World Civilization Chapter 14
Indians
-Forced labor, starvation, and especially disease took a fearful toll on Indian lives -little or no natural resistance to European diseases -ravaged by smallpox, measles, and typhus brought by the Europeans. -half of the local population probably died of European diseases
Bartolomeu Dias
-Hearing reports of a route to India around the southern tip of Africa In 1487 rounded the Cape of Good Hope -returned home without continuing onward/fear of mutiny
Motives
Merchants, adventurers, and government officials had high hopes of finding precious metals and a direct source for the spices of the East -their desire to share in the wealth ****God, glory, and gold****
By the fourteenth century
Muslim ships were transporting a growing percentage of the spice trade.
The African rival to the Portuguese East African gold trade was the
Mwene Mutapa.
Caravels were ships that
enabled sailing against the wind.
Europeans embarked on expansionist voyages for all of the following reasons except
fear than Islam would occupy the rest of the world if Christendom did not.
Pedro Cabral
accidentally discovered South America in 1500
Gold Coast
along the southern coast of the hump of West Africa, where the Portuguese found gold
Christopher Columbus 1451-1506
an Italian from Genoa, maintained that Asia could be reached by sailing due west instead of eastward around Africa.
astrolabe
an instrument, reportedly devised by Arab sailors, that was used to measure the altitude of the sun and the stars above the horizon) enabled sailors to explore the high seas with confidence.
All of the following were exports of South Asian economies by the 16th century except
ceramics.
Mali
declined in the late fifteenth century
South America
discovered accidentally by the Portuguese captain Pedro Cabral in 1500.
The Treaty of Tordesillas
divided the "new" areas discovered by Europeans between Spain and Portugal.
What were American-born descendants of Europeans called?
Creoles
The primary threat to Portuguese trade in Southeast Asia came from the English and the
Dutch
The first Europeans to settle in southern Africa were the
Dutch.
Which of the following most accurately depicts life expectancy in the sixteenth century?
Europeans' chances of living longer improved if they did not go to Africa or the West Indies.
The conquistadors of Spain were financed and outfitted by the Spanish crown.
False
The first European nation to gain control of Southeast Asia's spice trade was the Netherlands.
False
Which of the following was not one of the imports from the Americas to Europe?
Horses.
European Warships
-15th century European ships were small craft with triangular, lateen sails used in the Mediterranean or slow, unwieldy square-rigged vessels operating in the North Atlantic. -16th century, European naval architects began to build caravels -as naval technology progressed, European warships developed in size and firepower
conquistadors
"conquerors." Leaders in the Spanish conquests in the Americas, especially Mexico and Peru, in the sixteenth century. -were a hardy lot of mostly upper-class individuals motivated by a typical 16th-century blend of glory, greed, and religious zeal. -sanctioned by the Castilian crown -financed and outfitted privately, not by the government -superior weapons, organizational skills, and determination brought them success. -
Europe
-15th century Europeans began to embark on a remarkable series of overseas journeys. -attracted to the East because of myths and legends of an exotic land of great riches -14th century the conquests of the Ottoman Turks and then the breakup of the Mongol Empire reduced Western traffic to the East. -the closing of the overland routes, a number of people in Europe became interested in the possibility of reaching Asia by sea. -
Bartolomé de Las Casas (1474-1566)
-Dominican monk who participated in the conquest of Cuba and received land and Indians in return for his efforts -1514, he underwent a radical transformation that led him to believe that the Indians had been cruelly mistreated by his fellow Spaniards -He spent the remaining years of his life (he lived to the age of ninety-two) fighting for the Indians.
Boers
-Dutch farmers the Afrikaans-speaking descendants of Dutch settlers in southern Africa who left the Cape Colony in the nineteenth century to settle in the Orange Free State and Transvaal; defeated by the British in the Boer War (1899-1902) and ultimately incorporated into the Union of South Africa.
Trade
-Muslim ships were transporting a growing percentage of the spice trade. -the foundation of a new sultanate at Malacca -by the thirteenth century Islam had established a presence in seaports on the islands of Sumatra and Java
gold trade
-Portuguese wanted to monopolize the trade in gold, which was mined by Bantu workers in the hills and then shipped to Sofala on the coast -gold trade had been monopolized by local Bantu-speaking Shona peoples at Zimbabwe. -15th century come under the control of a Shona dynasty or Mwene Mutapa -At first, the Mwene Mutapa found the Europeans useful as an ally against local rivals, but by the end of the sixteenth century, the Portuguese had forced the local ruler to grant them large tracts of land. The Portuguese lacked the personnel, the capital, and the expertise to dominate the local trade, however, and in the late seventeenth century, a vassal of the Mwene Mutapa succeeded in driving them from the plateau.
The English and the Dutch
-The primary threat to the Portuguese toehold in Southeast Asia -1591 first English expedition to the Indies through the Indian Ocean returned to London with a cargo of pepper. -1600 a private joint-stock company, the East India Company, was founded to provide a stable source of capital for future voyages. - first Dutch fleet arrived in India in 1595 -1602, the Dutch East India Company was established under government sponsorship -1641, the Dutch seized Malacca, one of the linchpins of Portugal's trading empire in Asia.
The State and The Church in Colonial Latin America
-both Portugal and Spain tried to keep the most important posts of colonial government in the hands of Europeans. -At the head of the administrative system that the Portuguese established for Brazil was the position of governor-general -governor-general developed a bureaucracy but only loose control over the captains-general, who were responsible for governing the districts into which Brazil was divided.
The Spanish
-desired to find a westward route to the East Indies -1494 Treaty of Tordesillas (tor-day-SEE-yass) divided the newly discovered world into Portuguese and Spanish spheres of influence -1519 Spanish fleet /Ferdinand Magellan sailed around the southern tip of South America, proceeded across the Pacific Ocean, and landed in the Philippine Islands -one ship sailed on to the Moluccas and thence around the world via the Cape of Good Hope. -they arrived in Cadiz "with precious cargo and fifteen men surviving out of a fleet of five sail." -1529 sold their rights in the Moluccas to the Portuguese -consolidated their control over the Philippines, which eventually became a major Spanish base in the carrying trade across the Pacific -
portolani
-detailed charts that provided information on coastal contours, distances between ports, and compass readings. -were valuable for voyages in European waters -were of little use for longer overseas voyages because they were drawn on a flat surface and did not account for the curvature of the earth -15th century, cartography had developed to the point that Europeans possessed fairly accurate maps of the known world.
Prince Henry
-established a school for navigators in Portugal in 1419. the Navigator of Portugal -outspoken advocate of European expansion -was motivated by his great desire to make increase in the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ and to bring him all the souls that should be saved.
Latin America
-established by Spain -a colonial empire that included Central America, most of South America, and parts of North America. c. 1500 to 1750. -From the sixteenth century, Latin America was largely the colonial preserve of the Spanish -colonies supplied the Spanish and Portuguese with gold, silver, sugar, tobacco, cotton, and animal hides. -rapidly became a multiracial society -by 1501, Spanish rulers allowed intermarriage between Europeans Indians. -over three centuries as many as 8 million African slaves were brought to Spanish and Portuguese America to work the plantations
The Dutch
-formed Dutch West India Company in 1621 -first Europeans to settle in southern Africa -the company's profits were never large enough to cover its expenditures. -settlements were also established in North America. -second half of 17th century commercial empire in the Americas had begun to decline as years of rivalry and warfare with the English and French took their toll. -1652 set up a way station at the Cape of Good Hope and began to settle outside the city of Cape Town. -the territory was practically the only land south of the Sahara that the Europeans had found suitable for habitation. -1664 English seized New Netherland renamed it New York, -Dutch West India Company soon went bankrupt. -1663, Canada became the property of the French crown and was administered as a French province.
Sonni Ali
-founded The Empire of Songhai -a local chieftain who seized Timbuktu from its Berber overlords in 1468 -sought to restore the formidable empire of his predecessors. -criticized by Muslim scholars for supporting traditional religious practices -died in 1492 and Askia Mohammed seized power
Paramesvara
-founded a new sultanate at Malacca -a vassal of the Hindu state of Majapahit on Java -15th century moved to Malacca to take advantage of its strategic location.
Malacca
-founded by Parmesvara -is a city that was made for commerce - located on the west coast of the Malay peninsula -first emerged as a major trading port in the early fifteenth century -was visited by a Chinese fleet under the command of Admiral Zhenghe -accepted Chinese vassalage and cemented the new relationship by making an official visit to the Ming emperor in Beijing -converted to Islam/enhanced Malacca's ability to participate in the trade that passed through the strait -1511 Control of Malacca not only provided the Portuguese with a way station en route to the Spice Islands, but also gave them a means to destroy the Arab spice trade network by blocking passage through the Strait of Malacca.
Timbuktu
-founded in the 12th century -became a great center of Islamic learning and a fabled city of mystery and riches to Europeans -6th century, Timbuktu was still a major commercial center on the trade route through the Sahara.
Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)
-hoped both to find a Christian kingdom to be an ally against the Muslims and to acquire new trade opportunities for Portugal. -1419 founded a school for navigators
The Slave Trade
-increased during the 16th-18th centuries -thousands-millions were removed and forcibly exported to plantations in the Western Hemisphere. -discovery of the Americas in the 1490s and the planting of sugarcane in South America and the islands of the Caribbean changed the situation. -first were sent from Portugal, but in 1518, a Spanish ship carried the first boatload of African slaves directly from Africa to the Americas. -African slaves were somewhat less susceptible to European diseases than the American Indian populations.
Goa
-on the western coast of India. -where Admiral Afonso de Albuquerque established his headquarters
Askia Mohammed
-one of Sonni Ali's military commanders -a fervent Muslim -seized power as king after the death of Sonni Ali -relied on Islamic institutions and ideology to strengthen national unity and centralize authority -tried to revive Timbuktu as a major center of Islamic learning -many of his subjects—especially in rural areas—continued to resist conversion to Islam. -preside over a significant increase in trans-Saharan trade (notably in salt and gold)-which provided a steady source of income to Songhai -After his death centrifugal forces within Songhai eventually led to its breakup. -In 1591, Moroccan forces armed with firearms conquered the city to gain control over the gold trade in the region.
Spanish and Portuguese
-rulers were determined to convert the indigenous peoples of the Americas to Christianity -sought to profit economically from their colonies
Means
-the expansion of Europe was a state enterprise -European monarchies had increased both their authority and their resources and were in a position to turn their energies beyond their borders. -the invasion of Italy for France, but for Portugal, a state not strong enough to pursue power in Europe, it meant going abroad. The Spanish scene was more complex, since the Spanish monarchy was strong enough by the sixteenth century to pursue power both on the Continent and beyond.
Portugal
-took the lead in exploration when it began exploring the coast of Africa under the sponsorship of Prince Henry the Navigator -1441, Portuguese ships reached the Senegal River, just north of Cape Verde was in search of gold when he found Africans and sold them as slaves to wealthy buyers elsewhere in Europe. -an estimated thousand slaves were shipped annually from the area back to Lisbon. -1471 discovered a new source of gold along the southern coast of the hump of West Africa (an area henceforth known to Europeans as the Gold Coast). -established contact with the state of Kongo, near the mouth of the Congo River in Central Africa, and with the inland state of Benin, north of the Gold Coast. -1498 da Gama's fleet crossed the Arabian Sea and arrived at Calicut on the Indian coast **objective of destroying the Muslim monopoly over the spice trade** -1510 Admiral Afonso de Albuquerque established his headquarters at Goa on the western coast of India. -raided Arab shippers, took about seven vessels, killing those on board and making some prisoner. -1511 Albuquerque seized Malacca and put the local Muslim population to the sword. -1514 sent expeditions to China and to the Spice Islands -signed a treaty with a local sultan for the purchase of cloves for the European market -Portuguese were successful because of guns and seamanship. -did not possess a monopoly on the use of firearms and explosives -used the maneuverability of their light ships to maintain their distance while bombarding the enemy with their powerful cannons. ****The empire was simply too large and Portugal too small to maintain it*** -dominated Brazil
CHRONOLOGY Spanish and Portuguese Activities in the Americas
Christopher Columbus's voyage to the Americas 1492 Portuguese fleet arrives in Brazil 1500 Columbus's last voyages 1502-1504 Spanish conquest of Mexico 1519-1522 Francisco Pizarro's conquest of the Inkas 1531-1536 Viceroyalty of New Spain established 1535 Formal colonial administrative system established in Brazil 1549
Europeans
-were convinced that it was their duty to introduce civilized ways to the heathen peoples they encountered -
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
1651-1695 -nun/became one of seventeenth-century Latin America's best-known literary figures. She wrote poetry and prose and urged that women be educated.
The Portuguese took the lead in exploration along the coast of
Africa.
Which South American country today has Portuguese as its national language, reflecting its colonial history?
Brazil
Which of the following is not true concerning European forays into the New World?
Christopher Columbus explored along the coast of the Yucatan Peninsula.
The Japanese model of Buddhist belief blended with political traditions of
Islam
In 1664, the English seized
New Netherland from the Dutch.
Massacre of the Indians
Spanish attempted to enslave the American peoples and convert them to Christianity. -importation of vast amounts of gold and silver -the increase in liquid capital -precious metals that flowed helped finance the Industrial Revolution
Vasco Núñez de Balboa
Spanish captain -1513, when from a hill on the Isthmus of Panama he first laid eyes on the Pacific Ocean.
With the objective of destroying the Muslim monopoly over the spice trade, which crown sponsored Vasco da Gama's fleet?
The Portuguese
Brevísima Relación de la Destrucción de las Indias
The Tears of the Indians -depicted the Spanish as inherently cruel and murderous fanatics
Already at the beginning of the 16th century, Spanish rulers allowed the intermarriage between Spaniards and the native population in the Americas.
True
What lead to the introduction of African slaves to Central and South America was the decimation of the native Indian population.
True
Historians regard the voyage of which explorer as the crucial step in opening the trade routes to the east?
Vasco da Gama
The Portuguese and Dutch supported rival factions in
Vietnam.
Shortly after its founding, Malacca was visited by
Zhenghe from China.
AmerigoVespucci
a Florentine, accompanied several voyages and wrote a series of letters describing the lands he observed. The publication of these letters led to the name "America" (after Amerigo) for the new lands.
Leo Africanus
a Muslim from the Islamic state of Granada and one of the great travelers of his time. -wrote History and Description of Africa
encomienda
a grant from the Spanish monarch to colonial conquistadors. -the holders of an encomienda were supposed to protect the Indians and supervise their spiritual and material needs. -1542, largely in response to the publications of Bartolome de Las Casa the government abolished the encomienda system and provided more protection for the Indians
Calicut
a major entrepôt on the route from the Spice Islands to the Mediterranean, -the ill-informed Europeans believed it was the source of the spices themselves. -Da Gama returned to Europe with a cargo of ginger and cinnamon that earned the investors a profit of several thousand percent.
East India Company
a private joint-stock company founded in 1600 to provide a stable source of capital for future voyages. -founded by the English and the Dutch
Muslim traders
first Arabs and later African converts -crossed the desert carrying Islamic values, political culture, and legal traditions along with their goods.
The Empire of Songhai
founder was Sonni Ali -under Sonni Ali rule, Songhai emerged as a major trading state -Songhai was the last of the great states to dominate the region of the Niger River valley prior to the European takeover in the nineteenth century.
voyage of Vasco da Gama
has customarily been seen as a crucial step in the opening of trade routes to the East.
creoles
in Latin America, American-born descendants of Europeans -the chief opportunity to hold a government post was in city councils.
Askia Mohammed seized power from Sunni Ali and
increasingly relied on Islamic institutions and ideology.
All of the following are correct about the encomienda system except
it was solely a device to Christianize the Native Americans.
Spice Islands
known today as the Moluccas
Foreign trade in Southeast Asia was
mainly involved in the export of raw materials.
Ultimately Portugal failed to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean because
massive investments in ships and laborers for its empire proved too costly.
caravels
mobile sailing ships with both lateen and square sails that began to be constructed in Europe in the sixteenth century. -combined the maneuverability and speed offered by lateen sails (widely used by sailors in the Indian Ocean) with the carrying capacity and seaworthiness of the square-riggers. -For a century, caravels were the feared "raiders of the oceans." Eventually,
southern Peru
modern Bolivia -where rich silver deposits were exploited
Tumasik
modern Singapore
Which of the following products attracted the greatest European interest in Southeast Asia in the period between 1500 and 1800?
pepper and other spices
The detailed charts that provided information on coastal contours, distances between ports, and compass readings are called
portolani.
Sofala, Kilwa, and Mombasa
ports controlled by Muslim merchants along the coast of East Africa
All of the following were part of the Columbian Exchange except
potatoes and corn were introduced into the Americas from Europe.
Motives of European expansion included
religious zeal.
An influential cargo brought back to Portugal from the West African coastal voyages in 1441 was
slaves.
Under the encomienda system, New World natives were
supposed to be protected by the Spanish.
Where did the primary threat to Portuguese control of Southeast Asia come from?
the English and the Dutch
Marco Polo
the Venetian traveler In 1292 observed that Muslims were engaging in missionary activity in Sumatra
viceroys
the administrative head of the provinces of New Spain and Peru in the Americas. -appointed by the king of Spain to rule his American empire -1st viceroyalties were established for New Spain in 1535 and for Peru in 1543. -were subdivided into smaller units -All of the major government positions were held by Spaniards
Hernán Cortés
the conqueror of Mexico -asked his Spanish rulers if it was not their duty to ensure that the native Mexicans were "introduced into and instructed in the holy Catholic faith.
Columbian Exchange
the exchange of animals, plants, and culture, but also communicable diseases and human populations including slaves, between the Western and Eastern Hemispheres that occurred after Columbus's voyages to the Americas.
A vigorous slave trade developed in Africa after
the expansion of Islam.
Middle Passage
the journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas as the middle leg of the triangular trade. -One reason for these astonishing numbers was the tragically high death rate
Mulattoes
the offspring of Africans and whites -joined mestizos and descendants of whites, Africans, and local Indians to produce a unique multiracial society.
mestizos
the offspring of intermarriage between Europeans, originally Spaniards, and native American Indians
encomienda system
the system by which Spain first governed its American colonies. Holders of an encomienda were supposed to protect the Indians as well as using them as laborers and collecting tribute but in practice exploited them.
Slaves from Africa
were less susceptible to diseases than Native Americans
History and Description of Africa
written by Leo Africanus -discussed the many shops of artificers and merchants (weave, linen, and cotton), all the women of this region, except the maid-servants, go with their faces covered, and sell all necessary victuals. -Corn, cattle, milk, and butter this region yieldeth in great abundance: but salt is very scarce
