World Civ

Mansa Musa

(about 1280 - about 1337) was an emperor (mansa) of the Mali Empire during the 14th century. He became emperor in 1307. He was the first African ruler to be widely known throughout Europe and the Middle East.

Mansa Musa's Hajj

1324 He set off on his hajj with wealth and servants to places like Cairo. He brought back scholars and arhitects with him to Malian Empire. IN which they build mosque. He uses his hajj to build up the Malian Empire and created his place for education. While on his hajj he attracted Ottoman Empire. He depressed valjue of gold because he gave so much out.

Efforts to establish the authority of the Ming emperors over China

1368The authority over ming emperors was the mandate of Heaven. If however the ruler was not leading the peopel into peace and flourisment then they were bad rules and needed to be replaced.

How did the tribute system fit in to Chinese notions of the world? How did China work to build (or impose) its authority beyond its borders?

1430 the ritual of tribute: they grouped foreigners in a hierarchy. China was on top then tirubtary state then barbarians. Chinese believed they lived in the best place ever. They wanted to turn barbarians into tributary states. Exotic animals were among figts given as tribute to emperor. They were also expected to perform the Kou Tou or head knock kneed down and put your heado n the ground. If he approved of it he woudl accept figts and give some back. China is very cofidnent with itself so it is no surprise that they fell the tribute system is a good idea Close country and they said they didnt need anything from anyone.

Chen Zuyi

14th-century Chinese pirate from Guangdong, and was one of the most respected and feared pirates to ever infest the seas of Southeast Asia n 1407 Chen was confronted at Palembang by the returning Imperial treasure fleet under Admiral Zheng He. Zheng made the opening gambit, demanding Chen's surrender,[4] and the pirate quickly signalled agreement—while preparing for a surprise pre-emptive strike. But details of his plan had been provided to Zheng by a local Chinese informant, and in the fierce battle that ensued, the Ming soldiers and Ming superior armada finally destroyed the pirate fleet and killed 5,000 of its men. Chen was captured and held for public execution in Nanjing in 1407. Peace was finally restored to the Strait of Malacca

Changes to and affirmations of characteristic practices in the Catholic Reformation The Catholic Reformation

After Luther they reviews the church and made changes. Most changes in doctrine were a result of the council of Trent. reexamine authority of pope indulgences couldn't be sold no longer.

Similarities and differences among Judaism, Christianity, and Islam:

All three are monotheistic. Christians generally consider Jesus to be the Son of God, while Muslims consider the Trinity a division of God's Oneness and a grave sin (Shirk). Christianity and Islam have different scriptures, with Islam using the Quran and Christianity the Bible. Christianity teaches that Jesus Christ is the fulfillment of the Old Testament prophecies of a coming Messiah / Savior (Isaiah 7:14; 9:6-7; Micah 5:2). Judaism often recognizes Jesus as a good teacher, and perhaps even a prophet of God. Judaism does not believe that Jesus was the Messiah. Muslims do not believe that he was the Son of God, nor that he is divine or part of a triune God as Christians believe. In Islam, Jesus was a human prophet who, like all the other prophets, tried to bring the children of Israel to the worship of One God.

Potosí

American silver= mountain of Potosi in modern day Bolivia where they constantly mine. They mined with native labor or enslaved native.

What was China's official policy on trade, emigration, and immigration? Contrast this official policy to the way Chinese merchants lived and worked

Ban on emigration leaving this ban cut off overseas Chinese like pirates. restriction on immigration: the Portuguese were allowed to trade at Macau, edge of Chinese empire. People were not allowed but they were tolerated. Ricci is also an exception. He is a Jesuit and his spreading Christianity. Merchants continued to trade and they continued to make huge profit from it and ended up making their children gentry.

What made Luther convention and exceptional when compared to other reformers?

Because after they killed him they still enforced his ideas. He didnt back down and not even to the pope. He kept pushing and pushing.

Siddharta Gautama

Began in 5th century with the life of Siddhartha Gautama. He was a prince and when he encountered suffering for the first time he decided he wanted to focus the rest of his life on ending suffering. He gave up luxury life to find enlightenment. He became known as Buddha.

Significance of each religion to social organization

C: they were not the majority, and held little real power in society. Christianity can in its entirety be thought of as a social movement, with every practice that set Christians apart from the rest. Christian care for the poor took many forms including providing food generally, and caring specifically for widows and orphans, Christians noted particularly for their sharing of possessions, extremes of self-restraint, disregard for death, treatment of one another as brothers and sisters, and care for the poor. J: the Spanish academies were active until 1492, when Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand decreed that Jews either had to convert to Christianity or leave the country. Most of the Spanish Jews who left went into the Moslem countries around the Mediterranean where they found refuge. It is at this point that an earlier distinction between the Jews in Spain and those elsewhere in Europe solidified. Communication between the two groups diminished significantly, and it was not until the founding of the State of Israel in 1948 that regular contact was reestablished. . They were largely divided into two groups, those who followed the traditional practices and those who added mystical elements to them. I: represented by the Ottoman Empire and, geographically more remote, Safavid Persia), Muslims had considerably more rights and privileges than Christian subjects. As a result, Kosovo's three largest towns were majority Muslim by 1485, where Christians had once formed a dense population before the rise of the Ottoman Empire. The movement was effective due to the wandering of Sufis who traveled around the region teaching religion as they wen/ Muslim women in the Ottoman Empire had familial submissiveness and were separated from political and religious affairs.

Modes of Transport

Caravan trade: trade went from water to land. Most transportation was done:

What attitudes did the Chinese have towards foreigners?

Chinese thought that they were the best and everyone else was below them. Barbarians, stupid, etc. Ricci experienced this when he visited from Europe and found out how arrogant they all are. They do not accept many foreigners, Ricci was a big exception.

What context produced the Chinese merchant trade diaspora and what helped maintain it over time?

Emperor did not approve of this so they had to spread out and trade instead. They made huge wealth and good trade. Some could become so rich that they could jump social order and become gentry. after 1430

Fang Xiaoru

Execute to the tenth degree which is killing everyone in his family and his students. Confucian scholar-bureaucrat of the Ming Dynasty After Prince Yan had to leave empire, and Yongle took over he asked Fang to write an inagural speech for him and he refused and made fun of king, so all his blood relations and studetns were killed aboout 800 people This showed people the authoritan governement that was established as well as to never go agaisnt your authorities namely the emperor.

The Society of Jesus

Found was Ignatius of Loyola, New religious order. focused on moral action spiritualism commitment to serve church expand catholic faith loyal to pope effects on the faithful=people were confused after huge change.

How were the French similar to or different from the Spanish in terms of their interactions with the Americans?

French were interested in resources like timber and Cod, Improved health of French from protein in cod. they also traded with Iroquois nations and Algonquian nations. They had to be more diplomatic because they were largely outnumbered.

Changes brought about by Mansa Musa's Hajj (in the Malian Empire and beyond)

He brought the empire huge growth and wealth new ideas and education

Le Jeune's Relations with the Montagnais Hunters

He observed Indians and how they hunted and went on a trip with them,Though they had differing viewpoints, he came to admire the Indians and all the handwork they did .

Matteo Ricci

He visited China from europe and sent his observations back to europe that went into detail about their culture and traditions. Chinese has many superstitions they believe in palm reading and fortune telling and with that many are victims of fraud and deceit. Chinese are inhuman in ways as well but they think they are doing good things.. He is a jsuist and his spreading christinatiy.

What made Matteo Ricci exceptional?

He was exceptional because he was spreading Christianity and is a Jesuit

Zheng He

He was from the Yuan dynasty which the Ming dynasty decided were foreigners, all of his family members were killed and his life was spared. They castrated him so he could not build a family. He helped Yungol beat his nephew and claim emperor. HE completed the hajj on his voyages. He established relationships between different kingdoms if they didn't agree that china was the best then they'd be brought back and were beheaded. end of 1300s early 1400s As an admiral, explorer, eunuch, diplomat, and trader, Zheng He led China to become the superpower of the Indian Ocean, considered to be "the world's most important crossroads of trade", in the 15th century.

La Casta

Hierarchy based on blood. Europeans believe they are royal blood lines. Top of hierarchy was Spanish Americans=mestizo. And goes down to list people of mixed origins. there were restrictions put on people based on their heritage. This proved impossible to enforce over time as society mixed in more ways.

Eurocentrism

How we see the world through European eyes. How we see the Europeans as always priveleged but it wasn't always like that Who: What: European perspective and with an implied belief Where: When: Significance:

Emperor Ashoka

In about 260 BCE, Ashoka waged a bitterly destructive war against the state of Kalinga (modern Odisha).[6] He conquered Kalinga, which none of his ancestors had done.[7] He embraced Buddhism after witnessing the mass deaths of the Kalinga War, which he himself had waged out of a desire for conquest. "Ashoka reflected on the war in Kalinga, which reportedly had resulted in more than 100,000 deaths and 150,000 deportations, ending at around 200,000 deaths."[8] Ashoka converted gradually to Buddhism beginning about 263 BCE.[6] He was later dedicated to the propagation of Buddhism across Asia, and established monuments marking several significant sites in the life of Gautama Buddha. "Ashoka regarded Buddhism as a doctrine that could serve as a cultural foundation for political unity."[9] Ashoka is now remembered as a philanthropic administrator.

Reasons why the voyages stopped

In addition to these foreign exploits, he had further depleted the treasury by moving the capital from Nanjing to Beijing and, with a grandeur on land to match that on sea, by ordering the construction of the magnificent Forbidden City. This project involved over a million laborers. To further fortifying the north of his empire, he pledged his administration to the enormous task of reviving and extending the Grand Canal. Causing further hardship were natural disasters, severe famines in Shantong and Hunan, epidemics in Fujian, plus lightning strikes that destroyed part of the newly constructed Forbidden City. In 1448, flooding of the Yellow River left millions homeless and thousands of acres unproductive. As a result of these disasters coupled with corruption and nonpayment of taxes by wealthy elite, China's tax base shrank by almost half over the course of the century. Linked to eunuch politics and wasteful policies, the voyages were over

What were Europeans attitudes towards non-congregants (non-Christians) in their midst and noncongregants they met overseas?

Infidels because of difference in faith.

Islam social philo and rel:

Islam brought everyone together becaues it was the common language. Muhammand spread word to the people that there is only one god. Islamic philosophy found an audience with the Jews, to whom belongs the honor of having transmitted it to the Christian world. Islamic philosophy is the systematic investigation of problems connected with life, the universe, ethics, society, and so on as conducted in the Muslim world.

How did European monarchs build authoritarian states after the Wars of Religion? Absolute monarchy

King Louis ruled France from 1643 1715 He thought of himself as the center His plan was to override nobility power. He had place of Versailles made for him because he wanted the nobility to live near him and the nobility fight for his attention which hew wants so no rebellion takes place. He wanted to be the upright ruler of all

Malian attitudes about trade

King wanted very badly to be apart of the trade, so much he built massive ships and sent many people to find it. They kept losing men so when Mansa Musa came, he knew it was a waste of men and stopped the expeditions.

Motives of the Ming emperors in supporting the voyages

Lavish expeditions should be mounted in order to overwhelm foreign peoples and convince them beyond any doubt about Ming power.

Global Centers

Malacaan Straits major trading route for nutmeg Malacca major trade city Hormuz in Perisia was a major trading city

Attitudes of the Malian empire to the larger world (beyond the caravan trade)

Malian dominated most West Africa 1300-1600 They came to power by taxing caravans trade routes from West Africa to Middle East and North African Malian=Islamic The Malian King wanted very badly to be apart of the rest of the world trade and to meet new people to form alliances. However, he kept losing more and more men from the expeditions

What caused goods to move around the Indian Ocean World

Merchants making profit off of selling the goods and benefiting from taxes. Countries wanted to trade their stuff with others in order to earn revenue. People really liked other peopls stuff so they constantly wanted to trade which causes goods to move around. Like nutmeg was a very popular good.

Christianity social philo and rel:

Messiah. And believed in after life and salvation. Put more emphasis on faith and love. They believed in Saints (those that led exemplary life then died and people resurrect through them).

Judaism social philo and rel:

Monotheism. They made a covenant. God will look after humans as long as they follow the covenant. Created prophets and messiah.

Mahāyāna Buddhism

More people- they don't want nirvana soliders samurai

Movement of goods in early modern world

Nutmeg from indonesia to mughal empire then went to safavid empire to ottoman empire which got it to Europe, india-dyed cotton called calico Persia- rugs

Attitudes about difference Muslim Jews and Christians

Ottoman Empire (Islam) let foreigners keep their religion but had to pay taxes Europe viewed Ottoman Empire as infidels. They believed that they had to believe in Christianity but they turned away from this religion. They had a difference in faith and their history. They have conflict still because the Ottoman empire expanded into eastern Europe. The emirate of Grenda last Muslim kingdom in Europe. =

Emergence of large, authoritarian empires

Ottoman empire created authoritain state in Greece, specifically constantinople. They had militia

Relations of Alvar Núñez

Parted from span to explore uncharted american territories. Alvar reached coast of Florida and god lost form his ship. took him nine years to find his way to New Mexico.They ran into Indians along the way who ended up helping them survive.

Ways in which the Lutheran Reformation altered these characteristic practices The Lutheran Reformation

People started to see how unfair it was. like the clergy getting out of doing things because they were more wealthy and nothing to do with God. Leaders in the church were breaking rules which lead to the reformation.He posted the 95 the-sises to the church. Argued against idea that priest could give and accept indulgences. He said hierarchy is wrong clergy should not be on top. Deny priest right in courts.

Global currents contributed to changes in Europe. In what ways did they contribute to changes in learning, government, spirituality (or religion), and concepts of humanity (humanism)? The Print Revolution The Renaissance Christian Humanism

Renaissance=Thinkers greatly expanded scholarship, the arts and the ways Europeans viewed themselves. Rediscovery of classical knowledge through early christian textbooks an access to history. Printing press-use of paper, more people became literate and read ideas in books. Renewed relationships to religion in origins of christian. Sparked christian humanism. which was to reevaluate he world around them. Focused on living life now rather than after life. Big emphasis on education. universities were found in cities. Books in cities changes were concentrated in cities.

How was "Westphalian sovereignty" important to ending the wars of religion and what did it do? In what way did "Westphalian sovereignty" change Europe? (Consider social hierarchies and identity) Westphalian Sovereignty

Set clear boundaries on counties and they all agree on one king sovereign power. he has authority to make all rules/laws. Internal significance one rule which means one religion. causes mass migrations because people like or don't like the religion that is chosen. External significance neighbor countries see that they are a sovereign (supreme ruler or monarch) now which means regulation on borders. People had to either change their identity or leave to keep it. They identity was stripped away from them because they are being forced to be a certain religion which is a big part of who a person is.

Kingdom-sponsored exploration

Spanish exploration queen isabel and ferdinand supported exploration includign christopher columbus

How did Europeans change the dynamics of trade in the Indian Oceanic World?

THey commited genocide. The discovery of a "New World" profoundly changed economic and political relationships across the globe as Europeans became stronger competitors within international trading networks. but the balance of military and economic might began to tip in favor of the Europeans.In the fifteenth century, European merchants revived shattered trading networks and built new ones—particularly maritime networks in the Indian Ocean and the China Sea. In search of vast profits, European merchants explored the coast of Africa and eventually found a direct passage to Asia. At the same time, Columbus found sponsorship to try a westward route and ran into the Americas Europe's accidental discovery of America opened a new epoch in history, but it was European diseases, not guns, that had the greatest impact. Declining Amerindian populations opened the way for Europeans but cut short the potential labor force, thus spawning demand for African slaves in America as plantations developed and gold and silver were mined. This Atlantic trade gave Europeans an edge: complete control of a lucrative trade unavailable to anyone else.

Connected by trade and ideology

Taking place near the Indian ocean in the early modern world. interconnectivisim through merchants-people, goods and ideas. Nutmeg was huge in trade. Made it all the way from Indonesia to Europe. India traded dyed cotton cloth called calico , persia trade persian rugs. Everyone had their speciliaty in which they traded which others wanted, they were connected in their interests. Through the spread of trade, ideas were also spread throughout.

Consequences of Buddhism on the world - its appeal, spread, and influence Influence and consequences of (Zen) Buddhism on Samurai culture

Teaching help others understand the way of life and solves the common problem of life. Karma helps people do good things better people is a better world Negative impacts: It makes some places very poor because the teaching say that to end suffering you must stop wanting. And karma can mean that if you do bad, you get bad which people don't like the thought of. Buddhist temples also served as places of solace and retirement for samurai and courtesans. Temples also provided refuge for the impoverished and those on the run from criminal prosecution. This mélange of divergent backgrounds and experiences doubtlessly bolstered the capabilities and tenacity of these monk armies. Incidents of violence involving Buddhist entities occurred throughout the 10th and 11th century and historical chronicles, such as the Heike Monogotari, document Buddhist sects and their monks in battle. These events mark the inception of a broad turning point in the endorsement and justification of violence on behalf of a Buddhist sect or templeT he employment of militant monks by the court to serve its needs took place in the early 12th century, when the head abbot of the Kumano shrine was commissioned for anti-piracy endeavors on the Kii coastline. With the established political connections and an increasing military capability, the warrior monks soon became embroiled in the Gempei War.This event resulted in the destruction of the entire Todaiji complex and with it, countless Buddhist artifacts.

Confucian humanness ren

Tells people how to live. work with one another. Succeed an help others succeed.

What technological innovations helped the Portuguese discover new places and peoples? How did technological borrowing (and adaption) further this discovery?

The Astrolabe is an angle and altitude measuring tool.The first use at sea was recorded to be in 1481. It was used on a voyage down the African coast by Portuguese explorers. So this tool helped sailors measure the angle of the sun which could then be converted to find latitude. Besides coastal exploration, Portuguese also made trips off in the ocean to gather meteorological and oceanographic information The knowledge of wind patterns and currents - the trade winds and the oceanic gyres in the Atlantic, and the determination of latitude led to the discovery of the best ocean route back from Africa In 1471, Gomes' explorerers reached Elmina on the Gold Coast (present day Ghana), and discovered a thriving gold trade between the natives and visiting Arab and Berber traders. Gomes established his own trading post there, which became known as "A Mina" ("The Mine"). All because of Prince Henry's support of the expeditions

How did China work to build (or impose) its authority beyond its borders?

The Chinese used the tribute system which showed its authority to other places because they are saying that they are superior to everyone else and they established a way in which to make people know it. They also called others barbarians that were foreigners.

Dutch conquest of the Bandas Islands

The Dutch followed the Portuguese to Banda but were to have a much more dominating and lasting presence. The dutch supplantd the portugues at eth most. 1621 they land on Bandas and the people are forced to have them there. As much as the Dutch disliked dealing with the Bandanese, the trade was a highly profitable one with spices selling for 300 times the purchase price in Banda. This amply justified the expense and risk in shipping them to Europe. The allure of such profits saw an increasing number of Dutch expeditions; it was soon seen that in trade with the East Indies, competition from each would eat into all their profits. Thus the competitors united to form the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) (the 'Dutch East Indies Company).

Actions involved in establishing governing authority/legitimacy of the Ming

The Ming Dynasty feel Han is the true ethnicity and they (current rulers) believe Yuan Dynasty ethnicity which makes them foreigners. Emperor Hongwu= the The mandate of Heaven the legitimate ruler of china by the heave. He guarantees the people peace and flourishment and their are no Gods but there are the heaves that designate ruler. 1368-1644)

Portuguese Caravel

The caravel was a vessel of paramount importance in the 15th and 16th centuries, when it was used to traverse the immense barrier to the New World. During these centuries, the caravel was a ship with a distinctive shape and admirable qualities.s a small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century by the Portuguese to explore along the West African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean. The lateen sails gave it speed and the capacity for sailing windward (beating). Caravels were used by the Portuguese for the oceanic exploration voyages during the 15th and 16th centuries in the Age of Discovery.

What was the causal relationship between tribute rituals and the desire for Chinese goods in world trade?

The emperor did not believe in overseas trade. Merchants are tolerated but no real importance. Emperor believes that china is the best and therefore does not need to trade other can come to them though. Which is how this relates to tribute system because he is still getting goods from other places, and allows people to bring good to them, but not the other way around.

Characteristics that defined the practice of Christianity (before the Reformation)

The faithful- every village had a church. Understanding faith and the divine. Everybody wanted to be good and turn way from evil. expressions of piety=celebrating holy days, acts to charity, praying each day. Many villages had a convent or monastery where the religious lived. Celebrating the liturgy attending mass. Obedience=clergy religious people laity and nobility were part of European hierarchy. Clergy were exempt for doing many things like taxes.

Mandarins

The scholar-bureaucrats who ran the Chinese imperial government were known in the West as Mandarins. They were China's best and brightest, and served the Emperor in the imperial court and as imperial magistrates and representatives in the hinterlands. During ming dynasty used and spoken about until 1622

Attitudes about difference; i.e. attitudes towards non-Muslims (especially Jews and Christians) ADD MORE

The trading and manufacturing skills and the capital of these immigrants to the Ottoman Empire provided much of the wealth for Ottoman expansion. Under the Ottomans, Jewish and Christian communities achieved the greatest degree of autonomy. Through the millet system, each community was distinct and responsible directly to the Sultan.

How did Spain build a global empire? What role did the Americas play in that empire?How were the Spanish able to conquer American empires?

They built a global empire by discovering the Americas. Cortes was able to defeat Aztec because they had guns horses epidemic disease that lead to the great dying. They enlisted Aztec help because they hated their forced empire, the Spaniards also had a huge technological advantage. They killed many people. Cortes returns to the coast to defeat a rival Spanish army. The remaining soldiers join him. The Aztecs revolt, driving the Spanish from the city.

What attitudes did Europeans, more generally, have towards Americans How did Europeans define and organize difference?

They used their own socio-cultural ideas to try to understand who Americans were. Europeans would look at these things when judging the Indians: religion they called them heathens because they were not following Christianity. Civilization- settled society agricultural economy and government much different than Europeans Organized with La Casta.

What were Spanish attitudes towards the Aztecs?

They used them to help them fight the Aztecs because many of them were forced into it without wanting to do it so they actually helped the spanish.

Why was Mansa Musa significant to Europe?

This event of gold from mansa made europe want to explore and find out where all this gold was. So prince Henry the navigator the portuguese carvel was great ship better than before with the Malian empire. The furtherest they had been cape bojader. They soon began to conquer area. INdian Ocean Wolrd drew the Europeans out of their little corner and changing it forever.

kòu tóu

Translated to head knock. Associated with the tribute system. When tributary states came to bring gifts they were also expected to perform the kou tou in which they kneel down bowe and put their head on the ground. If he approved of it he would accept gifts and also give gifts back.

What qualities characterized early modern slavery?

Wealth was how much labor you had so how much people you had. It was different than modern slavery. the people would send family or someone they couldn't take care of to slavery. Slavery because of conflict or debt and a lot of movement between slavery and freedom. Slaves become crucial members of that family. Generally not numerous same work as free people. Slavery not hereditary. Clothing based on law but was hard to maintain

Relationship between the Church and the State How did religion define social hierarchy in Europe (and how did this change)?

Were not divided. The Clergy had the power to tax and give out punishment. The clergy were exempt from serving military or paying taxes and rules for others in villages.

Christianity

Who What: Renaissance humanism, Its emphasis on both new and ancient languages, as well as the recovery of classical and early Christian sources, produced a serious challenge to the Roman Catholic concept of Christendom and introduced a spirit of fresh inquiry and independent thought. When 1500 Where Christianity spread initially from Jerusalem throughout the Near East, Significance: The Protestant Reformation which began in the 1500s created new Christian communities that separated from the Roman Catholic Church and have evolved into many different denominations.Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christianity spread to all of Europe in the Middle Ages. The First Great Awakening was a wave of religious enthusiasm among Protestants in the American colonies c. 1730-1740, emphasising the traditional Reformed virtues of Godly preaching, rudimentary liturgy, and a deep sense of personal guilt and redemption by Christ

Muslim

Who Ottoman Empire Persian Safavid Empire Mughal Empire What Where Persia, India, Turkey When Ottoman 1289, Safavid 1500 Significance Ottoman expansion was fueled by a powerful military. An important part of their military apparatus was a special force known as the Janissaries. In all three Empires, the prestige and authority of the dynasty resulted from the personal piety and military prowess of the ruler and his ancestors. Their devotion to Islam encouraged them to carry the faith to new lands.

Ottoman Empire

Who establishment of multiple Turkish principalities, WhatIt was recognized as a superpower When 1299 Where expansion into Europe Significance Without its capital the Byzantine Empire disintegrated.[91] The future successes of the Ottomans and later empires would depend upon the exploitation of gunpowder.[

Isalm

Who muslim empires What he Ottoman Empire in the Middle East, the Balkans and Northern Africa; the Safavid Empire in Greater Iran; and the Mughal Empire in South Asia. These imperial powers were made possible by the discovery and exploitation of gunpowder and more efficient administration When start 7th century Where Significance

Authoritarianism

Who: What: a form of government characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms. Where: When: Significance:

Malaccan Straights

Who: What: main shipping channel between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, linking major Asian economies Where: Btwn Indonesia and Malaysia When: Significance: Major trading route for nutmeg. From an economic and strategic perspective, the Strait of Malacca is one of the most important shipping lanes in the world. The strait is the main shipping channel between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, linking major Asian economies such as India, China, Japan and South Korea.

Devshirme

Who: What: IF you were in the Ottoman empire and you were not Muslim in the Millet you had to sacrafice one of your kids and five are chosen from each millet and when they are 18 they test to become a military person. Where: When: Significance:

Muhammad

Who: He is a prophet What: Muhammad received his first revelation from God through the Angel Gabriel. Where: Born in Mecca When: 570 Significance: Muhammand spread word that there was only one God. This disrupted the trade in Mecca. Before Muhammad died, at the age of sixty-three, the greater part of the Arabian Peninsula had become Muslim, and within a century of his death, Islam had spread to Spain in the West and as far East as China. Among the reasons for the rapid and peaceful spread of Islam was the truth and clarity of its doctrine.

Judaism

Who: Jewish people What: Judaism was not accepted and they were forced to convert. But from the mid-sixteenth century onward they began making their way to new Atlantic trade centers to the north, first as New Christians and then, when conditions permitted it, as openly practicing Jew Where: Central Europe, England, France, German lands and forced to move to settling in North Africa, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire. When: 1492 tney were expelled Significance: Spain's Jews were expelled in 1492 - an event often used to mark the start of the early modern period. Many of the exiles moved across the border into Portugal, but they became "New Christians" (or "conversos") when they were forcibly converted to Catholicism en masse in 1497In Europe, the Reformation had a transformative impact on Jewish life in often unexpected ways. Although many of the early Protestant leaders harbored harshly negative attitudes to Jews, and although reaction to the Reformation produced severe anti-Jewish measures in Catholic states, in the long run the breakup of a monolithic western Christendom led to theological experimentation across old boundaries and notions of religious toleration that also boded well for Jewish existence.

Spice Islands

Who: Spice Islands known to the Chinese and Europeans, What: They have been known as the Spice Islands due to the nutmeg, mace and cloves that were originally found only there, and the presence of these sparked colonial interest from Europe in the 16th century.[1] Where: small group of islands to the north-east of Indonesia, When: 16th century is when the spice islands became a huge interest to Europe Significance: We found the goods of nutmeg on this island which became a very popular good to have and people paid a lot of money to get this in Europe though it was used for various reasons such as food or medicinal purposes.

Indian Ocean World

Who: The people that surrounded the Indian Ocean and that were active in trade from it were Malacca, Mughal Emprie, Safavid Empire, Ottoman Empire What: This ocean was used for major trade of many different goods. Europe worked desperately to work their way to this ocean in order to be apart of the trade and trade their own goods. Where: Indian Ocean, East side of African, South side of China, Europe eventually and mallacca strait all surrounded it When: It was very active between 1500-1750 Significance: This played a huge role in connecting different countries together and the exchange of various goods between them.

Role of merchant trade in spread of religious ideologies

With merchants coming into contact of people from different countries and homelands, they eventually spread their ideology and beliefs both ways.

How did Europeans finance exploration and conquest? What were the advantages or disadvantages of each?

With the encouragement and financial support of Prince Henry the Navigator conquest of Ceuta, settle Atlantic islands of Madeira, and the Azores founded 1st commercial settlement at Arguin in North Africa Thriving sugar plantations, arrivals of enslaved Africans, and access to African gold Established trading posts in gold-rich Guinea

Forbidden City

Yongle built. home of emperors and their households as well as the ceremonial and political centre of Chinese government located in the center of what is now known as Beijing Constructed from 1406 to 1420, Yongle Emperor, he moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, and construction began in 1406 on what would become the Forbidden City

What were the ways Zheng He interacted with the peoples and governments he met?

Zheng put down the fighting, captured the king and brought him back to China where he was released by the emperor and returned home duly impressed. Zheng He stopped in Sumatra to fight on the side of a deposed sultan, bringing the usurper back to Nanjing for execution. He was frequently met with hostility but this was easily subdued. Many ambassadors from the countries visited came back to China with him. principally in order to return nineteen ambassadors to their homelands. 1400-1430

Eunuch

a man who has been castrated, especially (in the past) one employed to guard the women's living areas at an oriental court. SO the family line cannot go on. The man that served for the king had to do this, like zheng he . It was said that the Hongwu Emperor forbade eunuchs to learn how to read or engage in politics.[96] Whether or not these restrictions were carried out with absolute success in his reign, eunuchs in the Yongle era and after managed huge imperial workshops, commanded armies, and participated in matters of appointment and promotion of officials.[96] The eunuchs developed their own bureaucracy that was organized parallel to but was not subject to the civil service bureaucracy.[96] Although there were several dictatorial eunuchs throughout the Ming, such as Wang Zhen, Wang Zhi, and Liu Jin, excessive tyrannical eunuch power did not become during ming dynasty 1368-1644)

Mandate of Heaven

an ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that tiān (heaven) granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly.The Mandate of Heaven depends on whether an emperor is sufficiently virtuous to rule; if he does not fulfill his obligations as emperor, then he loses the Mandate and thus the right to be emperor. The Mandate of Heaven would then transfer to those who would rule best. The fact that a ruler was overthrown was taken by itself as an indication that the ruler had lost the Mandate of Heaven. In addition, it was also common belief that natural disasters such as famine and flood were other signs of heaven's displeasure with the current ruler, so there would often be revolts following major environmental events as citizens saw these as signs of heaven's displeasure.[1] Zhu Yuanzhang claimed the Mandate of Heaven in 1368

Zen Buddhism

big on meditation and no killing others

Confucianism as a social philosophy; core beliefs of Confucianism

close to 1500 Mandarins studied Confucianism and the emperor would select best scored work for himself. Justice is how they help serve emperor they were selected first by the gentry. Confucianism was not officially a religion. But a philosophy that brought a moral humaneness which tell people how to live and work with another. This idea helped build an authoritarian state because it focused on showinog repsect to your elders. The superior does not try and create disharmony even though they are of higher status. He also outlined a list in which the importance of people in Chinese society. emperor on top merchants on bottom

How and why change occurred in terms of the status of Ming China in the Indian Ocean World

crevived the traditional tribute system. In the traditional tributary arrangement, countries on China's borders agreed to recognize China as their superior and its emperor as lord of "all under Heaven." These countries regularly gave gifts of tribute in exchange for certain benefits, like military posts and trade treaties. In this system, all benefited, with both peace and trade assured. Because the Yongle emperor realized that the major threats to China in this period were from the north, particularly the Mongols, he saved many of those military excursions for himsel 1400 Moved the capital and built the forbiden city

Appeal and spread of Islam (example of how it moved; evidence of movement)

divisions occurred between Persians and Arabs, and Sunnis and Shiites, and unrest in provinces empowered local rulers at times. Expansion: The expansion of Islam continued in the wake of Turkic conquests of Asia Minor, the Balkans, and the Indian subcontinent The earlier period also saw the acceleration in the rate of conversions in the Muslim heartland while in the wake of the conquests the newly conquered regions retained significant non-Muslim populations in contrast to the regions where the boundaries of the Muslim world contracted The latter period of this phase was marked by the Mongol invasion the conversion of these conquerors to Islam. expansion by conquest commerce and trade Movement because of trade and the mosque.

Theravada Buddhism

dominant form of Buddhism in most of southeast Asia more conservatism life poverty

Emirate of Grenada

political territory that is ruled by a dynastic Islamic monarch emirate, established in 1238 following the defeat of Muhammad an-Nasir of the Almohad dynasty by an alliance of Christian kingdoms at the Battle 1212. Last MUSLIM dynasty ruled the emirate of Grenada in EUROPE

Concepts that constitute the core religious values and beliefs of Buddhism Origins and motives behind the development of this religious system The attitudes and values that defined this ideology

reincarnation -- the concept that people are reborn after dying. After many such cycles, if a person releases their attachment to desire and the self, they can attain Nirvana. This is a state of liberation and freedom from suffering. ila: Virtue, good conduct, morality. This is based on two fundamental principles: The principle of equality: that all living entities are equal. The principle of reciprocity: This is the "Golden Rule" in Christianity -- to do onto others as you would wish them to do onto you. It is found in all major religions. Samadhi: Concentration, meditation, mental development. Developing one's mind is the path to wisdom which in turn leads to personal freedom. Mental development also strengthens and controls our mind; this helps us maintain good conduct. Prajna: Discernment, insight, wisdom, enlightenment. This is the real heart of Buddhism. Wisdom will emerge if your mind is pure and calm four noble truths": existence is suffering ( dukhka ); suffering has a cause, namely craving and attachment ( trishna ); there is a cessation of suffering, which is nirvana; and there is a path to the cessation of suffering,

Company-sponsored exploration

s an association formed by investors or shareholders for the purpose of trade, exploration, and colonization. From the sixteenth century onwards, groups of European investors formed companies to underwrite and profit from the exploration of Africa, India, Asia, the Caribbean and North America, usually under the patronage of one state, which issued the company's charter. Joint stock company- dutch exploration they ewanted to get aroudn africa to indian ocean east india company

Treasure Voyages

seven far-reaching ocean voyages to the coastal territories and islands in and around the South China Sea, the Indian Ocean, and beyond fleet was heavily militarized and carried great amounts of treasures, which served to project Chinese power and wealth to the known world. ey brought back many foreign ambassadors whose kings and rulers were willing to declare themselves tributaries of China`

filial piety/obedience xiao

showing respect to your elders. The superior does not try and create disharmony even though they are of higher statues.Also includes ancestor worship, worship your family members from their shrines

What were they dynamics of Portuguese conquest? (that is, where, who and to what extent did they conquer foreign territory?)

spanning almost six centuries, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999 coast of Africa Bartolomeu Dias rrounded the Cape of Good Hope reached India. Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil on the South American coast. East Asia Mosan Beak and converted the king to christianity

Japanese Samurai

the military-nobility and officer-caste of medieval and early-modern Japan. 12th century Zen Buddhism spread among the samurai in the 13th century and helped to shape their standards of conduct, particularly overcoming fear of death and killing, but among the general populace, Pure Land Buddhism was favored.

What factors motivated Europeans to sail beyond their continent? How did cultural and material (or economic) considerations factor in?

the search for basic resources and lands suitable for the cultivation of cash crops; (2) the desire for new trade routes to Asia; and (3) attempts to spread Christianity. Europeans were not willing to trade with Ottomans. They tried to drive them and Islam out. The Spanish Inquisition= people not practicing Christianity were hunted down. Spain took over more land South of them.

Ritual li

the things people do daily, being loyal worshiping different things in life.

The Manila Galleon

were Spanish trading ships This is how they transported the silver across the pacific to manila. Chinese really wanted it because their currency is silver coins. This is how Spain connected with Asia for silver trade. This brought trade away from the Indian ocean and more around china began in 1565

Demak Mosque

who what: is one of the oldest mosques in Indonesia, where indonesia when built 15th Significance place for prayers but at the time was also the center of the sultan's governance and the venue where the walis (apostles) used to meet to discuss matters