike Man with a Movie Camera film, we see more of a connection between scenes as they are also longer and relate to one another. Consistent shots of sailors abroad a boat interacting with one another and participating in activities like washing the dishes and cooking for instance. Whereas, Man with a Movie Camera had many elements of different variations from scenes how we would see montages of the town and then completely different clips of individuals climbing up towers that don't seem to relate to one another in the slightest. Ironically enough both being soviet montages during this time period, the films both differ from one another greatly.

3rd world cinema: black girl

Before even watching this film, just in regards to the title of it I can assume their might be some racial tension that takes place between the colored people and those who aren't. This film begins with a wide shot of a boat sailing in the ocean to then a pan around frame of a city setting with tall buildings in a fog lighting. Throughout this movie we see the same lighting and color being used of just the black and white aesthetic. The "black girl" named Diouanna works for couple Monsieur and Madame essentially as a 'slave' where she does all of the household chores for them and gets treated horribly in the meantime. Throughout the film Diouanna has a voiceover of herself when describing her emotions and her actions in a specific scene. When Diouanna was fixing an object hanging on the wall, she says through her voiceover, "Diouanna is happy in France, she has a good life for me, France is the kitchen the living room, the bathroom and my bedroom". There was a specific scene where Diouanna walked past the couple as the camera was filming her and the voice-over was in the background of the couple talking about how she seems oddly strange the wife even says "she seems to be wasting away". Following this, an over the shoulder shot featuring the wife smoking a cigarette where we can see Diouanna beyond her in the scene working in the kitchen. Meanwhile, while she was working the wife didn't even acknowledge her and completely ignores her. Then later on in the film, their is a scene featuring the wife and Diouanna again as the wife experienced a close-up shot waking Diouanna up from her bed referring to her as 'lazy bones' then says "were not in Africa". Another scene with the same abuse features Diouanna saying "if I don't eat then I can't take care of the children" along with a close up then of her. This emphasizes the issues between minorities and those who were considered to be 'privileged' as the woman of color is being treated unfairly just due to her skin color which represents the problem on a national level.

dogma: the celebration

Film begins with a wide shot of a nature setting which looks like a deserted land with a character walking down the hill on a dirt road path. Then it pans into an exquisite technique used by filmmakers called the arc shot as the camera circles around one of the male main characters head while he is speaking on the phone. Then the camera continues to follow him with a follow shot while he is walking in the middle of no where giving the audience a new perspective of what the main character was seeing. From here a dolly shot is used as someone is in a car and shows the character we just saw who was on the phone and walking. Then we uncover some close-up shots of the car stopping to pick up the man walking along the side of the road as the two men shake hands and introduce themselves to one another and grabbing each other going in for a hug. We can see the Dogma film style as their is a continuous use of the dolly shots of essentially following the characters around to really give the watching audience an elaborate point of view. From here a dutch angle is used as the car is pulling up to a house where the camera is on an x-axis angle and shoots up to then a higher angle as the car then arrives at the residence. Then the car is seen from an extreme wide shot point of view as the characters faces become diminished and the primary focus is just on the white suv vehicle. Then a tracking shot is shown when the men arrive at the home as one is shown shaking a bell and we can see the camera moving at the same time the bell is shook really putting the camera movement into perspective. As characters are seen driving in cars we see more of the dolly shots following the cars on the road gearing off onto the grass off the road. Then when characters make a particular body movement, like when one of the main characters puts his hand to his face the vertigo effect occurs as the camera starts off at an general angle (not to wide of a shot or too close) but then as the body movement occurs from the character the shot automatically narrows in correspondence to the body movement. Through these various camera movements and setting realization it is easy as a viewer to determine the characters shown in the films various personality traits based on their facial expressions and the way the camera moves when showing these moments.

French Impressionism: La Souriante Madame Beudet

From the film La Souriante Madame Beudet, it starts off with many notions of surrealism as we see the camera move closer into the man with his scene with another women as he's laughing giving the scene a more traumatizing connotation to it. For French Impressionism films we tend to see more filters placed over the lens as it may function to suggest subjectivity which helps viewers identify the plot better with the film being without sound. Through techniques such as starting off the scene with a dimmer light when the man was setting flowers on a table almost acting as a spotlight just on him as if he would resight a monologue by himself to then widing out the frame to fit both him in the scene and supporting charecters around him. Following this a women was seen reading a book in a darker light which looked as a triptych as the screen looked visually wider. Then we see the surrealism of a ghost like creature fading in and out of the scene when the women looks as if she may be hallucinating, hands coming towards her and then her husband running towards her using the juxtaposition of horizontally showing both the husband and wife in the same scene with their faces faded next to each other. This in reference to the Dada movement displays the irrationality of some scenes in this film showing a more compelling element to the film. Meaning, we are not just watching an ordinary production but instead watching a film with excruciating gory scenes allowing surrealistic elements to keep audience members more intrigued in the content and allow them to receive an unforgettable experience.

the french new wave: breathless film

I can see right from the beginning the use of mise-en-scene when it comes to the setting, costumes/makeup, props, lighting, and filmmaking. The setting starts off in a small urban town with plenty of cars driving by the little shops along the streets heavily populated with people. From here, a man seems to be singing in another language for the background music. It looks as though handheld cameras were used for some of the shots in the film, like for instance when the man seen driving the car takes out a gun from his glove compartment and shoots it out towards the window the camera seems to shake a little showing the sun in the sky looking as though it was taken on a handheld device. Other shots from which looks like a handheld device features the same setting of the car however, this time displaying the town from the person in the moving car's perspective. The young man was dressed in professional attire with dress pants/shoes and a tie. This in comparison to people seen in the film walking around the streets in a wideframe shot shown more so as the working class in T-shirts and have a more disheveled look. Their was a specific scene that stood out to me using a pinhole camera technique where it panned over one of the main characters shoulder as what he said was translated to "call me back in a few minutes" so as the viewer we can see the man looking at himself in the mirror showing a reflection of him. Another fascinating technique that was used showed two characters conversing in the middle of the street in a deep focused shot as cars are passing by along with other people in the background but the main focus was on these two characters even with all of the chaoticness occurring in the background. Then we can see the use of fading in and out between new scenes was also prevalent as this film continued, which I appreciated as a viewer as it enabled me to differentiate the scenes from one another. Overall, as a viewer I thoroughly enjoyed this French cinematic picture directed by Jean-Luc Godard with his use of mise-en-scene elements to emphasize the major plot points and the use of innovative camera techniques that allowed for a more intellectual experience.

Film Noir (Double Indemnity)

In this crimebuster film, there is an authentic use of the setting featuring an urban landscape with various city lights including the traffic stops and landposts. Right from the beginning, I can tell the mysterious aspect to this film by one of the main characters wearing a long trench coats with a top hat similar to a detective look and the way he acted in a odd way looking as if he was hiding something. Using various cinematic techniques with different camera angles also supported the eerier persona of his character. One moment occurred when he stepped into a dark room and the only thing shown on the screen was a silhouette of his body which I though truly was a work of art and fit the films overall aesthetic. Following this, their were other moments that caught my attention thoroughly including close ups of specific characters while they were making a voice recording, or looking at the rain while smoking a cigar. The fading technique was also used to differentiate the scenes featuring new characters. Their were group shots of people like in a scene featuring a shopping store where two characters were having a conversation while others were featured in the background, roaming around while the conversation was taking place. Then other shots were used while another two characters were shown to be on the phone having a conversation with eachother as each character who was talking on one side of the phone then was featured in a close-up to differentiate who was saying what in the conversation. Later on within the film, we then see usage of an over the shoulder shot when two gentlemen including one in a suit and the other mentioned previously in a trench coat were communicating with eachother as we can see the one in the suit walk out the door over the man in a trench coat's shoulder. Incorporating these specific angles is always intriguing to me as a viewer as it established more creativity and engagement within the film. Their were also follow shots used when cars specifically were in motion and the camera was following them moving down the street. Overall through the varieties of camera movements including angles with close-ups, wide shots, and follow shots used this story was incredibly told and it was one of my favorite movies to witness due to the mysterious aspects and the action that occured

who directed the film citizen kane?

Orson Welles

surrealism/dada: un chien andalou

Specifically focusing on the surrealism film entitled 'Un Chien Andalou' which happened to be a short film, featured many unrealistic moments that could not naturally occur. One example of this includes a woman standing in the street while cars are passing by her and then she eventually gets run over by a car. The use of the camera movement seems to be influenced by slapstick comedy as it seems based on the musical background that the woman being hit was to be laughed at used for entertainment purposes. Then we see close-up scenes of what looks to be a couple together featuring a man aggressively touching the woman's breasts as it looks like blood is dripping out of his mouth. This in comparison to the film from the Dada movement era entitled 'Man Ray' also was a shorter film featuring a certain type of artwork used with aestheticism. In the beginning to introduce the film, French words were traveling on the screen in a circle and then following this showing a beautiful floral landscape. Surrealism was used more so for the engagement of the audience members; to make them laugh, use thought provoking imagination, and provoke unnerving emotions whereas the Dada movement films were similar to surrealist films based on the humor attempting to be displayed but more art and a different aesthetic is used. For example, based on the floral landscape that I previously mentioned, through that, we can see more artistic freedom and provoke an emotional reaction from viewers. The whole surrealist film was humorous and a bit creepy to me. There was a moment that occurred when a hand was seen outside of a door with numerous bugs crawling on it which clearly grabbed my attention as it was something out of the ordinary. As this film continued more unrealistic elements were used when it looked like shots were fired from one man to another while in the dada production, many intriguing visual effects were used including the use of lighting when a bright light was shown and then the frame switched to a mans eye. The visual elements in this film were also engaging but not as much in a humorous way like the surrealist film, which featured various angles and shots that were catching to the eye as the dada production was presented more in an artistic manner.

Citizen Kane: The greatest film of all time (1941)

The Citizen Kane film being with sound embodied different movements such as chiaroscuro we see in a newspaper article entitled "After the Victory Speech" where a contrast of light and dark shades are used. Also as the film isn't as old as some of the 1920s productions we are used to watching, the quality of this film is much better and with the use of deep focus the demographics were easier to follow. Also with many aspects of the film with close-ups of characters like this women sitting at a table and the camera panned directly on her showing the contrast in color behind her allowing the viewer to truely just focus in on her and what she is expressing. From this, we also can see the filmmakers choice in using three-point lightning. Specifically, in the scene that reads a sign stating "Walker Parks Thatcher" we can see the three-point lightning technique used as the frame is darker towards the left on the screen and progressively gets lighter towards the middle until it is panned to the right and is considerably brighter. Following this, a scene that really caught my attention was where the mother was telling her son to be careful from the window while she was playing in the snow. The mother in the scene was being deep focused while the son "Charles" in the snow was more dissolved and harder to focus in on. As the talking continues between the mother and two other men, Charles is still in the background seen playing in the snow showing a cool contrast of juxtaposition and also a use of a flashback moment. In the following scene we see Charles saying Merry Christmas and another character then receiving a close up and replying with "And a happy New Year" enthusiastically. As the director Orson Welles worked in radio prior to directing this motion picture, the use of sound was extremely prevalent and interesting techniques were used such as characters over talking one another raising their voices, and the use of sounds in transitions between scenes which reminded me more of a radio talk show technique. Overall, through the art of camera movement involving deep focusing and close-ups allowing juxtaposition in various scenes along with the incredible use of sound kept this movie engaging and allowed me as a viewer to be entertained watching the film.

Japanese Cinema: Tokyo Story

This 1953 film is an international, emotional production. The characters are seen in traditional Japanese apparel adding to the creative elements to the film. Through the setting we can see villages of homes, trains, and the city of Tokoyo. Along with ethnic street signs and contemporary The lighting seems to stay consistent throughout the entirety of the film as the use of black and white color juxtaposition to make the screen pop more with the exaggeration of the color. Two characters begin the first scene with dialogue sitting on the ground showing more of their cultures and traditions the Japanese people participate in. As apart of the setting transitions of scenes include various locations around Japan like clothes hanging on a close line which during this time period in the country I can assume this normal and apart of the Japanese lifestyle. As this is a traditional Japanese film it was all broadcasted in that language and does not have any English translations or subtitles incorporated within the film. A breathtakingly beautiful scene that specifically stood out to me was when four women were sitting on a higher platform experiencing a luxurious view, three were sitting and one was standing as an over the shot angle was used to get their backs towards the camera and look like as a viewer we can experience the actors points of views of what they are seeing. As the film continues on we can see a group of the cast sitting on the ground as an over the shoulder shot occurs while some of the props were used fanning themselves. We can see this shot being used again when a woman was talking to two young boys after talking to another women inquiring in a conversation with one another. With the use of ethnic costumes, and showing off the true forms of Japanese culture I was able to understand the diverse communities and experience various perspectives based on the acting displayed from the actors.

Musical "singing in the rain"

This entertaining musical begins with three people legitimately singing in the rain with umbrellas in their hands which looks to be the three main characters in this film. Finally we are moving away from the compelling silent films and we can hear some character dialogue among the cast members. Not only does the cast using speaking dialogue but also singing as well which got me thinking about the differentiation between tones, pitch, loudness, and timbre. Right in the beginning, a woman is speaking using a higher pitched voice. As the song in the beginning 'Singin in the Rain' with the three different harmony voices we can really hear the differences in tones and pitch as clearly the women had the higher singing voice while the men carry more of the baritone parts. The film quality is quite exceptional as color is used with spotlight lighting shining on the characters for example, when Cosmo was introduced coming out of the car a stage spotlight is shining behind him emphasizing his presence. Transitions from various scenes used a fading in and out technique which I thought was captivating as a viewer it kept me engaged in between scenes. One of my favorite techniques used in this film had to be the incorporation of voice overs, as someone was talking about "finally coming to sunny California" it shows the two men making the journey as it started to rain (as a foreshadow) moment. The use of setting and props was exquisite in this film especially during the song "Make Em Laugh" where statues are posed in the background and we can see the set design with props such a couches, doors, and even lights/cameras. The characters are being filmed on set while they are actually for the plot on a set as well which is an innovative idea from the directors Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen. Filmmakers also did incredibly well on the use of different camera angles between wide shots like when the fire was lit to the small explosives hut to then a close up of the male reporter. Overall, using concepts from mise-en-scene approaches, this film had great musical energy and fantastic uses of special effects to make it a tremendous production!

neorealism: rome open city

This film incorporates a great use of juxtaposition along with variations in lighting in general. For example, the beginning of the film starts off with a dissolve from a black screen to fade into the action taking place of the actors with mischievous music in the background attempting to put viewers on edge perhaps waiting for something hectic to occur. A particularly fascinating scene that stood out to me right at the start of the film was when we can see a man walking down an alleyway with the strobe effect in use behind him as the screen was dark and slowly faded in on the actor's face so he then was seen in the scene. Another aspect to this film that was intriguing included the transitions between scenes which included a small fade when a new scene was occurring which I have personally never seen before in films. Similar to the Japanese Tokyo Story film I watched this film is in a foreign language and no subtitles or translations are available for me to understand the dialogue but it adds a more ethnic effect and allows me to dive into the cinematic experience more. Though the lighting used was very dark, the toning and filtering of it added a more creepier appearance to some of the scenery used. Another compelling scene were the scenery gave out an eerier persona was incorporating the use of chiaroscuro allowing for multiple men in the scene to look like a silhouette with no face or body to makeout and the background was lighter which draws the viewers focus towards it. From this, we can see the contrasts between light and dark colors emphasizing the whole composition of the scene. By using this technique in lighting also gives me as a viewer a better perspective on the unique, cultured film technique for this country along with the extensive use of costuming such as the full fitted outfits the military men were wearing with their service caps and knee-high boots. Overall, through the impressive aspects of costume, setting, lighting, and transitions I was able to understand the diverse italian community and their way of life. Their were not various perspectives issues within the community as it seemed it was all from just the native italian perspective, as it would of been a bit more interesting if other perspectives were included within this film as well.

western: stage coach

This western theme film featured up-beat music during the transitions of scenes but unlike past silent films that I have witnessed, with this being a film with sound the music did not fill up any background moments in the film. I can see a tremendous use as well with costumes and makeup emphasizing the characters personalities living in a western time period. Right at the start of the film it went right to a close-up of a man that stood out to me who looked very serious and had braids in his hair. During the opening credits specifically, the use of juxtaposition was present as we can see darker moments mixed with lighter moments from the sky to the darkness of the ground. Using juxtaposition to contrast these colors. Then we can see the fading technique used from various scene to scene for transitions. In addition to the fading for transitions their was also the use of a smash cut where the screen went completely black before opening back up for the next scene. Filmmakers can use this technique to make it obvious when scenes are switching and new content is arising. This specific effect use of juxtaposition stood out to me in a scene when various horse cattles are running in the scene as the contrast of the sky above the cattle is significantly brighter as it looks more exciting for a viewer to watch with the different uses of the black and white colors. Then we see a variation of shots used including wide-frame shots like one from a desert setting with a horse and a man riding it starting from a farther away angle to then coming up close to the camera. Along with the wide frame shots we also see the close-ups ones as well like one of a man in a cowboy hat coming off of a horse and then a close up of two men on a saddle, then three other people in a wagon. Another compelling special effect that was used was when ever a canyon shot or loud noise was used in the film, the camera would shake implying the severity of the noise and how loud it was. From the exquisite use of costumes and makeup like the woman featured in the film who was wearing a floral headpiece along with more masculine looking clothing including a suit jacket with a white collar shirt underneath. Similarly to the gentlemens outfits which are clearly from a western time period based on their cowboy hats and bandanas wrapped around their necks with suspenders. Through the use of incredible wide and close up shots of the characters really bring this film together as a whole.

Metric shots

are joined together according to their lengths in formula-scheme mechanical acceleration increases a tension, lengths of shots are shorted and repeated

What is mise-en-scene? and examples of it

arrangement of scenary and stage properties in a play. examples of this include from the film The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari where surrealistic arrangement of the setting was used, underlighting and iris lighting, and even props/makeup making the charecters have a more eerier persona - examples from citizen kane: is the costuming (specificallly of charles father) you can tell hes a drunk and someone who beats his kid just by the way he looks and act, the production in total also from the movie class is prevelant based on the costuming and makeup as well

3 ways to look at film history:

art, business, technology

william fox talbot

calotype negative reproduction

Ceddo

directed by ousmane sembene 1977 -very important movie; is situated in a traditional african town during the time when north african arabs were colonizing africa with islamic colonies. these emblems of forgenism invading african spirtually were shown in the films village "a european trader, a catholic priest & an arab muslim" the film depicts these three diverse figured attempt to colonize african culture, as they confronted by local outsiders one of which is ceddo the icons are also representing conflicting civilizations in a battle for survival

Beginning of Surrealism

during the silent era, through evolutionary progress movies evolved from a novelty to an art

Inventors

early film is a result of inventors not artists

who came up with the theory of montage & its importance? what are different variations of the montage?

filmmaker sergei einstein was the creator of montage theory and the difference variations that come along with it. these variations include continuity editing versus montage editing is fast paced with action shots and gives way for interplays between shots. these are also five other editing techniques when it comes to montages. these include: metric, rhythmic, tonal, overtonal, and intellectual. these techniques conveyed to audiences created a more aesthetic prescene and often were emotion provoking. tonal shots specifically, created to evoke reactions from its viewers, similar to overtonal which also were used for emotions but with a more abstract effect. metric shots were shots joined together were shots were repeated and often shortened. rhythmic shots were more timed shots were based on the content of what was being filmed determined the time length, and finally intellectual shots incorporated two images to ultimately form a new image. through thr use of these montages and the evolutions of sergei einstein montage editing helped in creating new forms of effects and art within the film industry.

motion picture photography solved

filmmakers now had to find a way to show their images

Japanese cultural impacts

focuses on humanity & compassion rather than violence

what are george meiles contributions to the art of filmmaking?

george meiles was a filmmaker who was well-known for his use of special effects. in his own well known movie he directed a 'trip to the moon' which was released in 1902, special effects were shown throughout the film which during this time period these surrealism effects often were not prevalent. examples of the use of special effects include: animation of a moon with a face on it, the use of juxtaposition through the blacj and white color schemes, dissolving shots where scenes would end and dissolve into the next one and theatrical machinery through the exquisite use of props looking as if they are flying across the sky in some scenes from this short motion picture. the use of french impressionism started to develop during this film as we can see the subjectivity, use of emotions and various lighting aspects to really convey the story to the audience. george meiles being a french illusionist himself, seemed to aspire to evoke emotions within his viewers and keep them engaged with his quite literally 'out of this world' special effects contributing greatly to the art of filmmaking

synchronus sound

hear sound, same time source produces it

pitch

how high or loud sound is perceived music and speech from noises and distinguish among objects (hollow, dense, smooth)

Montage Editing

hurried, fast, action takes precendence, sees continuity as a distancing device and gives way for interplay between shots geared towards

Film Form: birth of a nation film analysis

in this slightly over three hour film, right from the beginning the cast was introduced and it was obviously stated what their character roles would be in this film. I appreciated that, as normally the credits showing the cast members pop up when the film has already concluded but this is shown right at the start making it more conveniant to know everyones featured roles giving more insight into the major plot points. This from here we see a dilated lens as if an eyeball is examining this scene, this is known as the iris effect. also using juxtaposition with colors contrasting the yellow with the black lense to create a more eerier personal during post production. then the music in the background used becomes more uplifting with a more natural lighting color showing a more euphoric moment. throughout the entirety of the production it was through the use of charecters actions, facial expressions, filmography and music that really told the story as it is a silent film however i was thoroughly engaged due to the exquisite acting & exaggerated settings with incorporations of the iris lens setting the tone for the scene. every new scene there is a written subtitle nothing what is going on during that scene so viewers can easily keep up with the plot of what is being broadcasted. one particular scene stood out to me when it was noted about the "news of the death of cameron" and then brought back the yellow tint that was added during post productiom, and lighting and chsrecters were shown with dispair looks on their faces holding one another in deep sadness. the camera being used does move alot when its mounted on a vehicle/horse. there are moments shown specifically the battle scene, when the camera pans out from a full shot to then a wide shot to incorporate all of the necessary characters in the battle as it gives a wider view to audiences. different approaches were used when filming, specifically the approach of the black maria approach only moving the camera forwards and backwards during scenes. we also see lots of various sceneries in an open field. in concluding the film, ending in the "aftermath" at the seas edge, the "double honeymoon" with the contrasts in color using a blue tint in the closing scenes with the visual effects including the ambivalent musical effects kept me engaged and I thoroughly enjoyed it

rhythmic

includes cutting based on continuity creating visual continuity from edit to edit, a special variant of metric montage, the content determines the length

editing that creates meaning in the mind of the spectator by linking two unrelated shots is utilizing the?

kuleshov

camera obscura

latin for "dark room" a box or room with a hole in one side. light from an external scene passes through the hole and strikes a surface inside where it is reproduced, inverted (thus upside down) but with color and perspective perserved.

what defines french new wave?

many characteristics are common amongst french new wave films -shooting was done on location -improvised dialogue -cameras were often handheld -long takes -black & white -natural lighting -natural sound -plot was not the focus -lack of continuity editing -mise en scene

what is mise-en-scene? give an example of the use of all of its elements. what movement really pushed the use of mise-en-scene?

mise-en-scene are the properties that function to create a film or play. These properties include: lighting, costumes/makeup, props, and setting. an example of a film that truely emphasized the use of mise-en-scene was the production of 'the cabinet of dr. caligari' directed by robert wiene. this was a german expressionism film that from the beginning set the tone with silhouette lighting & undershadow where it looks like the light is under the charecter who is performing. this particular instance was shown when a costumes & makeup were highly exaggerated as dr. caligari was shown in a long coat with disheveled looking appearance and another charecter cesare has black makeup surrounding his eyes to really make them pop and show his charecter being hypnotized. the setting gave a surrealist effect as the town shown where dr. caligari brought his fair into looked imaginative and fantasy like incorporating small pop up homes. then finally the props featured in the carnival town filled with many towns people and showed games, balloons, and prizes really brought the overall production together and thought to really push the use of mise-en-scene made it more engaging to watch. the movement that seemed to really push the use of mise-en-scene seemed to be german expressionism as expressionists were all about editing & cinmatography along with the structure to organize the scenes. the cabinet of dr. caligari fits this example perfectly as expressionists enjoyed the horror creepy like films that would evoke fear & engagement in their audiences creating an illusion for the components of mise-en-scene that i previously mentioned

what are often shown in French Impressionism films?

oftentimes, french impressionists use different lenses for their films with various colored tones and tints allowing for more of a persistance of vision (the ability of the brain to retain an image a split second longer than the eye actually sees it)

asynchronous sound

out of sync sound

intellectual

overtones of an order, combines the shots of an abstract image and no explanation. conscious creation of new ideas when two images are cut together to form a new object

what editing technique is pioneered by filmmakers such as edwin s porter by which two or more separate time streams are cut together to give the impression the events are happening simultaneously

parallel editing or cross-cutting

Camera Lucida

performs an optical superimposition of the subject being viewed upon the surface upon which the artist is drawing

kurosawas movies

seven samurai: a samurai kembei shimada answers a villages request for protection after having a rough time; the town needs protection from criminals so the sumurai chooses six other people to help him teach the people how to defend themselves and to fight back. 40 bandits attack the villach so it is up to seven brave people to save the town; it is important because kurosawa explores the elements of love, loyalty, justice & vegeance & independence as he prepares and trains the townspeople of the village to battle & defend themselves against the bandits. The film used multiple fascinating filming techniques to create a entertaining & enjoyable film such as establishing shots, in this movie to make the viewer understand the layout of land -ikiru: a sad & emotional film about a man (watanabe) who finds out that he has cancer. he tries to make his final days meaningful. he tries to communicate with his son & daughter in law about his pain but it only leads to heartbreak. inspired by a selfless coworker, he makes an effort to bring happiness to others by building a playground in a poor neighborhood to give the children some happiness. when the park is finally finished he is able to face death knowing that he brought good into others lives. the opening scene of ikiru describes wantanbes stomach with a voiceover that explains how watanbe will soon find out that he has stomach cancer. he will soon realize he has lived a meaningless life. kurosawa describes wantabe as an individual who is passing time happiness to others lives which makes this film so important roshomon: while trying to figure out the truth roshomon is the best film ever to investigate a mysterious crime. through a creative use of cameras & flashbacks kurosawa reveals the issues with human nature as 4 people tell different versions of major influences in the world. its narrative style gave filmmakers a new look to use enlarging the storytelling possibilities with crime & mystery and it introduced japanese cinema to the rest of the world

non simultaneous sound

should we hear occurs earlier or later than image (flashback is an example)

German Expressionism: The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920)

similar to the birth of a nation film, this film starts off by displaying the cast and charecters they will be playing in this film with a more dramatic sounding music in the background. filmmakers also seem to take advantage of the story telling apsect showing a black screen with text explaining the scenes that will follow. german expressionism was observed a lot during this film as one charecter (cesare) to be exact was shown in the scene following the silent narration of "step up, step up, Cesare who has slept for 25 years is about to wake. Don't miss this"! When his character is shown there is an ominous presence showing a darker complexion giving audiences almost an inner look at the character's personality. Various uses besides just the costumes/makeup made up the mise-en-scene aspects in this film. Including the town setting almost appaearing as an illusion and then incorporating that into a county fair with tents lined up and many people surrounding the area. By using different strokes of lights and various colors were mise-en-scene elements used that were used in this film, including underlighting (shining under the characters looking as the light is coming from beneath them). A specific scene I can recall where underlighting occurred included when the death of the town clerk occured where multiple men present in this scene appeared as a silhouette with light appearing beneath them. Following this, also their were many incorporations of juxtaposition as well where scenes used a darker color with a lighter color of black and white contrasting it. We can see the use of German Expressionism to give this film the full perilous effects it is striking on viewers. As the film progresses, it is also through the use of realism along with the German Expressionism their was another realistic scene that stood out to me after the women was carried out from Cesare getting to her, and then at about thirty-two minutes into the film we see what possibly looks like Cesare walking through a dark landscape where his face is hidden and he is walking like a zombie. Overall through the various visual elements this film had to offer like with the iris camera lens used highly in the beginning of the film to the black and white abstract of color making the more terrifying scenes darker with faces often blacked out to give a more mysterious aspect to audiences it was easy to keep up with the plot and distinguish what was going on through the marvelous work of German Expressionism and highlighting the mise-en-scene elements by exaggerated makeup, lighting, and setting and some realism used along with the cinematic movements to keep the audience engaged.

backstage musical

the characters may break out into song in an everyday setting

space

sound comes from a source

non-digetic sound

sound coming from source outside the story world music added to enhance films actions

Rhythm

sound occupies a duration, rhythm involved a best tempo and a pattern of stronger or weaker beats (rhythm of a musical number, rhythm of horses hooves plodding)

time

sound relates to visual elements that take place in a specific time

simultaneous sound

sound takes place at same time as image in contexts of story

diagetic sound

sound that has a source in the story word dialogue from character's, music coming from instruments being played in a story

what is the term used by russian filmmakers to refer to the art of editing?

soviet montage

persistance of vision

the ability of the brain to retain an image a split second longer than the eye actually sees it if we see 16 individual images in rapid succession the brain connects them to make a fluid sequence of movement

Loudness

the amplitude of the vibrations produces a volume of sound; films constantly manipulate volume such as two characters talking on a busy street. the sounds of traffic are lowered in order to hear the dialogue. also associated with perceived distance; the closer the object the higher the volume of sound it produces

what changes did the lumiere brothers make, in comparison to edison, to affect filmmaking and movie going experience?

the lumiere brothers were best known for their cinematographe which was a machine that shot, projected and printed images which was evolutionary compared to edisons kinetoscope. the kinetoscope projected pictures as well but it did so within the machine. edisons kinetoscope was similar to the lumieres brothers cinematographe, however one of the biggest differences between the two was that edisons kinetoscope was only able to be viewed by one individual through the peep hole it had, compared to the cinematographe which could be projected to multiple people creating audiences for films. as the lumiere brothers though of film as novelty, they went on to create some of the first films that were watched by live audiences with their cinematographe machine. they produced popular films entitled 'a babys meal' and 'workers leaving the lumiere factory' these were both silent films but were captivating at this time as people began to start paying money to watch these films with their friends and families making the lumiere brothers so significant in this time period.