World Civ-Chapter 19 Section 4,5

Battle of Nations-Leipzig

the quadruple alliance took on the weakened france in the battle of the nations at leipzig. In 1813, they defeated Napoleon

legitimacy

to turn back the clock to 1792, the architects of the peace promoted the principle of legitimacy, restoring hereditary monarchies that the French Revolution or Napoleon had unseated.

Quadruple Alliance

Alliance between Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia. Formed from the disaster in Russia

Prince Clemens Von Metternich

As Austria's foreign minister, Metternich used a variety of means to achieve his goals. In 1809 when Napoleon seemed vurnerable, Metternich favored war against France. In 1810 after France had crushed Austria, he supported an alliance with France. When the French army was in desperate retreat from Russia, Metternich became the "prime minister of the coalition" that defeated Napoleon. At the congress of Vienna, he helped create a new European order and made sure that Austria had a key role in it. He would skillfully defend that new order for more than 30 years

annexed

As Napoleon created a vast empire, he redrew the map of Europe. He annexed, or added outright, some areas to France, including the Netherlands, Belgium, and parts of Italy and Germany

Plebiscite

At each step on his rise to power, Napoleon had held a plebiscite, or ballot in which voters say yes or no. Each time, the French strongly supported him.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Born in Corsica, a French-ruled island in the Mediterranean. His family were minor nobles, but had little money. He was sent to France at age 9 to start training for a military career. When the revolution broke out, he was a 20 year-old lieutenant. From 1799 to 1815, Napoleon would dominate France and Europe. He gave his name to the final phrase of the revolution,-the Age of Napoleon.

Egyptian Campaign

Hoping to disrupt British trade with India, he led an expedition to Egypt in 1798. The Egyptian campaign proved to be a disaster, but Napoleon managed to hide stories of the worst losses from his admirers in France. hile Bonaparte waited for the right moment to seize power, he looked to win new glories. Great Britain dominated the seas and enjoyed unbridled success in overseas trade. France was still at war with Great Britain, and Bonaparte hoped to disrupt British trade routes to India and establish French domination in the exotic east. He eluded a British fleet, captured the port of Malta, and on July 1, 1798, landed with 35,000 soldiers in Egypt.

Consulate/ First Consulate

In 1799, Napoleon helped overthrow the Directory and set up a three-man governing board known as the Consulate. Another constitution was drawn up, but Napoleon soon took the title First Consul. In 1802. he had himself named Consul for life

Battle of Tralfagar

In 1805, Napoleon prepared to invade England. But, at the Battle of Trafalgar, fought off the southwest coast of Spain, British admiral Horatio Nelson smashed a French fleet.

"scorched earth" policy

In 1812, more than 400,000 soldiers from France and other countries invaded Russia. To avoid battles with Napoleon, the Russians retreated eastward, burning crops and villages as they went. This "scorched earth" policy left the French hungry and cold as winter came. Napoleon entered Moscow in September. He realized, though, that he was not able to feed and supply his army through the long Russian winter. Only 10,000 survived in their 1,000-mile retreat from Moscow.

Confederation of the Rhine

Napoleon abolished the Holy Roman Empire and created a 38-member Confederation of the Rhine under French protection

Concordat of 1801

Napoleon made peace with the Catholic Church in the Concordat of 1801. The Concordat kept the church under state control but recognized religious freedom for Catholics. Revolutionaries who opposed the Church denounced the agreement, but Catholics welcomed it

reforms

Napoleon won support over class lines. He encouraged emigres to return, provided that they took an oath of loyalty. Peasants were relieved when he recognized their right to lands they had bought from the Church and nobles during the revolution. The middle class, who had benefited most from the revolution, approved Napoleon's economic reforms and the restoration of order after years of chaos. He mad jobs "open to all talent",

Russian withdraw

Napoleon's alliance with the Austrian royal family was especially disturbing to Czar Alexandar I of Russia. The russians were also unhappy with the economic effects of Napoleon's Continental System. Yet another cause for concern was that Napoleon had enlarged the Grand Duchy of Warsaw that bordered Russia on the west. These and other issues led the czar to withdraw Russia from the Continental System. Napoleon responded to the czar's action by assembling his Grand Army.

le Grand Army

Napoleons army of 600,000 men that he took to russia

Battle of Austerlitz

Spanish resistance encouraged Austria to resume hostilies against the French. In 1805, at the Battle of Austerlitz, Napoleon had won a crushing victory against an Austro-Russian army of superior numbers.

Goals of Congress

The chief goal of the Vienna decision makers was to create a lasting peace by establishing a balance of power and protecting the system of monarchy. The peacemakers also redrew the map of Europe. To contain French ambitions, they ringed France with strong countries.

Abdicated

The year after his defeat at Leipzig, Napoleon abdicated, or stepped fown from power. The victors exiled him to Elba, an island in the Mediterranean. They recognized Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVI, as king of France.`

The Congress of Vienna

They faced the monumental task of restoring stability and order in Europe after years of revolution and war. The Congress met for 10 months, from September 1814 to June 1815. It was a brilliant gathering of European leaders. Diplomats and royalty dined and danced, attended concerts and ballets, and enjoyed parties arranged by their host, Emperor Francis I of Austria.

Economic Reforms

To restore economic prosperity, Napoleon controlled prices, encouraged new industry, and built roads and canals. To ensure well-trained officials and military officers, he set up a system of public schools under strict government control

Continental System

With an invasion ruled out, Napoleon struck at Britain's lifeblood, its commerce. He waged economic warfare through the Continental System, which closed European ports to British goods.

Duke of Wellington

arthur wellesley , who helped lead the British to help the Spanish in guerrilla warfare

France under Napoleon

during the consulate and empire, Napoleon consolidated his power by strengthening the central government. Order, security, and efficiency replaced liberty, equality, and fraternity.

battle of Wagram

in 1809, the Austrians sought revenge for the battle of Austerlitz. But once again, Napoleon triumphed- this time at the battle of Wagram. By the peace agreement that followed, Austria surrendered lands populated by more than 3 million subjects.

Blockade

in response to the continental system, Britain responded with its own blockade to European ports. A blockade involves shutting off ports to keep people or supplies from moving in or out. During their long struggle, both Britain and France seized neutral ships suspected of trading with the other side.

guerilla warfare

Spanish patriots conducted a campaign of guerrilla warfare, or hit-and-run raids, against the French.(guerrilla means "little war") Small bands of guerrillas ambushed French supply trains or troops before melting into the countryside. These attacks kept large numbers of French soldiers tied down in Spain, when Napoleon needed them elsewhere. Eventually, the British sent an army under Arthur Wellesley, later the Duke of Wellington, to help the Spanish fight France. What sparked this spanish warfare was nationalis

Toulon

In December, 1793, he drove British forces out of the French port of Toulon, making Napoleon rise quickly to power in the army. He then went on to win several victories against the Austrians, capturing most of northern Italy and forcing the Hapsburg emperor to make peace.

Results of Continental System

In the end, Napoleon's Continental System failed to bring Britain to its knees. Although British exports declined, its powerful navy kept open vital trade routes to the Americas and India. Meanwhile, trade restrictions created a scarcity of goods in Europe, sent prices soaring, and intensified resentment against French power

Napoleonic Code

Napoleon's most lasting reforms that embodied Enlightenment principles such as the equality of all citizens before the law, religious toleration, and advancement based on merit. But the Napoleonic Code undid some reforms of the French Revolution. Women, for example, lost most of their newly gained rights and could not exercise the rights of citizenship. (Napoleon valued order and authority under individual rights)

Battle of Waterloo

Napoleon's returning triumph was short-lived. His star soared for only 100 days, while the allies reassembled their forces. On June 18, 1815, the opposing armies met near the town of Waterloo in Belgium. British forces under the Duke of Wellington and a Prussian army commanded by General Blucher crushed the French in an agonizing day-long battle. Once again, Napoleon was forced to abdicate and go into exile at St.Helena

Nationalism

Napoleon's successes, however, contained the seeds of defeat. Although nationalism spurred French armies to success, it worked against them, too. Many Europeans who had welcomed the ideas of the French Revolution never the less saw Napoleon and his armies as foreign oppressors. They resented the Continental System and Napoleon's effort to impose French culture. From Rome to Madrid to the Netherlands, nationalism unleashed revolts against France. In the German states, leaders encouraged national loyalty among German-speaking people to counter French influence.