World Geography- Ch. 14-20 Pt. 1
When did they direct a communist takeover?
After the SU forces expelled the Germans in 1945
What industries are all sought to modernize their operations?
Agriculture; mining; and heavy industry
What are some things that have been nationalized?
Air France and Health Care
Where did there name come from?
Albonos people
What told of increased stress in Russian people?
Alcoholism, drug abuse, divorce, and suicide
Who was the Czar at the time?
Alexander the First
Who is a famous Macedonian?
Alexander the Great
What was the problem with London architecture and how was it fixed?
All different types, narrow roads; in 1666, 2/3 burned down; no running water to burnt most of city, gave important commissions to rebuilt Cathedral, widen streets and use stone
What are the cities throughout Europe like?
All reflect different time periods
Where is Albania located?
Along Adriatic coast across from Italy; beside the Adriatic Sea in the southwestern part of the Balkan Peninsula
What mountains tower over the landlocked countries of Switzerland and Austria?
Alps
What and where are there mountain ranges in Western Europe?
Alps, Pyrenees separate France from Spain, Central Spanish Plateau, Apennines in Italy, Grampians Highlands in Scotland, Cambrian Mountains in Wales
What province is this located in?
Alsace
What are two provinces of the Rhine Valley?
Alsace and Lorraine
What were other languages spoken in France?
Alsatian, German, Basque, and Breton
What is steppe?
Also south of the tundra, an expansive grassland
What is Orthodox Christian?
Although Communist governments restricted religious activities; democracy has given people more opportunities to practice traditional faith
What is made from the sap of trees?
Amber
What can this land be compared to?
American Midwest
How did this work?
American and British marched from West and Russians from the East
How has Romania's economy improved lately?
An American soft drink maker spent $150 million in Romania to build up its operations there; its investments helped about 25,000 small shops start or stay in business, selling soft drinks
Who gave England their name?
Angles
What did people living in that area begin to build over two thousand years ago?
Began to build low mounds and surrounded them with stone walls to make dry islands on which to live and farm.
What is south of these countries?
Belarus, Ukraine, and Moldova
What was created as a buffer state between France and Germany?
Belgium
What is the capital and largest city?
Berlin
What was taken down?
Berlin Wall
What else was divided into four countries?
Berlin, although in Soviet land
What is Eastern and Central Europe?
Between Europe and Russia, often been unstable
What cities grew dramatically in size as nearby coal fields made them centers of manufacturing?
Birmingham, Sheffield, and Newcastle
What are some of the famous forests?
Black Forests in Germany, Arden Forests in Belgium, Sherwood Forest in England
What is the leading agricultural center known for its wonderful variety of foods?
Bologna
What happened in the second revolution in October?
Bolskeviks seize power, Lennon promises peace, bread, and land
What killed people in Moscow and other Russian cities?
Bombs
What is the capital of Slovakia?
Bratislava
What are their two important peninsulas of France?
Brittany and Normandy
What is the physical characteristics of Eastern and Central Europe?
Broad flat plains, no physical geographic obstacles
What is the french Zone
Brussels
What is the capital?
Bucharest
What is the capital of Hungary?
Budapest
For 700 years, how have the Swiss have established cultural patterns?
By absorbing people from different cultural traditions
Who were they influenced by and why?
Byzantines- byzantine missionaries bring Christianity to Slavic people
What are some of the cities of the French Riviera?
Cannes, Nice, and Saint Tropez
What type of government does Russia have?
Capitalist and elects a president
Where is the Mouth of the Volga River?
Caspian Sea
What did the Irish stay?
Catholics
Who were the first people to settled in Ireland ?
Celtic tribes from Europe settles in Ireland around 300 BC
What is a particle collider?
Channel, propel atoms with others and they fuse
Who were one of the most famous conquerors who became King of the Franks in AD 768?
Charlemagne
Who joined together to stage target attacks in Russia in the late 1990s?
Chechen rebels in Chechnya and nearby Dagestan
What have both of the regions done to fight against the other?
Chechen- attacked theater in Moscow Russians- in school killed children
What remains part of Russia?
Chechnya
What is the soil like the Russian steppes?
Chernozem
What are some of the physical features that separate Scotland from England?
Cheviot Hills and Tweed River
What did the Greek Orthodox priests convert slavs and peopele of the Balkan Peninsula to?
Christianity
Why was their army such a disaster?
4 million men in army, outdated technology, poor leadership, no one to care for crops so food shortage, little Russian industry so no one to make clothing or guns or transportation
What do the elevations of this mountain range get past?
4,000 feet
How long were things like this?
40 years
How many countries does it share a border with?
5
What is the population of Slovakia?
5 million
How many universities does Italy have?
50
How much of the work force have women in Russia made up since WII?
50%
How much of the forests have been destroyed by acid rain and industrial pollution by 1993?
56%
What is the population of Italy?
58 million
What does their technologically powerful economy ranks them globally in terms of GDP?
5th
Out of how many frenchmen is there one Parisian?
6
How many Poles had been killed by the end of the war?
6 million from Poland; about half of them Jews
How many of the people in these regions are Serbs?
6.5 million of the 10.6 million
What is the population of France?
60 million people
What percentage of its land is used for farming?
60%
What was the average life expectancy for males?
61
How much of the population speak German?
64%
How far away if London from the continent of Europe?
70 miles
How much of the Scottish population lives in this region ?
75%
How much of the population lives in cities?
75%
What is the combined populations of the Baltic States?
8 million
How many of Russian residents consider themselves Russians, descendants of Slavic people?
80%
When and why did modern Russia begin?
800s when Slavic people living in Eastern Europe confronted Norsemen, or Vikings, who were sailing along the region's rivers in search of trade routes between Scandinavian and the Black Sea
What ethnic group dominates Hungary's population?
90% Hungarians descended from Magyars who settled in the area in the late 800s
How much railroad miles is in Russia?
93000 miles
What was the Potato Famine in 1840s?
A blight, or plant disease, destroyed potato crop year after year
What is tweed?
A few people produce this type of handwoven, woolen cloth
What is a logical way of thinking about this peninsula
A peninsula, on a peninsula, on a peninsula
When did Russia incorporate other states?
A revolution
How did he eventually lead the nation into economic chaos?
Energy was so scarce that television aired only two hourse each night
What country is Scotland tied to politically?
England
What is the core of the UK?
England
What side did Russia fight on when WWI broke out?
England and France- Triple Antont
What is the Welsh economic history similar too?
England and Scotland
Why is this?
England is the most densely populated area in the British Isles
What new states developed in this time period?
England, France, Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands
What are the three independent countries that make up Great Britain?
England, Scotland, and Wales
What was done with it in the 19th century?
English Noble appreciated Greek architecture and made deal to take carvings off frieze and the Pediment are are in British Museum
What else are Nordic schools required to teach?
English, which helps bridge any linguistic differences
Who else has put investments into Romania?
Entrepreneurs- gogetter individuals who start and build businesses-have made small fortunes selling soft drinks in Romania
Where are large Russian minorities?
Estonia and Lativa
What is one key challenge for the Baltic states?
Ethnic diversity
What are the two continents that is a part of?
Europe and Asia
Who was brought into contact?
Europe and Middle East
What is another name for the country's northern region?
European Italy
Where did others migrate from?
European Russia
Where did they expand Russia?
Expanded control eastward, not to Pacific but into Asia
Why did the Italians gain respect for the human body again and painting humans for the purpose of painting and sculpting humans?
Italians had remains of the Roman Empire because of where it collapsed in Italy and had the information from the Romans; Greek and Romans statues were naked; Middle Ages were religious
What other country did mountains make it difficult to travel to?
Italy
What did this allow?
Italy could then reach a much larger and richer market
Who were the first people to inhabit France?
Gauls
What was the harsh winter of Russia?
General winter because of General Napoleon
How have they taken advantage of the land's geology?
Geothermal energy
What is the language of Austria?
German
What happened during WWII?
German Nazis killed millions of civilians
Who was Catherine the Great?
German Princess; marries Heir to German throne; takes over and becomes Empress of Russia; enlightened Despate
What was the importance of Dresden and porcelain?
German king who offers reward for anyone who copies porcelain, Potter who discovered process
Who did not come under Roman rule?
German states: Barabarians
How are the people of the northern regions culturally different?
Germanic
Who conquered the Western Roman Empire in AD 476?
Germanic tribes
Who were they overrun by in WWII?
Germans
What happened once Napoleon was conquered?
Germans have to decide what to do for government, kept confederation of the Rhine
In both WWI and WWII, who was Belgium over run by?
Germany
Who and when did they invade Russia and learn like France how hard it was to fight because of lack of supply lines?
Germany
Who was Britain challenged by in the late 1800s?
Germany and the US
What happened because of Charlemagne's death?
Germany broke up into many small, independent political units
What was the outcome?
Germany defeated France
What is Deutschland?
Germany in German
Who did Austria-Hungary fight alongside?
Germany in WWI
What is Hamburg?
Germany's largest port and second largest city
Who did they fight against in WWI?
Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Turks
Where is the heaviest industry centered?
Germany, Belgium, northern France has heaviest industry
Who does this country have close ties to?
Germany, France, and Belgium because of location
What was called for in 1989?
A wave of demonstrations calling for democracy swept through Eastern Europe and overturned East Germany's Communist Government
What happened when oil was discovered?
Aberdeen became the Houston of Scotland- center of oil industry
Where have the monuments of this city?
Acropolis
Where does the coast line stretch from?
Across the English Channel, Atlantic Ocean, and down to Bay of Biscay
Who came to power in early 1930s?
Adolf Hitler and his Nazis party
What is taken at age of 18?
Advanced Level exams
Where are many of the islands?
Aegean Sea
What was the official national airline?
Aeroflot
Who did they invade in 1980 and what happened?
Afghanistan and lost to Afghanistan
What is a result of the last Ice Age?
Glaciers carved out thousands of lakes across the peninsula, removed topsoil and other materials and deposited them in Denmark and other parts of Western Europe; when glaciers advanced, they carved out deep valleys, created flooded glacial valleys, known as fjords
Where is the population stretched from?
Glasgow and Edinburgh
Where did the Turkish Ottoman Empire stretch from?
Going cross the Bosporus Strait (Constantinople), into Balkans, through Asia Minor, down eastern Mediterranean
What are other deposits?
Gold, platinum, and zinc
What are some of the minerals found in Siberia?
Gold, silver, platinum, and zinc, petroleum, and natural gas
Who resigned at the end of 1991?
Gorbachev
What do most European cities have in the center?
Gothic Cathedrals
Why did the Romans collapse?
Government
What is the mountain range found in the North?
Grampian Mountains
What was French army?
Grande Army
What is the largest island on the British Isles?
Great Britain
What makes up the United Kingdoms?
Great Britain and Northern Ireland
What makes it difficult to maintain good transportation routes?
Great size and harsh climates
Why does Greece not fit into any specific regional group?
Greece has strong geographical and historical ties to the Mediterranean; Greece is now a member of both EU and NATO; Greece is the birthplace of a culture that reached full expression in Western Europe/ Greece shares its northern borer with the region of Eastern Europe occupied by Albania, Bulgaria, and the former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia/ On the east it meets the Southwest Asian nation of Turkey
What is a result of this?
Greek cities isolated from one another and politically independent; each independent city was own state with separate Government, same gods and language though
What is the capital?
Grozny
What is another name for the Romanian population?
Gypsies
How did they maintain a huge military complex?
Had military parades
Why did the Germans want camps in Poland?
Had to go through Germany
What is a major city of the North?
Hamburg
Who was the ruling power long ago?
Hasberg
What had happened by his death in 814?
He controlled a huge empire
What happened to Mary Queen of Scots?
Head cut off in tower of London, execution was ordered by Queen Elizabeth
How did World War I start?
Heir to Austrian throne, France Ferdinand, was driving in Serbia Nephew was sent to Serbia for goodwill visit;Him and wife were driving in open convertible, Serbian nationalist shot him from a coffee shop, Shoots Ferdinand and Sophie;Austria demands something of Austria and they met all but one of the demands; Austria pronounced war on Serbia;Germany declared war on Russia; Serbia is Slovak, like Russia, if Austria declared war on Serbia, Nicholas mobilize Russian services which caused war to begin
What is Classical Greece?
Hellenic
What was Macedonia?
Hellenistic
What are the three regions of Wales?
Highlands in north, lowlands in south coast near Cardiff, and Cambrian Mountains in central Wales
What are the three different areas that make up the English landscape?
Highlands, Midlands, and Lowlands
What rings most of the coastline?
Hills
What was this known as?
Holocaust- the destruction of human life; derives from a Greek word that means a fire that burns something completely
What were the Iliad and the Odyssey?
Homer's epic poems about the Trojan War and the fall of Troy, remain popular centuries after they were composed
Who was chosen by the nobles in 987 as their new king?
Hugh Capet, the ruler of Paris and the lands around it
What is the climate of Southwestern Russia?
Humid continental
It was not until 1990 when they were able to do what?
Hungarian voters able to freely elect their first non-Communist government in over forty years
What was separated?
Hungary and Austria
In 1562, where did the Austrian Hapsburg emperors gain control of?
Hungary, the Czech lands, and Slovakia
Where did the Barbarians cross?
Huns pushed them across the Rhine and English Channel
Who were the next people to invade in the 4th century?
Huns, who were Asian nomadic, migrated West
How did Britain's relative location improve?
Ideal location for trade as trade across the Atlantic increased
When was Switzerland formed?
In 1291 when leaders of three cantons, or states, formed when the Swiss Confederation to fight an Austrian emporer
How has the Alps hindered movement between France and Italy?
In 1787, Horace de Saussure climbed to the top. His vision was completed in 1965, when engineers dug a highway tunnel through Mont Blanc, which straddles the border between France and Italy
What was the French Revolution?
In 1789, the monarchy came to a violent and bloody end, tried to become a Republican
When was the Trans-Siberian Railroad completed?
In 1904
What did the Allies do with Germany?
In 1949, Western Leaders established democratic country of the Federal Republic of Germany- West Germany and the Soviets set up Communist German Democratic Republic- East Germany
Where did conflicts spur between the new nations?
In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Muslims, ethnic Croats, and ethnic Serbs battled for power for four years
Where is most of the population?
In European Russia
What was the Great Patriotic War?
In May 1945, Soviet troops controlled German Capital, Berlin. More than 20 million Soviet troops and civilians died during this war
What does this mean?
In colder areas, dense stands of conifers, such as pines, firs, larches, and ceders, are common
Where is it located?
In north, even past Arctic circle in some parts
How did Portugal establish many new colonies?
In the 15th century when Portugal explored new sea routes to East Asia around AFrica
What was the beginning of the country of Italy?
In the 1861, the states in the northern parts of the peninsula joined together to form the country of Italy
How does altitude affect vegetation and animals?
In the Alps, few plants and animals live above the tree line. Below the tree line, grassy meadows support cows, sheep and other grazing animals
What was the Protestant Reformation?
In the early 1500s, groups in Europe tries to change some of the Church's practices and started a reform movement known as the Reformation; they broke with the Catholic Church and formed new Christian Church known as Protestant
What is one danger of this
In the spring, when ice begins to thaw and shift. Truckers must be careful to gauge the thickness of the ice, or risk losing their cargoes in the rivers
Where do traditional ways continue?
In villages and rural areas
What development took place earlier in SLovenia than in other parts of the Balkan Peninsula
Industrial
What was happening during the same time?
Industrial Revolution- most Western European countries had a constitutional monarchy
What caused the country's currency was stabilized?
Inflation levels dropped
What had happened because Ireland has adopted the euro in 1999?
Inflation rose to 6.2%, housing costs skyrocketed, some people worry about growing income gap between workers in the new economy and those in traditional service industry
What were they called?
Inteligencia
What depleted resources and hurt the environment?
Intense industrialization
What are two examples of varying climates?
Irkutsk, Russia is in Siberia and endured the coldest winters; Budapest, Hungary enjoys milder climates
What is their religion?
Islam
What were the Tatars of Russia converted to?
Islam
What type of government do they now have?
It now has a democratic government, although some former Communists still are politically
Why is farming suited in the east and northeast?
It tends to become poor and sandy
How did the Roman Catholic Church continue to play an important role in everyday lives of most people although the government tried to stamp out religion?
It unified the Poles as it always had, even when there was no Polish nation; Catholic leaders worked out an uneasy compromise with the Communist government leaders that allowed churches to remain open
What is a majority of the population?
Italian
Where were they originally from?
Italian Peninsula
Who have built factories and to take advantage of what?
Italian and Greek manufacturers in order to take advantage of the low wages
How did creativity also play a role in the industrial boom?
Italian businesses develop new styles, designs, and methods for making their products.
What was affect on Italy?
Italian merchants sell to Constantinople and trade with Arabs, who traded with Chinese
How did Italy turned its geographic disadvantages into opportunities in the 1950s?
Italy was largely agricultural and relatively poor, but it worked hard to help form the organization now called the EU
Why did Italian industries boom?
Italy was poor, its workers were willing to work for low wages. Italian goods could be sold at low prices
What is the climate that is a result of the Alps?
Italy's climate south of the Alps is Mediterranean- hot and dry summers and mild and wet in winter
What ave these commercial industries boosted?
Italy's steel industry and helped the growth of many smaller factories that supply parts and machines
What are the two reasons that Rome was chosen as the capital in the late 1800s?
Its location was central and it had been the capital of the Roman Empire and its history symbolized the glory that the Italians hoped to restore to their new nation
Which was older?
Ivan the Great
Who were the majority of people killed?
Jewish
Who did he blame for all of Germany's problems?
Jews and other people whom he considered to be racially inferior
Who did he have killed?
Jews, Poles, Gypsies, Slavs, and other people killed in concentration camps
Who were some philosophers?
John Locke and Voltaire
When and how were they brought over?
Julius Cesar brought them in 40BC
Who were they afraid of?
KGB; special agents
What are some Peninsulas in Russia?
Kamchatka and Vladivostok
Who were the strongest Russian warriors?
Kazakhs, who were descendants of Mongols
What is considered the origin of Russia?
Kiev
What is the current Ukraine capital?
Kiev
What is the modern Ukraine capital that was once the capital of Russia?
Kiev
What was a major city that it now in Ukraine?
Kiev
What were later connected to form one large state?
Kiev and Moscow
Who declared himself the ruler of Ireland in 1171?
King Henry II of England
Who made it the capital in 1561?
King Phillip II
Why were some people able to get out before Hitler invaded Poland?
Knew that he wanted to expand Germany, knew he had to go east, people that took him seriously knew that Poland would be invaded
What was Serbia willing to grant?
Kosovo independence
What is there large Muslim population like?
Kosovo people has large Muslim pop
In recent years, what type of population have they absorbed?
Kosovo refugees
What is another major city?
Krakow
Who farmed and what did this do to people of Russia?
Kulaks of southern Russia who were successful farmers, productive, tight nit culture; Resisted collectivation and entire towns were eliminated
How have the animals been affected?
Large wild animals, such as bison, as well as many smaller animals that once roamed freely over Europe have lost habitats, many can now only be found in large preserves or in zoos
What did the Romans bring?
Latin language and roman government
What people were they?
Latin people
What was the language of the Romans?
Latin route: Romans Language
What is France a mix of?
Latin, German, and Gaelic
What commonalities did they provide for Western Europe?
Latin, same gods, same culture, Roman law and government
Who was it led by?
Lech Walsea
What are some of the cities that these things are produced in?
Leipzig and Dresden and in surrounding area
What are the two other names of St. Petersberg?
Leningrad and Petrograd
Who was one of the leader's pen name?
Lennon
What is found in this area?
Lichen moss, few population centers in far reaches
What is the Russian port of Vyborg?
Lies on the Gulf of Finland; for centuries, Russian leaders have sought ports that can be open to sipping throughout the year
What now plays a major role in Portugal's economy?
Like Spain, industry
What became the leading port of the new nation?
Lisbon, Portugal's capital
Who gained their independence after WWI?
Lithuania, Lativa, and Estonia
What is Lake Baikal?
Located in southeastern Siberia, Lake Baikal is the world's deepest lake ad the largest freshwater lake, holding some 20 percent of the world's fresh water
What was the most important?
London
Who led Hungary into Independence?
Louis Casov at the end of WWI
What else are they called?
Low Countries because so much of their land is low and flat
What religion are most Estonians and Lativans?
Lutheran
What religion were most Nordic people?
Lutheran Church, first established during the Reformation
Who was their first invader?
Macedonia: Greek speaking, Empire east of Greece, all the way to outskirts of India
What is the capital and largest city?
Madrid
What did Ukrainians sometimes call their country?
Malaya Russiya- "Little Russia"
Who is the dominant sex?
Males, Women are expected to be house caretaker
What is a result of this?
Many Lativans favor measures that would limit the extent of Russian influence in the country
What are the British Isles?
Many islands clustered off the northwest coast of Europe
What became major sources of fruits and vegetables?
Many soviet farmers were permitted to cultivate gardens on small plots of land
Who is one example of someone who spread ideas?
Marco Polo
What is the location good for?
Maritime trade and prosperous
What are the industries?
Maritime, traders
How is it not practical for roadways?
More than three quarters of all raw materials come from Siberia, where winter frosts buckle and pulverize concrete, and summer thaws turn roadways into mushy swamps
What did Napoleon capture?
Moscow
What is the current capital of Russia?
Moscow
What is the modern capital of Russia?
Moscow
Where is the famous theater Bolshoi? Where is Mariinsky?
Moscow; St. Petersberg
What was the Cold War?
Most of Western Europe and Eastern Europe were caught up in a tense rivalry, which lasted until 1989; after this new countries emerged because of the separation of older countries that were communist of Soviet satellites and SU collapsed
What happened because He and the US pres became friends?
Recognize basic freedom such as Glasnost- "openness" freedom of speech and Perestroika- Introduce capitalism into economy; economic reassurance
Who was there a war between?
Reds (bolsheviks) and Whites (all other people)
What is Florence the site of?
Renaissance, trade with Byzantines and textiles made more people wealthy, used money to build villas in countryside and for decorations, Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel after being commissioned by the Pope
Who are some of their greatest heroes who are philosophers?
Rene Descartes, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Voltaire
How does the castle represent Spain's history?
Represents Castile and the hundreds of years of war that are a part of Spain's history
What river separates French and Germany?
Rhine
What rivers flow through this hilly land?
Rhine and Danube
Where is the Rhine and the Elbe rivers?
Rhine- Germany and France Eble- east
Who was the last Plantagent King and what was the plantagent house?
Richard III and rose to prominence in the High Middle Ages as a royal dynasty that endured until the end of the Late Middle Ages through the cadet branches of the House of York and House of Lancaster. Geoffrey V of Anjou is considered to have founded the dynasty with his marriage to Matilda who was the daughter of Henry I of England.
Where did they cross into the Roman Empire?
Rine River
What are some ways that people traveled through the North European Plain?
Rivers such as the Rhine have long provided travelers and merchants with access to interior lands
What is the religion of the majority of Lithuanians?
Roman Catholic
Who had directed religious affairs in Western Europe until 1500?
Roman Catholic Church
What is the religion and alphabet of the Cyrillic alphabet?
Roman Catholic and use the Latin alphabet
What religion are most Hungarians?
Roman Catholic, except under Soviet control
What was Baths?
Roman baths consumed this city
What are the two biggest countries in the Balkan Peninsula?
Romania and Ukraine
Who declared Independence from the Ottomans in the late 1800s?
Romania, Serbia, and Bulgaria
What ethnic group are most of the population in?
Romanian
What was brought with the end of SU?
Romanian again became the language used in schools
What has Romania 's economy been like despite there natural resources?
Romanian people have been impoverished in recent decades
Who was the last ruling family?
Romanov: final dynasty
What are the two main types of languages in Western Europe?
Romans and Germaine
Who were the next to conquer the land?
Romans in first century BC by Julius Cesar
What was one of the most important civilizations that was influenced?
Rome
What does Central Italy consist of?
Rome and the surrounding regions
What is another German port?
Rostock in eastern Germany, tribute to German achievement after WWII
Who are some important composers?
Rostropovich
How have they learned to make good use of their location on the North Sea?
Rotterdam and Amsterdam are both important ports
Who was Alex I?
Ruled during Napoleon, Defeated Napolean, Revolution, the Decembirised Revolt, occurred under rule
Who is an Enlightened Despate?
Ruler who rules without any length to her rule
What is the world's largest country in terms of land area?
Russia
What is the world's largest nation?
Russia
What nationality makes up a significant percentage of the population of Lativa and Estonia?
Russia
Which was the most powerful?
Russia
Who does it have an affinity (A spontaneous or natural liking or sympathy for someone or something) for?
Russia
Who else is a Slavic country?
Russia
Who lost the Russian-Japanese war in 1904?
Russia
What were the two countries that Napoleon didn't defeat?
Russia and England
Who do they maintain strong with?
Russia and other nations in Central and Eastern Europe
What is the religion of Russia?
Russian Orthodox
What religions were targeted?
Russian Orthodox, Jewish, Muslim and other religious leaders
Although they are frozen many months of the year, what has been an important trade route?
Russian Rivers
What did the Byzantine missionaries bring?
Russian an alphabet, Greek Like, Surilik
What resulted in Czech and Slovak leaders working together on a velvet divorce, creating two separate countries in 1993- the Czech and Slovak republics?
Slovaks increasingly felt that the Czech dominated government did not serve their interests adequately
Who grew restless first?
Slovenia
Why did no one take them on?
So fierce
Who on a large majority of the votes?
Solidarity candidates
Since the late 1980s, the economies of Central Europe and Northern Eurasia have moved from communism to what?
Some form of capitalist
What is the cause of many southerners migrating to northern Italy?
Some heavy industries located here after WWII but have suffered in recent decades
Where are these cities located near?
Sources of raw materials
What were these states called?
Soviet Republics
What did the Russians have to transition from after Soviet control?
Soviet command economy to a market economy
What style of industrialization did the first Communist leader oversee?
Soviet-style
What are the dominant countries of the Iberian Peninsula?
Spain and Portugal
Why is it said that Europe ends at the Pyrenees?
Spain and Portugal are thought of as isolated from the rest of Europe and is revealed in its histories and in the distinct characters of the two places
How is Spain geographically like a castle?
Spain is like a well-guarded castle; Pyrenees Moutnaisn block easy passage across the nation's only land border with the rest of Europe. Approaches by water are no easier. Steep cliffs rise directly from the water along large stretches of the coastline. Elsewhere coastal plains are very narrow
Where is there a Mediterranean climate?
Spain, Italy, Greece
Who have they been controlled by?
Spain, them independant
Where is there swampland?
Spanish coast, Britain, France
What city had a king?
Sparta
Which one was militaristic?
Sparta
Who won the Peloponnesian War, Although they both were eventually destroyed?
Sparta
What was the rival city?
Sparta, found on the Peloponnesian Peninsula, which is one on the Greek Peninsula
What are the two main structures of Vatican City?
St. Peters Basilica and the Vatican Museums
What is the Czar capital?
St. Petersberg
What is the Czaric capital?
St. Petersberg
What is the cultural capital of Russia?
St. Petersberg
What was built on the Baltic?
St. Petersberg
Under which ruler?
Stalin
What was Destalinization?
Stalin's successor began undoing Stalin's work to Russia
What have produced jobs in Lille?
Steel mills, textile factories, and chemical plants
What is the major port of the Rhine?
Strasbourg
What was their strategy?
Strategy was to intimidate with head dress and war cry, if didn't work then steal, burn down city, then say, "we will be back, if you have 9 chests of gold, we will spare, if not, it will happen again."
What is the North European Plain?
Stretches eastward from France to Northern Eurasia.
What are some of the different climate of Central Europe and Northern Eurasia?
Subarctic, Tundra, and humid continental, Marine west coast, humid subtropical, semiarid, Mediterranean,
What do the French call Switzerland?
Suisse
What nickname has the soil given this area?
The breadbasket of Europe
How did Russia control nearly all of Northern Eurasia?
The czars conquered and annexed the homelands of more than one hundred different ethnic groups
What do experts predict what would happen in 2025?
The economy of Romania would be as good as the terrible economy of 1989
What is the general pattern of physical characteristics?
The land is flat in the west ad rises higher toward the east and south
What is the landscape of Portugal?
The northeastern corner of the country is mountainous, but the land slopes gently toward the Atlantic Ocean
What are the three regions of Scotland's landscape?
The northern highlands, the central lowlands, and the southern uplands
What is the common historical experience that they all share?
The peoples of this region have all known the ordeal of foreign domination; for 500 years they were ruled by the Turks, whose influence can be seen there to this day
Why is it called the European Italy?
The provinces in this region are located close to the rest of Europe, and they resemble Central European countries more than other Italian provinces do
What is the Mezzogiorno?
The southern region of Italy and includes the islands of Sicily and Sardinia
How are these countries not the same as countries of Central and Eastern Europe that were dominated by the SU from the late 1940s?
These countries are independent; to their east lay European states that officially were republics within the SU until that nation broke apart in 1991
What covers the Italian Peninsula?
They and other highlands cover much of the Italian peninsula, leaving the narrow coastal plains as the country's only flat land
What happened to most of the Polish Jews?
They were executed to escaped before the German occupation took place
What was a Keiser Reick?
Thousand year reign, three Reicks in History : Holy roman Empire, Keiser Rick, Hitler wanted to be thirs
Who was the Prime Minister in 1999?
Tony Blair
What was the White Tower?
Tower in London that was built by them and is 1000 years old, used as a prison
What is the Chunnel?
Train from London to Paris
What created Yugoslavia and Czech Slovakia?
Treaty of Versailles that ended WWI
How was this proved wrong?
Tree rings and ice-core samples date the eruption on Thera to more than one hundred years before the collapse of the Minoan Culture,
What plant and animal life inhabit Italy?
Trees that once covered many hillsides have been cleared for space and fuel over the centuries. Only scrub vegetation remains. In addition, large volumes of soil have eroded through overgrazing by goats and sheep
What was the title of a Russian king?
Tsar or Czar
What is the tundra like?
Tundra and lakes are distinguishing characteristics of Northern Eurasia; polar condition in northern Russia discourage all but the toughest grasses, mosses, and lichens, which grow during the short summer
Who were the second invaders?
Turks of the Ottoman Turks; 1453; Constantinople now Istanbul; almost four centuries
What countries or areas give children free primary and secondary education?
US and Western Europe
Where did they control from?
Ukraine to Pacific
What countries form the border region between Russia and the rest of Europe?
Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova
What happened after Russia became the Communist SU?
Ukrainians often suffered from harsh government policies
Who are some of these groups?
Ukrainians, Belarussians, and closely related Slavic groups
How did the fall of communism affect health care?
Under communism, central government provided health care to nearly all their citizens. Today, the nations of the region are struggling to build health care systems
What is the famous university in northern Italy?
University of Bologna, more than 900 years old
What is the difference between Alps and Massif Central?
Unlike the Massif Central, the Alps are a long range of towering, snowcapped mountains
How long did the Soviet system remain in place?
Until 1991
What marks the border between Europe and Asia?
Ural Mountains
How were colonies established?
Using new technologies, these new nations were able to explore and establish colonies in other parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, and the America
When did other cultures put their stamp on Greece?
Usually through military conquest while the influence of ancient Greek culture spread through Western Europe
Who did they repeatedly defend them selves from around AD 800 to 1014?
Vikings
Who were the last Barbarians?
Vikings
What was a result of this contact?
Vikings began settling in Russian cities
Who were the Rus?
Vikings called Slavic people
What is the biggest?
Volga
What are two other cities?
Volgograd and Stalingrad
What is an example of Germany's Automobile industry?
VolksWagon was "the people's car"
What breaks out in 1914?
WWI
When were the last two invasions?
WWI and WWII
What did this begin?
WWII
When was it damaged?
WWII
What are these regions?
Wallonia, Flanders, Brussels
What is the Flemmish Zone?
Walloonia
What do they call themselves?
Walloons
Who is considered more sophisticated?
Walloons
Who had been elected president by the end of 1990?
Walsea
How are the Polish people uncertain about their future?
Walsea was removed from office in 1995; unemployment remained huih at nearly 20%; coalition government followed
What is capital?
Warsaw and located in Western Central Poland
What type of government was set in 1500s?
Welsh representatives have sat in Parliament
What was the difference between West and East?
West was improving standard of living and much more freedom
Where does it get colder?
Western Russia
Why is Greece considered a Western nation?
Western culture has so many of its roots in ancient Greece: democratic government are based on Greek ideals
What do they think will bring dramatic changes not just to Romania, but to all of Eastern Europe?
Western investment, and the multiplier effect
What dominate Donana National Park in southern Spain?
Wetlands, pine forests, and sand dunes
What are their important crops?
Wheat and rive
What is grown?
Wheat, corn, and barley grow on flat lands, olive oil from the south, port wine from the northern valleys near the city of Oporto, Cork and cork products made from the bark of oak trees
How did this play an important role in the break up of West and East Germany?
When East Germany cut its connections with West Germany, it lost access to West German ports, needing an outlet to the sea for shipping, the East Germans dug a new harbor at Rostock, creating a major port on the Baltic Sea
How did the Russians force the French to retreat?
When Russians retreated they burned the city to deprive the French of the needed materials
When did the valley become Italy's most productive agricultural area?
When drainage improved in the Middle Ages
What is a basic history of the Balkan Peninsula?
Where Asia and Europe meet, cross roads for invaders; Mongols, Turks, and Germans invaded; diverse; pockets of ethnicities; different religion and physical characteristics of people; want right to self determination, self decision making
What effect has erosion had on the coast of Europe, such as the Orkney Islands in the British Isles?
Where waves hit the shore, the process of erosion chips away at the stone and earth, sea stacks are created
What was Yugoslavia?
While became a communist country; only communist country that wasn't truly a Communist country; own government and decisions; only because of strength of the leader
What was the Renaissance?
a great period of art and learning that started in Italy in the 1300s and was diffused throghout Europe
What did these poems provide?
a guide for moral behavior and were the corner-stone of a proper education
What is the shape of Ireland?
a huge bowl
What is their language?
a language derived from Latin
What are some of their problems associated with?
a large population, including heavy traffic and air pollution
What does geothermal energy account for?
a large share of the power used for heat and electricity in Iceland
How many Northern Ireland's people are Protestant?
a little over half
What region is found south of the highlands?
a long lowland region
What is Plaid?
a long piece of fabric that gathered for the skirt
What did the government change into and the country change to?
a loose federation and the Yugoslav name was dropped
What is a confederation?
a loose organization of states united for a common good
What is the landscape?
a mixture of older peaks worn down by time and newer, sharper peaks that are not yet eroded
What are the Alps?
a mountain range separating Italy from countries to the north, run through Austria, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, and France
What is a Glen?
a narrow valley
What came with independence?
a number of challenges and opportunities
What did Belarus and Russia sign in 1996?
a pact to form a "union state" that would strengthen political, cultural, and economic ties;
Where is it locate?
a part of Greece known as Sterea Hellas
What is Wales?
a peninsula of the island of Great Britain
What is the landscape of the middle of the island?
a plain that drains into the River Shannon
What did Moldova reject despite strong ties?
a proposal to unify this new nation with Romania in 1994
What is Kosovo officially known as?
a province of Serbia
What happened when things got bad?
a representative of the Duma met with the Czar and tells him to give up throne; he gives up throne and the Duma takes place of Czar- calls themselves provisional government
What was it during Classical Greece?
a state
What signaled that the systems was on verge of collapse?
a strike staged by health care workers
What makes the Czech progress likely?
a strong industrial base and skilled work force
What is needed since it is an island?
a strong navy and merchant marine for trade
What is Impressionism?
a style of art that these painters were leaders in
What is the importance of the castle on the Spanish Coat of Arms?
a symbol of Spain's history and its physical characterstics
What is the key part of the nation's education system?
a system of national examinations
What is between the Alps and the Mediterranean sea in southeastern France?
a thin stop of low-lying coastal land
What is tundra?
a treeless plain in arctic areas where short grasses and mosses grow, is found where the region touches the Arctic Ocean
What have the deep roots of the grasses formed?
a very rich soil
How many subjects are covered?
about 10
How many Jews from across Europe were killed?
about 6 million
How much of the population live in England?
about 80%
Altogether, how much of Russia is covered by these trees?
about half of Russia's landscape
What is peat?
about one sixth of the islands are covered by this, a spongy material containing waterlogged mosses and plants
How was Russia behind?
absolute Monarchy, no industry
What did French kings exercise for the next 200 hundred years?
absolute control over thei rlands
What type of monarchs are Russian Czars?
absolute monarchs
What has acid rain killed?
acres of forest
What did the next four or five czars consolidate their power?
across northern Eurasia taking control of Finland, the Crimea Peninsula on the Black Sea, and far eastern Siberia
What does Austria have that Swiss doesn't?
added benefit of some mineral resources
Why is London the capital of trade?
advantage over Dover and other southern coastal ports, the hills along the English Channel drop sharply, forming steep cliffs that plunge straight down to the water, although, LONDON is located on the Thames River since the Thames Valley was formed the level of the Atlantic Ocean has risen, the result is an estuary which allows boats to sail in the port of London
When did exports increase significantly?
after Poland joined the EU in 2004
When did the empire fall apart?
after his death
When did the Italian Peninsula separate into political units?
after the Roman Empire collapsed in the 5th century
When did engineers learn this tactic?
after the first tall buildings erected on permafrost collapsed when their heat thawed the soil around their foundations
What is the relation between US and Britain?
after the war of 1812, good financial and military relationship
When did a 1995 peace treaty divide the nation into two roughly equal parts: one controlled by Bosniaks and Croats and the other controlled by Bosnian Serbs?
after vicious fighting and many failed efforts to end the strife
What type of region was it originally?
agricultural
What is Portugal's economy based mainly on?
agriculture
What is the climate and soil like in southern France?
air is warmer and soil is dryer
What is a result of exhaust?
air pollution sits in a fog over cities
What happened during the enlightenment?
all men have right to live, own property, happiness, equal treatment under the law; writing; reforms and gives up power; realize responsibility of king to people- before people served him
Why were there no homeless, starving, and hurt people?
all people had care at hospital, lower quality service, but to all people
What did a framework agreement to end the conflict decentralizing control state?
allowed Albanian to be recognized as an official language in areas where ethnic Albanians make up to more than 20% of the population
Where did most Slavic people settle?
along river systems
What comes during the summer?
alpine wildflowers cover the mountain slopes
What is the same about Wales?
also has a culture pattern distinct from that of England
What is the Black Sea?
an Inland Sea, or a sea that is almost completely surrounded by land; during the winter, cold northerly winds bring storm; warm summers, however, have encourages the development of beach resorts like Sozopol, Bulgaria
What trees do more protected regions have?
an abundance of deciduous trees such as aspen, birches, oaks, maples, and poplars
What did parts of Ukraine suffer serious environmental damage in 1986 from?
an accidental explosion destroyed a nuclear reactor at Chernobyl, sending a cloud of radiation into the air
What was done to try to stop these violent outbreaks?
an agreement signed in 1998 offered a solid chance for peace
What did NATO forces launch?
an air campaign to drive Serbian forces from the region
What is the landscape?
an arch formed by the Carpathian Mountains; rugged peaks in north to the plans of the Danube in the south
What is Vatican City?
an area inside the city of Rome
What did Charlemagne set up under his reign?
an efficient government
What did Russia establish over the next few centuries?
an empire stretching from the Baltic and Black seas to the Pacific Ocean
What is Solidarity?
an independent Polish workers' labor union; it gained worldwide recognition in 1980 when its members stages a strike by shipyard workers in the Baltic Port of Gdansk
What does Norden mean?
ancient word meaning "Northlands"
What did the East German leaders do?
announced that the borders would be opened
What even happens today?
any laws passed by the national government must be ratified by popular vote if enough Swiss citizens so request
What allowed the leaders of the Roman Catholic Church in 1100s to construct soaring cathedrals, such as in Chartres France?
architectural developments
What are Grabens?
areas of land that have dropped down between faults, they are flooded
What are bogs?
areas of wet spongy ground
What are the people of Eastern and Central Europe?
armies and nomadic tribes have moved through this land for generation; people and languages come and go
Where were most ethnic groups centered?
around Bosnia in the beginning
Where is it built?
around a harbor where the Elbe Rivers flow into the North Sea
What is the landscape in the northeast?
around the Baltic Sea, thousands of lakes break up the landscape
What is their major industrial center in the north?
around the city of Bilbao
What had the Greeks made important advancements in?
art and science
What does the Rhine River form?
as Europe's busiest waterway, forms part of France's border with Germany
Why do Albanians often feel threatened by their neighbors?
as a people living in a small nation with a distinctive culture
How were the trees used?
as fuel, construction purposes
How high can these peaks reach?
as high as 18000 feet
What did cities act like over the next 1300 years?
as independent states
Where do climatic conditions tend to become more severe?
as one moves north
How did most people work?
as serfs, or really slaves, even needed landowner's permission to marry
When are the first series of exams taken?
at 16
What does "Europe End"?
at the Pyrenees
When were Austria's current borders created?
at the end of WWII
What religion were Russians?
atheist
How are these created?
atomic particles from the sun attracted by the magnetic fields of the North Pole, break through the Northern atmosphere
What has helped the Poles and many other nationalities retain their identity as a people?
attachment to the land
Why did other cantons join?
attracted by the growing strength of the confederation
What is the French Riviera?
attracts millions of tourists each year
What had Russian rulers established by 1700s?
authority over the region
What was the reign of Czars like?
autocrat rules without boundaries, serfs are tied to the land
What are the highlands?
band of hills running the length of England's west coast, older and harder rock formations in this region have been worn down by centuries of weathering
What does the eastern part contain large deposits of?
bauxite, coal, and iron ore that support Hungary's aluminum and steel industries
What is this a result of?
bears the marks of the heavy glaciers that moved across the northern part of Great Britain during the last ice age
What animals does their ecosystem support?
bears, deers, reindeer, foxes, rodents, birds, badgers
What happened once they had one?
became bitter rivals
Why did we not know about the USSR?
because kept such tight controls that nothing went out of country
Why was it not considered an empire?
because of lack of common government
Why is Italy's survival as a unified nation impressive?
because of the striking difference that exist among its many regions
Despite their treaty what did they?
began building tanks little by little; created jobs to meet demands of military, nationalized the industries, taxed people; took Jews items for money
Starting in the late 1300s, what did Russian princes do in Moscow?
began two centuries of fighting to repel the Mongols because princes gained enough power and strength to fight back
What were the Russian Czar Autocratic Divine Right Monarchs?
believed to be appointed by God, only answer to God, no one who could say something opposite of the Czars
How many Ukrainians died from the resulting famine?
between 5 and 8 million
Who sailed from the fjords and inlets of Southern Norden?
between AD 800 and 1050, Vikings
What relationship then grew tense?
between Flems and Walloons
What is another major railway?
between Lake Baikal and the Amur River, near the Pacific coast
How are they divided culturally?
between the descendants of native Celtic peoples and the descendants of English and Scottish immigrants
What have they received money for since the end of communism in the 1990s?
billions of dollars from foreign nations and from Albanians who have relocated to live in other countries
What often occurred between the cities?
bitter rivalry and fighting among the states
What as another reason for their retreat?
bitterly cold, vast distance; no supplies
What were some accomplishments?
black and reed pottery; sculptures of human form
What have extremist done to try to win control of Northern Ireland?
bombings, hunger strikes, and gun battles
Where are the Pyrenees?
border between Spain and France
What is the Rhine river?
border with Germany, major transport
Who were Ivan the Great and Ivan the Terrible?
both strong and brutal czars- Village giving Ivan the Terrible trouble, so sent troops to completely wipe out city
What is common to obtain treatment?
bribing the medical staff
What is taiga?
broad forested zone; "land of little sticks"
What are steppes?
broad open stretches
What is the landscape of Romania?
broad plains with fertile soil along the Danube River; farther north, the foothillls of the Carpathian Mountains run through Romania hold many minerals
What is much of Central Europe and Northern Eurasia covered by?
broad plants and gently rolling hills; movement in this region has been fairly easy throughout history
What are moors?
broad, treeless rolling plains dotted with bogs
How did the US try to communicate with Russian citizens?
broadcasting RadioFree-America were radio waves could go into Russia but it was illegal to listen to other things
What did the British do with the clans?
broke up and separated the clans
What made them a great empire?
builders and engineers, powerful army, experimented with republican government, mostly imperial with emperor
What did they surpass in?
building of empire
What were some of the accomplishments of this period?
buildings, literature, paintings, arts, science and technology because of the information from Greeks and Romans
What has he done?
built coalitions with different groups, including the Russian Communist part, other former Soviet Republics, and western nations like US
What is Carcassone?
built in middle Ages on a plateau for defensive regions, home of Cathars, Catholic Church was frightened, at the time king didn't have rule of southern France, set up crusades, persecuted people
What else did they do with the land in Ireland?
built large castles to protect themselves, and tried to control the Celts
What was the Parthenon?
built on Acropolis; dedicated to Athena; built out of Marble
What did the SU do to stop people from leaving the East?
built wall in Berlin
What is coal?
burns dirty, mining is dangerous
When did economic frowth return?
by 2004
Who brought Islam to the Caucuses?
by 644, Arab invaders
Where is the Ruhr Valley?
by French border
When did they begin to rediscover the knowledge of the ancient Greeks and Romans?
by about 1400
How is a prime minister elected?
by district, they can call their own election to lengthen their time, no limits to the number of times one can be elected
How did they travel?
by horseback
How did Russian troops respond?
by invading Chechen again
How have they reclaimed one fifth of their country's land?
by reclaiming it from seas, lakes, and swamps
How has the city prospered?
by tapping the wealth of other Spanish regions
What did the Pope do?
called for Crusades, if fight in Holy Lands, forgives of sins and go to Heaven
What did the Viking Morartors do in the 700s?
came to Russia and took stuff out of Scandinavia
Despite the length of winter, what is the climate in much of Norden?
can be surprisingly mild
What would it be like to stand on a polder field?
can see the ships passing by in the canals
How is it different?
capital cities, postage stamps, flag, and language
What is the North Atlantic Drift?
carries tropical waters toward Europe
What are lochs?
carved by retreating glaciers
What are important agriculture activities?
cattle breeding and fairy farming
What did his cause in his rule?
caused large populations and many orphans
Where are the midlands?
central England
What has grown easier as Madrid became a hub, a central point of concentrated activity and influence?
central control
Why has the port of London grow rapidly in the 1500s?
changes in patterns of world settlement and trade
What was brought by the end of communism rule?
changing from a command economy to market economy was difficult; it was difficult to attract much-needed capital from foreign investors
What are some little villages with goats famous for?
cheese
What are some other important industries?
chemical and textile industries
What dairy product is it famous for?
chocolate
What developed in Africa, Middle East, and Greece during the same time period?
cities, powerful states, and writing
What does irrigation provide water for?
citrus fruits and olive trees on the eastern coastal plains near Valencia and Barcelona
What celebrates the achievements of these artists?
city's art galleries and museums, like the Louvre
What is it like now?
civilization declined and is deteriorating
Who were some of the earlier people in Scotland after the Barbarians?
clans that were strong in highlands, people in lowlands escaped to the highalnds
What are the products of the Netherlands?
clogs, chocolate, tulips
What did they switch to as a source of power for the steam engine?
coal
What is found in the Cambrian Mountains?
coal
What is mined nearby?
coal
What is it rich in?
coal and iron
What is the result of this?
cold, dry, subarctic climate
What are some of Roman ruins?
coliseums, temples in the south, the Pond du Gard aquaduct
What type of farming did they have?
collectivize farming
What is the Po Valley now the center of?
commercial industry
What did this new nation adopt?
communism: a system in which the government controlled almost all aspects of political and economic life
What rule are they not under?
communist rule
What did this terms grow out of?
complex cultural patterns and political geography of the Balkan Peninsula
Why have the relations between Slovakia and Hungary been strained?
concerns about the treatment of Hungarians living in Slovakia and Slovaks living in Hungary
What is a result of this although there is no speed limit?
conditions control speed
What caused WWI and WWII?
conflicts among the powerful nations of Western Europe
What is the eastern part of Hungary?
consists of a broad plain known as the Great Alfold
What was the Confederation of the Rhine?
consloidated some of the German states into one state
What type of government do they have?
constitutional monarchy
What else does the Sea enable?
contact with islands
What do they fear?
continued after WWII, when its communist leaders turned away from both th eformer Soviet Union and China
What is the landscape of Siberia?
cool and swampy, with a layer of permafrost
What is the climate like of England?
cool, moist weather of England's marine west coast climate
What does most of region lie in?
cooler climate regions
What are other minerals?
copper and bauxite
What else do the Portuguese export?
cork, textiles, clothing, and footware
Why did other attempts to privatize state-held industries fail?
corruption
What can be traced to the studios of artists and writers living in Paris?
countless developments in the arts and literature
What is the city like?
crowded
What did it become after WWII?
cultural center of Germany
What do the Basque people have a strong tradition of?
cultural divergence- a desire to protect their culture from outside influences
What expansion did the Chechens fight for in the 19th century?
czarist into the Caucasus region and from Soviet control throughout much of the 20th century
What were the monarchs of Russia called?
czars
How is this important?
czech glass is ornate and exported to other countries
What is one hallmark of this city?
daily traffic jams
What is another industry that is very productive and profitable?
dairy farms
What is farmed?
dairy, potatoes, vegetables
Where is the Iberian Peninsula?
dangles off the southwestern edge of Europe
What is the air like in these cities?
darkened air with fumes from mills
What type of forest vegetation was Western Europe mainly covered in?
deciduous
Why was there cultural divergence?
deliberate efforts to keep the cultures separate, the Protestant controlled much of the wealth and the Irish Catholics were poor
What do some Basques demand despite their granted limited autonomy?
demand total independence
What is the government of all Nordic nations?
democracies
In 1991, the Russians voted in their first what type of election?
democratic
They are the most __ populated countries in Europe?
densely
Who do most residents of Russia come from?
descend from people who lived in the area for centuries before the Russians asserted control
What have these animals done?
destroyed natural forests, leaving scrubby vegetation that does little to prevent soil erosion
What did the Republic of Ireland recently do to produce nearly one quarter of the nation's electricity?
developed a method for using peat in power plants
What did the Germans do with this extra fuel?
developed into Germany's first industrial center
What has Estonia been especially ective in?
developing its telecommunication industry
What have additional treaties called for in subsequent years?
development of a single currency, a joint defense policy, and other measures to integrate the two nations; real integration progressed slowly
What are they world leaders for today?
development of new medicines
What happened in the East?
didn't try to help, standard of living was bad
What are universities made of?
different colleges
Where are the Pyrenees?
divide the Iberian Peninsula from the rest of Europe
What was the peace treaty enforced by NATO troops in 1995?
divided Bosnia along ethnic lines; another round of ethnic cleansing began in 1999, however, when Serbia tried to force ethnic Albanians out of Kosovo; NATO forces intervened with an airborne bombing campaign that devastated much of Serbia
What did this do to the states of Germany?
divided further: Southern German states remained Catholic, while northern Germany follower Luther and protestant
What are the Ural Mountains?
dividing line between Europe and Asia
What did Chechen guerrillas do?
dominated much of the mountainous countryside
What government did they support?
dominated provisional government
How is this region functional?
drained by the Siene and other rivers
Where was bombings dropped?
dresden
How did he devastate the Romanian Empire?
drive into cities with tanks
What does Italy have a high rate of?
dropouts before the age of 14, which is required
What was the different vegetation of Spain?
dry and rocky plateau
What is the climate of the Scandinavian Peninsula?
dry, cold, subarctic climate for much of the area, in far reaches there is permafrost, little vegetation, in Arctic Circle, Lap Landers are the nomadic people
When did Sweden and Finland separate?
early 1800s, when Sweden ceded Finland to Russia q
Who were these people?
early Indo-European people, the first of a series of invaders to sweep westward from the steppes of Russia and Ukraine
What happened as people of the iron curtains got word of other countries via the Internet?
east European countries become a way of discrepancy of the state of living in Western Europe
Where is central Europe and Northern Eurasia?
east of Germany and North of Greece
What do these wide plains allow for?
easy passage into neighboring countries
What did they press for?
economic and democratic reform
What resulted in the breakup of Yugoslavia and the wars that followed?
economic disaster for Serbia and Montenegro; by 2000, the GDP was only half as high as it had been in 1990; unemployment soared to more than 50%; the economy slowly recovered in the early 2000s, but by 2004, unemployment was still nearly 30%
What was rising by the mid- 1990s?
economic growth
What has encouraged people from around the world to travel to Europe?
economic growth- search of employment
What have they struggled to recover from?
economic recession- an extended decline in business activity
What led to a decrease in birth rate?
economic uncertainty together with social pressure led to decrease in the birthrate to a level of only 9 births for every 1000 people per years
What challenges does it face for the future?
economic, environmental, and human challenges
What did the Government of the Republic of Ireland invest in in 1990s?
education and modern telecommunications
By 2005, how many former Communist countries were full members of the EU?
eight
What were held in Western Germany?
elections and troops withdrew
What is the multiplier effect?
eleven new jobs have been added to Romania's economy for each job that the soft drink company created; the multiplier effect is the effect an investment has in multiplying related jobs throughout an economy; Romanian plastics makers have added jobs to handle the new demand for soft drink bottles, and printers have added jobs to print labels
What state emerged during the 9th century?
emersion of state Muscovy, Moscow
What did people call for with new freedoms?
end of communism and central government domination
What is the gravest challenge facing all of Czech?
ending water and air pollution
How have some people wanted to fight this autonomy?
engaged in violent acts against the central Spanish government
What did Glasgow shipbuilders play a major role in?
establishing the UK as the world's leading naval power
In 2001, who fought n a six months of conflict flared among?
ethnic Albanians and Macedonia
What term entered the world's vocab?
ethnic cleansing; Serbs used the term to label the process of driving other ethnic groups out of regions captured by Serbs; in practice it meant mass murder and terror
What is the other 20%?
ethnic minorities like Mongols, Islamic central Asian tribes
Why did they split apart?
ethnically diverse groups
What have they not adopted, despite being a member of the EU?
euro
What is an example of this?
even though the former SU controlled Poland in the years following WWII< the Polish people never forgot their cultural heritage or gave up hope for reclaiming independence; during the 1980s they launched an independence movement to reclaim their national identity
When did a strong sense of national identity begin?
ever since French Revolution
What did Spyridon Marinatos discover?
excavating near an ancient port in Crete, he discovered a piece of pumice from Thera, an island 70 miles from Crete, he described destruction caused by a blanket of ash from a volcanic eruption, tsunamis, and earthquakes caused oil lamps to overturn and set fires
What do some Russian economic observers argue about informal transactions?
exceed formal economic transactions in value
What happened because of these trade routes?
exchange of Ideas
Where did they expand by 1500?
expanded southeast across Ukraine
What is the government trying to prevent this densely populated area from doing?
expanding into nearby rural areas
Why is air travel not practical?
expensive and unsuited for transporting materials like oil and natural gas
How did they travel and trade throughout the Aegean and Mediterranean Sea?
expert shipbuilders
What does the economy still depend on?
exports of wine, sugar beets, and seed oil
What is iron?
extracted in rock, heat rock, iron comes out, heat iron and impurities come out, add nickel to make steal, took hundreds of years to make process to refine steel, make guarders long enough to cross large expanses, iron bridges, steel to reinforce building
What type of population density do they have?
extremely high with 1.6 million people on 13,090 square miles
What is this a reference to?
fact that trees do not grow to great size under the harsh conditions
Why was there high pollution?
factores
Why is there so much pollution?
factories didn't have money to invest in pollution control
What are some of the earliest advancements of the industrial Revolution?
factories that produced textiles, or cloth
What did movements against the government eventually lead to?
free elections
What is health care in Poland?
free for most people and is of relatively good quality
Many of the cities were what type of states?
free states
What does Gaelic refer to?
french
What is the national language?
french
What has stunted Venice's agricultural and industrial growth?
frequent flooding
What is it subject to because of location?
frequent invaions
How long did they exist?
from 15th century till 1918
When was Russia a member of the USSR, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics?
from 1917 til 1991
How long did communists control the nation?
from 1948 to 1989
What was their economy changed from into what?
from Agricultural society into an industrial society
Where did this civilization expand?
from England to Southwest Asia: through Italian Peninsula, into France, across English Channel, England, North Africa, Mediterranean, Turkey, Circles the Med Sea
What has their economy shifted to in recent years?
from agriculture to new industries
Where they can be found?
from bus driving to medecine
Where do the Alps run?
from east to west along the entire northern border of Italy
Since WWII, where did many workers migrate?
from poor southern regions to the northern provinces of Lombardy and Piedmont to find jobs in factories
Where does it stretch?
from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea
Where do the Ural mountains run?
from the north to the south
When was Greece a part of the Roman Empire?
from the second century BC to the fifth century AD
What is the Arctic Ocean like for many month is the year?
frozen
What was grown?
fruits, vegetables, and grains are grown near the Danube; oats and potatoes are raised farther north in higher elevations
What did Kievan traders carry?
fur, honey, and farm products to the busy markets of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire
What did the influence of the Christianity do?
gained the Roman Catholic church control over large amounts of land
What was the unusual weather that Europe experienced in 2007?
gale force winds and torrential rains causing damage. York, England, floodwater rose to dangerous levels, cutting off power and disrupting the shipping industry
What does most of Northern Eurasia consist of?
gently rolling plains
What exist side by side in Iceland?
glaciers and volcanoes
What did the English do with the french soldiers from WWII?
got boats and crossed the English channel to return home
What did Peter the Great do?
governed 1600s to 1700s, expanded control to Pacific in the east and to the Baltic in the west
What have they made significant achievements in?
government and arts
What helped bring inflation under control?
government control and timely loans
Why did prices skyrocketed after SU?
government ended Soviet prices
Who spoke French?
government officials and all Belgian universities used French
Why was bribery a big thing in Russia?
government was slow, if wanted something done had to bribe someone
What did Portugal do in 1975?
granted independence to their largest African colonies
What thrives in these conditions?
grapes to make French wines
What does the dampness of the soil limit plant growth to?
grasses and low shrubs such as purple heather
What do these reserves offer?
great wealth to people who can develop them
What are other parts of Spain also asking for?
greater local control
What is their evident pressure of?
greater use of the Catalan language- a mixture of French and Spanish
What does this describe?
green, rolling meadows, peaceful rivers, and neat farms
What happened once Poland gained independence?
had to find a government, privatize industries, deal with criminal injustices
What countries have mild marine west coast climates?
half of Iceland, all of Denmark, the west coast of Norway, and southern Sweden
Where did this language come from?
handed down from the Celtic people who lived in Wales for thousands of years, Welsh is spoken mainly in the mountains of northern Wales
By the 10th century, where did most of the power lie?
hands of the nobles who controlled land in the kingdom
What makes it difficult and expensive to reach areas with abundant natural resources?
harsh climate and terrain of the region
What happened when they were overrun?
he and his wife were executed
What did Hitler know even before the war started?
he was going to invade Russia and fight England and the US
What declined in the 1990s?
health care
What was most of the budget spent on?
heavy industry
What have these done?
heightened by frequent conflicts between Serbs and Croats
What did the West try to do?
help West Germany and rebuild and recover
How were they repelled?
help from other countries, including US
How are infant and maternal mortality rates?
high
What contribute to health problems and an even lower life expectancy in some parts of the country?
high pollution levels
How is Spain suffering although their economic shift?
high unemployment rates
What new industries have reduced gap left by reduced steel production?
high-tech firms and service industries, tourism
What is the land like east of the Yenisei?
higher plateaus provide slightly more varied terrain
How was this plan successful?
highest economic growth in Europe between 1994 and 2000, per capita income increased dramatically and unemploymnt dell to 3.8%
What are summits?
highest points
What is the landscape of Moldova?
hilly terrain slopes gradually in a southerly direction toward the Black Sea; made it historic route between Asia and Southern Europe
What did Carl Marx do in 1848?
his book says that the working class are doing all the labor to make a few capitalist owners wealthy
What industry continued over hundreds of years, in contrast to the factory production of textiles in England?
home
What else is the taiga a source of?
home to many different animals
What did Marxism tell them?
how to govern the new state after the revolution
What was used to maintain power?
huge percent of national budget: Heavy industry- machine, turbines; Light Industry- clothing
What powers many of the factories today?
hydroelectricity from the rivers in the Alps
What are some of the economic activities of France?
ich farming areas to huge urban manufacturing and commercial centers
Despite this Act, what did Scotland keep?
important trading and political rights; many remained members of Presbyterian Church, rather than joining the Church of England
What did this school of art seek to capture?
impressions made by color, light, and shadows
What have the two nations sought to do?
improve relationships
What allowed Europeans to push westward across the Atlantic Ocean in the late 1400s?
improved ships and navigational devices
When did this union end?
in 1532 when Sweden (which included Finland) withdrew; but the others remained together for a few more centuries
When did their empire collapse?
in 1918 after defeat in WWI
What left many Germans without jobs?
in 1929, a worldwide economic depression
When did WWII end?
in 1945 when Hitler was Killed and Germany was defeated by the US, UK, France and SU- Allies
When under communism was private ownership abolished?
in 1948
When was it outlawed by the government?
in 1981
When did they declare their Independence?
in 1991 when the SU disinigrated
When did the SU dissolve?
in 1991, breaking up into Russia and smaller national states, such as Ukraine and Belarus
When did Bosnia and Herzegovina declare itself independent?
in 1991, but its initial prospects were not bright
How was this chance not good?
in 2000, activation of the Temelin nuclear power plant near Austria and Germany led to border blockades by Austrian environmentalists
Where is lake Bakal?
in Asia near Mongolia
Where is Catalone spoken?
in Barcelona, but there is no Spanish in it
Where are political tensions less severe?
in Catalonia, the region surrounding Barcelona
Where did the idea of free nationwide education originate?
in Europe in the 1800s
What is manufacturing?
in France and Germany, Northeastern France has most of France's coal, in 1870 as Germany unifies and industrializes, Germany invades France, what they wanted where two regions; France lost regions and wanted t back, started war in WWI, treaty of Versailles returns the lost regions
Where are there large deposits?
in Ural Mountains
Before the 1500s, where was the language called French spoken?
in and around Paris
When and how did industry come to the central lowlands?
in early 1800s, the Clyde Ruver bear Glasgow grew into a huge shipbuilding center
Where are some mining centers?
in pockets of population
Where are unemployment rates still high?
in rural area, especially in southern Italy
What is the Garon River?
in southwest
When have they faced economic and political challenges?
in the 1990s and early 2000s
When did this port grow?
in the 20th century
When did Russia become a state?
in the 8th century
Where did this take place?
in the Balkans over time
Where is the most complicated and unsettles collection of ethnic groups?
in the Caucasus region of far southern Russia
Where are British goods sold?
in the UK and other EU nations
When did the empires of Portugal and Spain shrink?
in the early 1800s as many colonies gained their indeendance
When did the economy collapse?
in the early 1920's when inflation, or sharply rising prices, ruined the value of Germany's currency
When did they begin to slowly recover?
in the early 2000's
Where is their population concentrated?
in the eastern Lowlands, where the terrain is mostly flat or gently sloping
Where else has this occurred?
in the prairies of the central US and Canada, the Pampas of South America, and other natural grasslands
Where are most cities?
in the west
What does this give them access to?
increasing markets in which to sell its valuable products
At the same time, what encourages citizens of the WE to demand more right?
increasing wealth and education
What is Acid Rain?
industrial activities in Central Europe and Northern Eurasia have resulted in Acid Rain, a form of pollution in which toxic chemicals in the air come back to the earth as rain, snow or hail
What is this region one of the most important for?
industrial centers in the world
What is Germany the leading nation in?
industrial in Europe
What is a growing problem?
industrial pollution
How has their economy had difficultly since the nation regained independence?
industrial production declined, but inflation flourished; reforms in the early 200s helped start a recovery, but the economy still is a subject to external forces
What were they used for?
industrial transport
Today, Western Europe is one of the most heavily ____ regions.
industrialized
What are some of the activities of Germany?
industrialized and shipbuilding
What industries that they privatize?
industries that were formerly operated by the government
What does Belarus' economy depend on?
industry and services; import raw materials needed to produce finished goods; has oil reserves as well as large deposits of potash, which is used to make fertilizer
What happened when he was forced out of office?
ineffective governments in the 1990s led the economy to deteriorate even, despite promises of economic reform
Why do they carry nearly all of the railroad freight in the world?
inexpensive
Why did the Church survive?
inflexible, no new ideas
What did these two cities compete for?
influence over the other
Who were the first people in Germany?
inhabited during the Roman Empire, Germanic tribes, barbaric people
What are furths?
inland waterways
What is labor?
interest in common man, like democratic party
What was the pediment?
interior was intricate carvings of human beings
What happened once Communist control ended in the late 1980s?
internal tensions increased
What is the euro?
introduced in 1999, it is a single currency used by the member nations
What have been mined in the Eastern Alps?
iron ore
What two vital minerals does Poland rely on?
iron ore and petroleum
What else do they possess large reserves of?
iron ore, or rocky material containing a valuable mineral
What is the western half of Czech Republic?
is a region known as Bohemia
What is an ethnic group?
is composed of people who share such things as culture, language, and religion
What were at the center of the dispute?
issues of culture, national identity, and language
What happens, despite effort to link this area to the rest of the nation?
it continues to a remote area with
Why does it mean when milk is a perishable good?
it does not stay fresh long, most of it turned into processed products like chocolate and cheese for export
What happened with the economy by the late 1990s?
it found new markets for its goods in Western countries
What is a result of Swiss having few natural resources?
it has developed economic activities that are highly profitable
How has the French government taken different approaches to stimulating its economy?
it has nationalized, or brought state control, some businesses considered vital to national interests. It has privatized some government-owned companies to promote economic growth
Why does Rotterdam serve as a link between much of Europe and the rest of the world?
it is situated near the mouth of Europe's largest inland waterway
What is important about the Guadalquivir River?
it is the only navigable river, deep and wide enough to allow ship to pass through
Why was it known as the Sick or Old Man of Europe before WWI?
it was on its last legs
Why is it seen as a safe place?
it's neutrality
What are some of the problems that they face?
its aging population has pushed social security outlays to exceed contributions from workers; about $70 billion each year is spent to upgrade economy of areas that were once under Communist control. Other challenges include high levels of unemployment, violence against foreign workers, and environmental pollution
What is the city of Cannes famous for?
its annual international film festival
What have historical geographers thought of his reason for his choice of location?
its central location; this factor allowed Phillip and alter rulers to control people and resources in all parts of the nation
What is happening despite Ukraine having high numbers of physicians per person?
its health care system face serious problems
Why is Venice still a tourist attraction?
its intricate network of canals that serve as streets and other ornate palaces built by Venetian traders in the late Middle Ages
What is the nation working to increase?
its literacy rate of about 87 percent
What country is it most strongly influenced by?
its powerful neighbor, England, which conquered it in 1284
Why did Poland disappear from the map?
its territory was seized by Russia and other powers
What did this free state declare?
its total Independence as the Republic of Ireland in 1949, did not end political turmoil
How did they strengthen their ties with Western Europe?
joined NATO defense alliance in 1999, and became member of EU in 2004
Where do the coldest areas in Norden lie?
just east of a mountain chain that runs northeast to southwest through Norway
Although many countries wish for clean water and air after communist control, what must they really strive for?
keeping jobs and enough food
What was another for of retaliation?
kidnappings
How did Stalin die?
killed or starved
What is one reason that King Phillip II might have made it the capital?
king selected this site on the Meseta because its dry climate eased the pain of his goat, a disease that causes painful joints
What did he do to modernize Russia?
knew future lied in the West, like universities and medicine; To Netherlands, England, France, studies technology, ships by western design, pottery, French, observes clothing, customs, religion and relationship between religion and state; Tried to westernize Russia
What were the condition like in the towns?
lack of food because all was being sent to the home front that people were hungary, priest called for people's march to the palace, want to give Czar a petition on Easter Morning; guard is scared and fires at people; people went crazy
What are the lowlands?
land slopes gently toward the English Channel
What are well suited to these economies?
land, water, and climate
Where is Moldova?
landlocked between Ukraine and Romania
What is the Caspian Sea?
landlocked lake with no outlet
What is the language of the Serbs and Croats?
language of the two groups are nearly identical
What was Russia the dominant republic in?
language, culture, and religion
What minerals are found in the Carpathian Mountains region of the south?
large deposits of coal, sulfur, and copper have been found
What must they import?
large quantities of oil and natural gas
What else did they sieze?
large tracts of land in Ireland
What are the highlands?
large, high plateau with many lakes, called lochs
What life (plant and animal) is there?
largely treeless zone is dominated by very small plants and animals that have adapted to the polar conditions of the region
What is Lake Bicall?
largest freshwater lake in the world; deepest and oldest
Who was Nicholas II?
last and bad czar, weak, indecisive, harassed by wife because he was weak, got Russia involved in WWI, Mobilized about 12 million men, Conditions growing that in late early 1900, growing socialist movement, Inteligencia, many sons of nobles and Bourgeoisie
Where are there major coal fields?
lay along the edges of the Pennine mountain range and in the northeast, near the city of Newcastle
What is permafrost?
layer of permanently frozen soil
What was the Russian Revolution of 1917?
led to the establishment of the SU
What was the Protestant Reformation?
led to the formation of other churches, ending religious unity in Europe; result of people questioning the power and practices of the Roman Catholic Church
What is it active in?
legislature
How much do average Albanians make per month?
less than $100
How big is Vatican City?
less than 1 sq. mile
How much of the population of the UK lives there?
less than 10%
Where is Belarus?
lies to the north of Ukrains
How was life under Soviet rule?
life in the Baltic republics were harsh
Where does the power for these factories come from?
lignite, a soft, brown coal, easy to mine but it polluted mine, but it polluted the air heavily
What is it rebuilding?
links with a number of other nations
Lativans constitute for how much of the population of Lativa?
little more than half
Where do other people?
live in fertile farmland located in the southern part of central Germany
What provides material for producing steel and other products?
local iron ore
Why did London become one of the greatest commercial and shipping cities in the world?
location
What is the dominant plant and animal life in different parts of Russia closely related to?
location and climate
What have polluted the river in recent years?
logging and chemical industries
What are winters like?
long and bitterly cold
What is a result of Norway's location?
long winters, short summers
How are the birth-related moralities?
low
Compared to most other European nations, how is Romanian life expectancy?
low and weak health care systems
What area is most fertile?
lower Scotland along English border is most fertile
Why does Siberia have some of the most polluted urban centers?
lung cancer levels and respiratory infections among children occur at an alarming rate. Oil spills and industrial pollution threaten to harm bodies of water beyond repair
What did the Belgians do to solve the conflict of Flemings wanting the same cultural and economic rights as Walloons?
made Flemish the official language in 1898
What role did foreign countries do?
made investments
What are other mined resources?
magnesite, aluminium, copper, and lead
What type of people are those of Belarus?
mainly Slavic and have practiced Orthodox Christianity
What are other problems that Russian people and leaders are dealing with?
major economic challenges
What thrusts some lands higher and caused other to sink?
major faults
What is Nantes?
major ship building cities in all of Europe, huge ship yard
What does he set out to do and what is the outcome?
make Germany equal to Britian, starts expansion and arms building for armies, Britain gets suspicious when Germany equals fleet of war vessels to Britain when it was for "protection"
What use to be its main economic activity?
manufacture of steel
What is this the center of?
manufacture of textiles and plastics
What are other industries of Germany?
manufacturing and trade
What does much of its economic activity center on?
manufacturing machine tools, chemicals, and textiles
What is seismic activity?
many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, young range experiences it
What else was destroyed?
many factories
What does this region contain?
many of the nation's mines and industries
What is this area the seasonal home to?
many species of native and migratory birds, including flamingos
What is the climate like?
marine west coast climate like Great Britain, rain carrying winds from the Atlantic pass over Wales before reaching England; Wales receives even more rain than southern England
What was the Minoan civilization?
maritime, sea, about 3500 years, Mediterranean island of Crete, Bronze Age culture
What did they forbid?
marriage of Celts and Normans; Banned use of the Celtic language; outlawed Celtic harp music
What methods were improved?
melting iron ore adn using it in the production of steel
What types of tools do they create, which are of high quality?
microscopes and measuring and cutting tools
How did farming spread to Western Europe by 5400 BC?
migration and cultural diffusion, in which people adopt the practices of their neighbors
Why are many regions multiethnic?
migration has made most nations like this; containing many ethnic groups
What have low passages permitted?
migration through the range for centuries
What is the climate of Germany?
mild climate due to influence from the north sea, away from the sea, in southern areas of the country, a humid continental climate prevails, causing colder winters and warmer summers, but even in january, temps are usually above freezing, however cold winds from the east may bring sharp drops in temperatures for short periods
How is the climate like that of the US?
mild summers, cold winters but not brutal, rain fall
What is the general climate of Western Europe?
milder than those of other world regions that are located at the same latitudes
What did some Soviet Communists officials try to use to reclaim control, but the leader of the Russian Republic, Yeltsin, defeated this threat?
military force
Who are the people?
mix of European and Asian
What are all their economies?
mixed economies, free enterprise and socialism
What is the economy of Slovakia?
mixed economy of farming and manufacturing
What is one reason for a decrease in population?
modern industries find Vienna too congested and prefer to locate in smaller cities like Graz, Linz, or Innsbruck
What allows people to travel through these countries?
modern technology
What was the Roman government?
modified version of Athenian democracy
What is the climate of Ireland?
moist marine west coast climate keeps vegetation a brilliant green for most of the year
What grew strong under his reign?
monarchy
What are the highlands covered by?
moors and bogs
What were Russian Monarchs like?
more autocratic than Western monarchs, and many economic and political developments bypassed Russia
What does it work to stimulate?
more development in high-tech industries
What do these practices give Swiss citizens?
more direct contact of their government
What is the western Part of Hungary?
more hills; lies west of Danube- Tansdanubia "land across the Danube", plateaus, hills, and valleys
What is conservative?
more like representative, not a lot of change, represent upper classes
Where are sheep and goats grazed?
more rugged slopes
What is a reminder of the region's Roman Catholic heritage?
more than 100 church steeples rise above the rooftops
What are the most highly regarded tertiary schools in France?
more than 160 grandes ecoles
How much of the Eurasia continent does it take up?
more than 3/4
How many people were killed when Russians seized school?
more than 350, including 156 children
How does Ukraine have great potential for development?
more than 50 million people, vast fertile plains, and huge coal resources
How much of the land area do they carry?
more than half
How much of the population has been displaced during the war?
more than half
What did a study in 2004 find about Kosovans work about outside the formal economy as?
more than half of all Kosovans work outside the formal economy as subsidence farmers and laborers
As late as 1960, how much of the population lived and worked on farms?
more than one third of the population
How many residents of Kosovo were Albanian when Yugoslavia dissolved in 1991>
more than three out of four residents
How many of the people in Croatia are ethnically Croats?
more than three quarters of the nearly 5 million people
What is the Central Siberian Plateau?
most is vast open plains
Today, what does the Ruhr Valley produce?
most of Germany's iron and steel
How many of the residents of Slovenia are Slovens, one of the Slavic peoples?
most of the 2 million
Why did unemployment rates soar and many students leaving high school couldn't find a job despite new petroleum refineries in 1980s?
most of the coal mines in the Rhondda Valley had closed
How much of the land area does Spain cover?
most of the peninsula
How many are Catholic?
most of the rest
What land did Spain claim?
most of the rest of Latin America
Where did the Romans take over?
most of the south
What is the government history of the Balkan Peninsula?
most of them fell under Communist control by 1948, but anti-communist revolutions overturned the governments of those states in the late 1980s and early 1990s; internal strife and conflict between nations have nevertheless continued to affect the region
What is the landscape?
mountainous
What was their landscape like?
mountainous, towns were isolated by geography
What form is found on the other two sides?
mountains
What is Greece covered by?
mountains and rocky soil
How was traveling in Greece difficult?
mountains and seas
What was the Armenian Genocide?
moved Muslims into Albania from Turkey
Where did they take control of?
much of Russia
What do the tallest peaks block?
much of the moisture that the prevailing westerlies carry much of the North Atlantic into Western Europe
What is a result of this?
much of the soil in Scandinavia today remains rocky and difficult to farm
What did the Vikings bring to Russia?
name, connections to Byzantine, Christians and Cyrillic alphabet, started to become a state
Why is the Clyde Valley known as the Silicon Glen?
named after the area in California known as Silicon Valley, computer and electronic businesses use silicon
What provides flat areas on which wheat and other grains are grown?
narrow coastal plants
What happened later to the other republics of the SU?
national leaders declared their republics independent
What did the French government establish after WWII?
national planning program to modernize the economy and encourage more balanced growth among France's regions
What are the states of the Baltic?
nations of Lithuania, Lativa, and Estonia
What is Buvaria?
near Munich, prettiest part
Where else do mountains as high as 10000 feet rise?
near the Mongolian border in central Asia and in the fat northeast
What did the state agency decide?
nearly 4 in 10 Russians were trying to survive on incomes less than the official level of subsidence
How long has Spain been under central control?
nearly 500 years
What is a result of this?
nearly everyone living in Poland today is Polish
What happened after attempts to impose the Russian language on Ukrainians were unsuccessful?
nearly four centuries of Russian rule developed strong links between the Russian rule developed strong links between the nations
Who has immigrated to Portugal seeking greater opportunities?
nearly one million people from the former African colonies
What happened when Mongols were driven out by 1600s?
nearly three centuries of growth
Why did they loose?
needed to supply troops along the ocean near Japan and had to trans-Siberian Railroad because of few railroads, Japanese could easily sabotage, so few access only one bullet a day
What country is a member of NATO?
neither
What are they politically?
neutral
Why does German not have a Latin route?
never united under Roman rule
What now brings this region closer to the rest of the nation?
new freeways
What is it the hub of?
new transportation routes
What have been built in the areas around Madrid?
newer industries
What is different about German compared to the other languages of Europe?
no Latin routes in German because not under Roman rule
What happened after no more communism and no free health care?
no access to medicine, decrease birth rate and so stopped having babies, death rates rose, smaller population to support large group of elderly
What meat is raised?
no beef or pork, lambs and goats are grown
What were absolute monarchs?
no check in authority; no legislature or counselors, not to listen only for advice; some times would fear military or nobles that they would be overpowered
What was the problem with this farming?
no incentive to produce because of set wages
How many people out of the past 3 million Jews now live in Poland?
no more than 9000
How was there a reemergence of trade routes?
no one misbehaved under their empire so safer to travel
What helped with their growth?
no sizable or powerful groups of people stood up against them, and few natural barriers limited the steady expansion of the nation
Where are there highlands?
north
Where is Macedonia?
north of Greece and near Albania
In what direction do the rivers flow?
north to south
Where has Russian power moved to?
northeast to Moscow in the 1200s; foreign powers fought for control of this region
Why is it such a poor country?
not a lot of resources going for them
What is the land good for?
not agriculture, not fertile, instead dairy
Why did this not always work?
not all farms were divided into individual farms
Why can you not ship grains and cattle by air?
not financially doable
What was their mistake?
not getting Russia out of WWI
What happened to the land around Chernobyl?
not likely to be fit for human occupation for a long time
How did companies change under his rule?
not many people could buy companies when they had to privatize; except for large investors so money mainly went to companies
Why is this the climate?
not moderated by ocean currents, Mountains along the coast lock winds from the Atlantic
What is important about paintings?
not painting but Faberge eggs
What is Greece like today?
not prominent, on verge of bankruptcy, institute budget problems, cutting back on services, rioting and violence around Athens, discouraged US from Greek vacations, mild climate attracts visitors
What is their language related to?
not related to any other European language and is difficult to learn
What is the land area made of?
peninsulas and islands separated by seas, gulfs, and oceans
Why are population areas very crowded?
people cannot make their homes on the mountains that dominate much of Italy's landscape
Why is the start of summer a public holiday in most Nordic Nations?
people celebrate the return of the "midnight sun"; in the northernmost territories, the sun never really set for several weeks in midsummer; people call the long twilight hours of evening the "white nigths"
Why was perfume invented in France?
people didn't shower
What happened because of this?
people expected more, Berlin wall fell
What happened when they declined in 1500 BC?
people from Greek mainland attacked and destroyed Crete, or earthquake demolished the island
What had happened by 35,000 years ago in Western Europe?
people occupied most of Western Europe
Why did trade improve?
people were afraid to attack caravans with Mongols everywhere
What did new owners sell?
physical assets of the operations and deposited the profits in foreign back accounts
Why is Bulgaria known as the garden of Eastern Europe?
physical features
What are they a practical alternative to?
pipelines for shipping oil
What did this bring to Germany?
plague, destroys land, famine,
Most of the land is what physical characteristic?
plains and flat land
What is important about these steppes?
plains, fertile
What lead Britain to become the world's industrial leader for years?
plentiful supply of raw materials and its position on major sea routes
What do these measures include?
policies that would restrict the use of the Russian language and make it difficult for Russians to become citizens of Lativa
What is a rule about foreign affairs?
politically neutral
What are some of Venice's problems?
pollution and subsidence, a geological phenomenon in which the ground in an area sinks
How did this leave them?
poor and dissatisfied as they had been before they were freed
What made it difficult to travel to this region?
poor roads
Why is agriculture not highly profitable here?
poor soil and outdated farming techniques
Despite what problems, agriculture is an important economic activity?
poor soil, sparse rainfall, and outdated farming methods
What is the soil like and what is the effect of this?
poor, various crops are grown and there is some industry
What are government leaders devoting special attention to?
preserving the country's farmlands
Many leaders were committed to democratic reforms, but what did the constitution allow?
president to rule by decree and ignore the elected parliament. Except for Communist, there was no major political organizations
How did this change life?
prices dropped, communication and transport will change
What is a good economic activity of Lower Scotland?
prime sheep raising area
What did the Polish government maintain a strict program to encourage?
private enterprise
What did the government do to counter these problems?
privatization program; encouraged US, France, and Britain to invest
What did they do to many parts of the Czech economy beginning in the 1990s and continuing today?
privatization- the process of selling government owned industries and businesses to private owners who can run them more efficiently
How did these colonies help the mother countries?
produced great riches for Western European merchants and kings
What is a capitalist economy?
producers and consumers control business, with some government regulation
What problems did Hungary face when converting from a communist control to a free market system?
production dropped sharply in old, inefficient industries; unemployment was high; government was in debt; most people were getting poorer; food was scarce
What do Lativa's production include?
production of motor vehicles, pharmaceuticals, and electrical equipment
What happened during the Industrial Revolution?
products began to be made by machines in factories rather than by hand at home
What was the religion like?
prohibited, except for Poland, Carl Marx said that religion made one lethargic, complicit, not splitting loyalty between church and state
What happened to the land under the Romans?
prospered
What forced the first free election in Poland in more than 40 years in 1989?
public opinion
What is mined that is a large part of there economy?
quartz
What did they do?
raided much of Western Europe
What is this climate perfect for?
raising sheep and dairy and beef cattle
Finland has one of the highest ____ of ____ in the tertiary education in the world?
rates, enrollment
What is shipped to here from France and other countries?
raw materials which are made into finished products
What has Ukraine done since the breakup of the SU in 1991?
reaffirmed itself as an independent nation
What happened in their history when Belgium didn't want to join Netherlands?
rebelled in a nationalist rebellion, Belgium gained independence and a constitutional monarchy
What does "Renaissance" mean?
rebirth
What was the bombing of London like during WWII?
rebuilt using debris from bombings, Eastern London took worst of bombing and was also the industrial center
What has Lille's location near northern European Unions countries helped to recover from?
recent years from economic problems and high unemployment
Why are cities beginning to grow in the west?
recently discovered minerals
What happened despite massive aid?
recovery was slow
What types of wines are made in France?
reds
What did Belarussians favor when the SU dissolved?
reestablishing close political and economic ties with Russia
What have they only recently begun to do in regards to the forests?
reforest their lands
Who was Alex II?
reform czar, emancipated serfs, same time as Lincoln, despite reform- assassinated by someone who didn't believe enough reform
What animals can live there?
reindeer, rabbits, foxes, and polar bears
What is needed to have a civilization?
religion, government, written communication, division of labor (some farm, some pottery, some building)
How are these cantons different?
religion, language, customs, and the ways in which people make a living; the people of each canton work hard to preserve their particular way of lide
What are Cathedrals the center of in cities throughout Western Europe?
religious, social, and cultural centers
What did Macedonia do while the other former Yugoslav republics were erupting into conflict?
remained relatively quiet
Why did this continue to happen?
remnants of feudalism remained from the 1800s
What is the Renaissance?
renewed interest in arts, encourage people to think about themselves and the world around them, promote age of exploration
What have they done with this?
renovated buildings and restored paintings and sculptures
What government has evolved?
representative government
Who was Alexander III?
repressive again, secret police force to spy on citizens, pogroms against Jews, Rusification of all people in Russia (Rusionize)
What is the Government today?
republic and president is elected by popular vote
What were some of the different governments that it has been put under?
republic of the people, a constitutional monarchy, and empires under Napoleon Bonaparte and his Nephew, Louis-Napoleon
Who was left in Yugoslavia?
republics of Serbia and Montenegro
What is compulsory?
required, 7 to 16 years old must attend school
What was put down?
resistance, violent or not
What must these plants adapt to do?
retain what little moisture than can gather in these desert-like condition
What were the coastlines formed from?
retreating glaciers
Why was Siberia hit the hardest?
rich in minerals
What is important about these provinces?
rich natural resources, have changed hands many times during conflict between France and Germany
What has farming benefited from?
rich, black-earth soil called chernozem that forms beneath lush grasses
What do many of these groups how to eventually have?
right to make own decisions
How have they become part of the government?
risen to high office in the British government, including that of Prime Minister
What is the Meseta?
rising from the slender coastal plains are these high plateaus that form most of Spain, central Spain plateau
What is the soil like?
rocky
What does this give way to?
rolling plateaus worn down by glaciers
What is the landscape like?
rugged
How did British manufacturers run spinning machines?
running water
What is the climate like at the Neva River?
runs through St. Petersberg, Russia; during the winter, the river freezes over; fish in ice
What spreads over this region?
sandy plains until they reach the North and Baltic Seas, wide rivers flow our of the southern highlands across the plains to the sea
Why did the Allies not stop him?
scared of another way
What happened since the two states never faced each other directly?
scared with weapons which was enormous sums of money
What forms the Cote D'Azur?
scenery formed by Sky, sea, and flowers
What is the Seine River?
scenic route
What is it in relation to the former SU republics?
second smallest
What have they lost?
secure government jobs; benefits; and pensions; scarce and expensive consumer goods
Although people wanted free market economies, what did people miss about the communist system?
secure jobs, benefits, and pensions
How did the government respond?
seized all grain, leaving the people to starve
How did he spread Christianity?
sent out missionaries to spread the teachings of Christianity throughout northern Europe
What were most people?
serfs
In Estonia, what were the majority of people involved in?
services and industries such as mining, shipbuildings, and manufacturing
What affect did this have on the people of Europe?
settled down, formed villages, towns: settled way of life
Where do many of the rivers in Russia flow east of the Urals?
several flow north into the Arctic Ocean
What is found in the plateau?
several large rivers flow through the Meseta and between the few moutnain ranges that divide the plateau
What is the climate?
severe winters, and its mild summers are often rainy; humid continental; short growing season
Although there are huge apartment buildings, what do some families have to do?
share apartments
What were their traditional economies?
sheep herding and fishing
What is a bagpipe made from?
sheep's bladder that was filed with air
What is their main economy?
sheep- raising
What are summers like?
shorter, but daytime temps can exceed 80 degrees
What did he do since he didn't want to fight both groups at the same time?
signed a treaty with Joseph Stalin saying that when Germany attacks Poland from East, Soviets attack from the West
What was the Magna Carta?
signed by king John by force, English nobles can check on king's power, no absolute power, no longer able to do anything they want to
What language do Lithuanians and Latvians speak?
similar
What is the landscape like?
similar to Scotland
What is the EU?
six Western European nations formed a "common market" for their mutual economic benefit
How many of these were Jews?
six million
How many republics made up the unsteady nature, which after WWII, was held together only by a strict Communist rule?
six separate republics
What are the Alps known for?
ski resorts and challenging skiing
What type of Italian products did these innovations make?
sleek home furnishings and high-fashion clothes, more attractive to foreign markets
Who supported Marxism by the late 19th century?
small group of young educated men
What was its earliest ruling power like?
small region with its ruler in AD 976
What is the landscape of the highest peaks of the Alps?
snow-covered throughout the year
Why might forest fires go unnoticed for weeks?
so large and sparsely inhabited
Why are many fish extinct in the Volga River?
so polluted and choked by dams
What is Eurasia?
some believe that Europe and Asia should be views as this large single continent
What are the Catholic schools given?
some government funding
How have they tried to improve their economy since independence?
some industries made successful transition; a large arms factories one made tanks now produces earth-moving equipment in cooperation with a German company; smaller and mid-size firms have had more difficulty especially in poorer, eastern part of the country
What does heavy industrial development mean?
some of England's highest population densities are in the Midlands
What happened even under their rule?
some of the lands under their rule broke away, like Egypt
What is the problem with this railway?
some places are some remote from population center so easy for disruption in track
What formed the CIS?
some republics joined with Russia to form a loose republic, the Commonwealth of Independent States
They have what type of economy compared to that of other European countries?
sound economies
Where are the lowlands?
south and east
Where is Bulgaria located?
south of the Danube from Romania
What is taiga?
south of the tundra are coniferous forests
What is the landscape like?
south rises in elevation as come to the foot hill of the Carpathian Mountains
Where are the highest points in Russia?
southern and eastern borders
What is the Champagne region?
sparkling white wine, inventor was monk; unless created in Champagne region not allowed to call Champagne; these grapes are different than concord; grapes don't require fertile soil
Because they don't have minerals, what does Swiss do?
specialized in making products that require skilled labor, instead of many materials or costly transportation
What has Austria taken from their model?
specialized industries
What did both East and West Germany do for Berlin?
spent a great deal of money to rebuild the parts of Berlin that they controlled; today once again prosperous
What happened to their culture when they declined?
spread north and became seed for later Roman Civilization
What is the relation between spring/summer and fall/winter?
spring/fall tend to be brief periods of transition between the freezing winters and warm summers
What happened when Europeans passed through Constantinople and were exposed to the markets of Middle East?
spur an interest in Eastern goods and idea,s, demands for Eastern goods
It has one of the highest ____ of living in the world?
standards
The Swiss enjoy one of the highest ____?
standards of life in the world
How did Russians prosper?
starting their own businesses
What was farmland recognized as under Communism?
state and collective farms; forced to work; received wages; workers shared any surpluses that remained after products were sold and costs were paid
What was provided for Russian employees until the collapse of communism?
state-run enterprises in the SU provided extensive health care
What was the result?
steady growth, declining inflation, and increased foreign investment
What brings rainfall to the moors?
steady winds off the Atlantic Ocean
What are the other industries in the eastern part of central Germany?
steel, machinery, automobiles, and textiles
What did Bulgaria turn away from in the early 1990s?
strict communism
What are the Basque people an example of?
striking example of independent identity of the Spanish people
How is some of this mined?
strip mining- whereby miners strip away the surface of the earth to lay bare the mineral deposits
What happened overtime in a city north of Kiev?
strong leaders tied two states together
How are they like Nordic Countries?
strong socialized component of government, socialist party has been strong in France, one house legislature, president, nationalized major industries, took privately owned businesses and bought them, now industries are owned by state, services are paid for by taxes
What do irregular coastlines make?
suitable harbors
What are two contrasting landscapes found in Western Europe?
summits of the Alps contrast with the flat North European Plains
Why do visitors come?
sun, water, and beaches
Even before industrialization, English farms produced what?
surplus goods for export
What extends through Russia to the south of the tundra?
taiga
Why have other industries located near the docks of Piraeus?
take advantage of low transportation costs for imported raw materials and exported manufactured goods
What happened when dictatorship came into power?
take all property and distribute among people according to what they need
What is their problem with immigrants/
take jobs from people of the country, can create outbreaks of violence
What happened to much of the land they had controlled?
taken to form new Eastern European countries
What did this offer?
tax incentives that persuaded foreign high tech companies to locate administrative offices in Ireland
What had the heavy industry in Wales fallen too in the Mid-1900s?
technology
Why does this occur?
temperate climates are caused by the relative locations of oceans and land- no point in Western Europe is more than 300 miles from the sea
How were most people forced to work rather than in cities?
tens of million of people were forced to remain on the same estates and pay high prices for what land they were given
How many people were expelled from their homelands?
tens of thousands
What have they both been accused of?
terrorism and brutality
What has the government done to balance the offset the loss of heavy industry, such as the coal industry?
tertiary economic activities: finance, insurance, and tourism
What do the people of Italy hope?
that as Italy's economy develops within the EU, their standard of living will improve
What is the size almost equal to?
that of Texas
What was one of the provisions of France?
that they owned this river valley
What are examples of grabens?
the Aegean Sea; the Gulf of Corinth
What was this time known as?
the Age of Exploration
What was their border with Italy?
the Alps
What is the backbone of Italy?
the Apennine Mountains
What mountains are found in the east in Mongolia?
the Atlas Mountains
What is a result of invading armies battling for control of the region?
the Baltic states have been subject to frequent conquests by other powers
What lies along Germany's southern border?
the Bavarian Alps, North of the Alps, the land is less mountainous
Who were they overthrown by?
the Bolshevik: communist revolution
Who were the communist supporters?
the Bolsheviks
What revolution ended it?
the Bulskevik Revolution
What is the world's largest lake that also lies below sea level?
the Caspian
What was the only institution that survived the Dark Ages and even flourished?
the Catholic Church
What is the highest mountain range?
the Caucasus
Who were the first people in the UK?
the Celts
Who were the most intense residents to Russian control?
the Chechnya
What is the highest area in the region?
the Cheviot Hills
What lands were brought together?
the Czech lands and Slovakia, which were controlled by Hungary
What are the northern Mountains extensions of?
the Dinaric Alps, which forms the mountainous backbone of the Balkan nations
What did they join?
the EU
What did it join, like Spain?
the EU in 1986
What were all three admitted into?
the EU in 2004
What else did mining and factories change?
the English landscapes
What is a result of this?
the Flemings, who spoke Dutch, could not hold government positions or enter professions in which a university education was needed
What is this area known as?
the French Riviera; Cote D'Azur/Azur Coast- the Blue green coast of Mediterranean
What was the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-1871?
the Germans against the Prussian part of Germany
What was this Empire known as?
the Golden Hoard
What mountain range cuts across this region?
the Grampion Mountains
Who did the Romans build on the accomplishments of?
the Greeks
What was this also a part of?
the Holy Roman Empire of Charlemagne
Who invaded from the east in AD 375 and 600?
the Huns and Avars
What people moved into Eastern Europe in the time after Christ?
the Huns, Bulgars, and Molars have marched across Eastern Europe
What is still standing that was used by Napoleon?
the Lourve was a rundown mansion that was taken over by Napoleon and used a museum for the items he stole
What is the border to the south?
the Mediterranean Sea
What did the influence of the Roman Empire mean?
the Mediterranean Sea traditionally had been the center of trade
How did Hitler execute Jews?
the Nazis created and sealed off Jewish ghettos in Polish cities such as Warsaw; a ghetto is an area of a city where a minority is forced to live; when Jews in Warsaw rebelled, the Nazis slaughtered all the remaining people in the ghetto and then burned it to the ground
Although their businesses are common to the US, what is different?
the Nordic government guarantee certain goods and services to everyone and operate some industries that are run privately in the US; Denmark and Sweden have state run day care centers and state supported medical care
What is northern Germany covered by?
the North German Plan
The Netherlands' entire western side of the country is bordered by what?
the North Sea
Who did they gain a close relationship with?
the Orthodox Church
Where did they expand the Russian Empire to?
the Pacific
What is found in the interior of Northern France?
the Paris Basin, a part of the North European Plain
What people inhabited the North?
the Picts
What are the problems that occurred with religion?
the Poles tries to establish Roman Catholicism, but Ukrainians remained Orthodox
What did the Poles keep from being "digested" by other countries?
the Polish national identity, or a sense of what characteristics make them a nation
What lies in the east of France?
the Rhine Valley
What are the two major rivers that flow through the central parts of Germany?
the Rhine and the Elbe
What divided the two regions?
the Rhone River
What does this serve as the world headquarters for?
the Roman Catholic Church
How were they challenged?
the US and Germany both made as much steel as the UK made
What is Europe's longest river?
the Volga
Where does most of the water from the lands west of the Urals pass into?
the Volga
What did he encourage?
the arts and a revival of learning
What was expanded under the ruling monarchs?
the boundaries of France by 1589
What brought independence to the Baltic States in 1991?
the breakup of the SU
What is common is the taiga and has been a national symbol of Russia?
the brown bear
What is the port of Marseille?
the busiest seaport in France and the second most active in all of Western Europe
What is Naples the site of?
the cameo industry
What did they have?
the capital of Grozny
What cities did early industrial development focus on?
the cities of Milan and Turin
What are the cities that form the large metropolis of Randstad, or ring city?
the cities of the Hague, Rotterdam, Amsterdam, and Utrecht
How has Paris been the cultural center of France?
the city's atmosphere of freedom attracted artists and intellectuals from many nations
What is a result of this?
the climate in most parts of Russia is subarctic or continental
What was a central part of post-Communist economic restructuring?
the conversion of state-run industries into private firms
What happened when his armies were defeated?
the countries of Europe formally recognized Swiss as a neutral country
Why is France called the "Hexagon"?
the country is roughly six-sided
What happened when Portugal gave its colonies their freedom?
the country turned back toward Europe
What is the velvet Revolution?
the declining influence of the SU in the late 1980s spurred this- a revolution without bloodshed
What has the Italian government encouraged?
the development of new factories and services in recent years
What did this result in?
the election of a democratic parliament
What happened within a decade?
the entire peninsula was united
Human interaction with what is more evident in certain places?
the environment
What did Hitler use as an excuse to invade the republic in the late 1930s?
the fact that many Germans lived in northwestern Czechoslovakia
What did farmers prefer?
the familiarity of the Soviet-style arrangements despite their inefficiencies
Who were the Ancient Greeks?
the first true high civilization
What was the most recent foreign power to rule the Baltic states?
the former SU
What does this allow for?
the frigid air to circulate beneath them and diffuse the heat that buildings generate
What is a communist economy?
the government controls the means of production and distribution of goods, and services
What is a symbol of the Nordic winter?
the greenish white and red lights of the aurora borealis 'nothern lights' appear most brightly
What was the Industrial Revolution?
the growing use of machines, began in England and spread to rest of western Europe during the 1800s
What did trade within England and with other European nations foster?
the growth of cities along rivers and the coast
What does the tropical air on the west coasts of Scotland and Ireland?
the growth of palm trees in places that are normally cool
What are the three bands that extend across the country?
the high craggy mountains of the south turn into hills low peaks and tall plateaus in the middle before leveling off into flat lands of the north
What has helped the country thrive?
the independent spirit of the cantons exists alongside a strong national unity, along with Swiss neutrality
What made Genoa a thriving power city?
the industrial growth of the Po valley
As internal political conflicts slowed growth, what else slowed growth?
the influx of refugees from neighboring Kosovo in 1999
Who did Ukrainians welcome during WWII?
the invading Germans as liberators and collaborated with them against the SU
What does Yugoslavia mean?
the land of the southern Slavs
What was united?
the lands ruled by various nobles were united under one leader
What did the industry and coal mining industry change?
the landscape and economy of southern Wales
What did the kings decree and thy spread their control?
the language of Paris become the language of all the lands they ruled
What did it grow into?
the large Austrian Empire by the early 1800s
What is the heart of northern Italy?
the lush Po river valley
What is a result of this?
the major ecosystems of Russia lie in bands that stretch across much of the nations
What was Germany in the 1900s?
the most industrialized nation in all of Europe
What was Slovenia?
the most wealthy republic and was afraid the other Yugoslavian republics would drag it down into poverty
What did Greece object to the use of?
the name Macedonia for a nation comprised largely of Slavic people, claiming that the name was Hellenic
What did they give to France?
the name; Germanish lifestlye
What is les Marseilles?
the national anthem, written by sailors from Marsielle from France Revolution
What is the French curriculum set by?
the national government and is strictly followed by each school in the country
How is the population of Western Europe not evenly distributed?
the nations of Scandinavia are lightly populated, whereas the Netherlands is very densely populated
What is the EU?
the nations of Western Europe pursued greater political and economic cooperation by forming this organization
What has happened to the Barents Sea, a part of the Arctic ocean north of European Russia?
the navy has dumped more than 17,000 containers filled with nuclear materials
What was the pull affect?
the new economic climate pulled immigrants to Ireland, it also lured many Irish emigrants in the US back to their homeland
Where is Scotland located?
the north end of Great Britain
What is one of the most serious health threats from 1986?
the nuclear accident that took place at Chernobyl
Why is this port city suffering from some of the worst poverty in Europe?
the number of available jobs cannot keep pace with teh number of people who wish to work
What is drained by Russia's rivers?
the plateaus and plains
Who were the Druids?
the priests
By the 1500s, who had emerged as the leaders of Russia?
the princes of Moscow who had ended the Tatar domination
What was responsible for about 80% of Hungary's gross domestic product?
the private sector
What is Southern Greece a result of?
the product of tectonic forces- it is where the Eurasian tectonic plate meets the African Plate
What did they mostly ship in the 1500s?
the products of its farms
Why was this?
the protestants objected to many of the practices and teachings of the Roman Catholic Church
Why is the inner Meseta drier?
the rain shadow of the mountains
What region has a reputation for producing the best wines?
the region around the busy seaport of Bordeaux
What is the climate of the Baltic States?
the region's humid continental climate is influenced by the air that comes off the Baltic Sea; wet, moderate, winters and summers
What do Catholics support?
the reunification of Ireland
What is the physical geography of Serbia and Montenegro?
the rugged peaks of Montenegro and the fertile plains of the Danube valley in Serbia
What animals are found in the east?
the sable's luxurious fur has made it a trapper's prize for centuries
Who are Croats descended from?
the same early Slavic people as the Serbs
What do skiers enjoy?
the scenery of these mountains, rivers, hills, and thick evergreen forests
What are both coasts etched by?
the sea with inlets called firths
What is their main source of food?
the sea, fish
What is the Danube River?
the second longest river in Europe; it flows eastward from its source in Germany for about 1,770 miles before emptying into the Black Sea; Iron Gates
What is Rotterdam in the Netherlands?
the site of the busiest port in the world, located at the mouth of the Rhine River, the vast ports can handle 300 cargo ships at a time
What made up each part?
the six northeastern countries remained part of the UK but the rest of Ireland became a free state under British supervision
What is the population size equivalent to?
the size of the US
What is another area of the northern region that is prosperous?
the ski resorts of the alps and the area's splendid lakes attract visitors year round
What is a result of this?
the slavs moved into Eastern Europe
Why were many Italians forced to move in the early 1900s?
the small amount of farmland could not support the population
What are some of the most violent efforts that have been made to gain independence from Russia since SU's breakup?
the small state of Chechnya
What was a result of of rising inflation and unemployment?
the standard of living for many dropped
Why did Communism not improve people's lives?
the standard of living remained poor, and the people had no freedom to make personal decisions or express their opinions; millions were forced to Siberia or to prisons, many executed
What started in the late 1700s?
the state of Prussia, in what is now eastern Germany, led a movement to merge many German states into a single confederation, or loose political union
What is the Grassland ecosystem like?
the steppe, which covers much of Ukraine and southern Russia, provides fertile soil for agriculture
What was approved in 1918 during the final weeks of WWI?
the victorious allies planned to create a new nation- Czechoslovakia
How are these marine west coast?
the warm currents of the North Atlantic Drift moderate the weather and keep the coast free of ice
What does this region prevent?
the warm moist ocean winds from reaching the rest of the Scandinavian Peninsula
What are the prevailing westerlies?
the wind that blows across this warm current, the constant flow of air from west to east in the tempurate zones of the earth, so warm water up to Europe
What did this inequality lead to?
the working class to rebel against the capitalist owners of industry, in all industries, overthrow wealthy and elite
What were destroyed during WWII?
theaters and museums
What else is France known for?
theaters, ballets, operas, orchestras, and cinemas
What do they compare it to?
their farmland; call their offshore waters the "Blue Meadow"
What else do the French take pride in?
their intellectual and artistic achievments
What did each of the republics have?
their own Soviet, or government council
What did the SU take advantage of?
their strategic location on the Baltic Sea by establishing naval bases in all three Baltic nations
Why is London so expensive?
there is less land and more people, 60 million people in land half the size of France
Why is it important?
there is little flat land on which to grow crops. Cattle are driven to high mountains pastures in the spring. In the fall they are brought down to the valleys to protect them from the harsh winter temps of the alps
What is the reality of the Urals?
they are low and unimposing
What have some Fijords allowed?
they are so deep, that ocean going ships can sail into the, most have such steep walls that even mountain climbers find them difficult to scale
What happened between WWI and WWII?
they became independent states
How are Belarus and Moldova similar?
they both have very close ties with larger nations
How did it become big?
they built many plants in the region; wages were better in factories than rural areas, many Slovaks lefts farms to cities like the capital
What did the Romans do when they conquered the areas?
they constructed sophisticated dikes, or embarkments of earth and rock, to hold back the water
How did the Dutch become even more skilled to at creating new land?
they encircled a piece of land with dikes and them pumped water out into canals. The Dutch call land reclaimed from the sea in this way a polder
Why are they always ready to "blow"?
they have been overrun and patches of people
How has location had an affect on all three Baltic nations?
they have benefited from their access to the sea and their location along major trade routes
Why were they able to make these skirts?
they raised so many sheep
What happened with Russian princes between 800 and 1200s?
they ruled a sixable area in and around the current Ukraine capital
Why did trade develop between Empire into Russian and Balkan Peninsula?
they survived long after the fall of the west and thrived
What was their relation?
they were cousins
How were the Germanic tribes pushed out?
they were terrified and so were pushed into the Roman Empire
Why did some factories not get bought?
they were too old or inefficient to attract new buyers. a number of steel plants, coal mines, shipyards, and arms plants continued to be run by the government, bu with no market for their products, workers were told to work only part-time or were laid off altogether
Why did the Soviets elect a new leader, Nikhail Gorbochav?
things were bad in satellites, lots of descent ;Soviet system was failing
What are the minerals found in the Midlands?
think veins of coal that are fueled the country's Industrial Revolution
What were the Gauls strongly influenced by?
this cultural convergence, adopting the Romans' Latin language and Christian religion
Where is it?
this mountain range begins in the northwest and arcs all the way down the Italian Peninsula
What is the landscape of Slovenia?
this nation in the Julian Alps
What did the Soviet forces do after they invaded the three states in 1939?
those states were annexed, or formally added, to the SU
how many colors are there on the French flag?
three
How much extra agriculture have they produced in the recent years?
three times the amount of food needed to feed its people
Where did Islam spread?
through Balkan Peninsula; Muslims spread religion all the way to Vienna through Hungary before they are stopped
When were the Scottish and English parliaments were united?
through the Act of Union in 1707
What is a black market?
through which goods and services are unofficially without formal record keeping also has grown
When did it last?
till 1983
How much did its population decrease?
to 1.5 million
Why were people sent to siberia?
to be exiled by Czars
In 2006, what did Montenegrans vote for?
to become fully independent
Why did Napoleon want to join them together into one state?
to bring all of the continent together, and was close to it
Why were they cut down?
to create farmland
What has their government recently passed laws on?
to decentralize its government- that is, transfer power to smaller regions
What did its armed forces begin to campaign?
to drive Albanians from the region
What was the basis of the Russian Revolution?
to establish a government based on Karl Marx's ideas
What have the Baltic States taken successful steps in despite their small size and limited natural resources?
to expand and diversify, or increase the variety of, theur industries
What is a major task of the present-day government in relation to farming?
to find new ways of returning land to private ownership
Why has it reached out to its Western European neighbors?
to form new trade agreements
Why did people settle in this region?
to gain control of natural resources and teritory, to flee religuious and political persecution, or to find a better life
What us the objective of this?
to have a classless society and no ownership of property
Why was this body established in 1635?
to preserve the purity of the French language
What is one of their modern problems?
to rebuild itself within its new, smaller boundaries
What did he promise?
to restore Germany's past glory and to improve the economy
Where is the Massif Central in relation to the Rhone and how much of France's land area?
to the West and 1/6
Where are resources brought?
to the western areas where they are needed through a maze of pipelines that criss-cross the frozen wilderness
How was Bordeaux given its name?
to the whole wine crop of the region
What was Londonium?
today London, was a roman trading space
Where are these located?
together in northwestern Europe
What did the former SU do with the land of Poland after the war?
took over lands in eastern Poland; the Soviets expanded Poland's western border into what had once been Germany
What has saved their economy?
tourism
What is a huge part of their economy?
tourism
What was another form of economic activity?
tourism came to the Black Sea resorts, bringing with them desperately needed foreign currency
What is another form of economic activity?
tourists to Vienna with cultural and historical attractions
Where is salt found?
towns in Europe that have "Salv" are built are on Sand mines, also salt in the sea; import salt from Africa
What is not so much of an industry today?
trade industry
What type of trade does Greece rely on?
trade over water
What have tensions with Greece and Albania complicated?
trade patterns and hampered the Macedonian economy
What did they do for a living, besides raid western Europe?
traders, colonizers, explorers who left their mark on world history
What are they the centers in?
trading and banking
What does Prague boost in Urban life?
traditional architecture and modern businesses
What did this make difficult?
transportation
What does the Danube River provide Slovakia with?
transportation and irrigation
What is it's major export?
transportation equipment
What happened with his rule?
tried unsuccessfully to force Norman lords to obey hum, but English rulers who followed Henry held on to the title and began thinking of Ireland as a possession
What revolt was crushed in 1956?
tryed to oust a Soviet-backed Communist government
What does Lennon do with this power of St. Petersberg?
trying to spread power throughout country
Where are the small nations of Lithuania, Lativa, and Estonia?
tucked away along the eastern edge of the Baltic Sea
What is the ecosystem of the area around the Arctic Circle?
tundra
How many cantons make up Swiss today?
twenty six
What are the two regions that are found east of Bordeaux?
two mountainous areas
What were they joined into?
two states who both wanted to be ruling party
What is an example of some areas still recovering to achieve stability?
two years ago, fire was set in an area of Russia because of revolt
What was the frieze?
under pediment; intricately carved; thought of as once colorful
Why have officials enacted strict economic measures?
under the pressure to meet standards of the EU
What has remained?
unemployment at about 10%
What has been decreasing and what has been low?
unemployment; inflation rates
What is a tertiary school?
university, technical college, or professional school
What happens, despite the dry climate and the scarcity of flat land?
until recently Italy relied heavily on agriculture
How long did the Celtics remain in England?
until the arrival of Romans
What did the Romans control?
up to Britain, Spain, never Germans, built a wall
How did the Dutch make power for the pumps that remove water from the canals?
used windmills
Despite the wear and tear of erosion, what has the Ural mountains played a role in Russia?
valuable minerals
What is there enough precipitation for?
vegetation
What have to be supported?
vines
What does their location make them prone to?
volcanic activity, earthquakes, tsunamis, some cities are under Mediterranean Sea because of earthquakes
What did the Kosovo Liberation Army do in response?
wage guerrilla warfare against the Serbs
When did long-standing hostilities among different groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina erupt into?
war when Communist control ended
Why is Ireland green on the coast?
warm air carries moisture, so a lot of rainfall
What is the climate of the region?
warm climate is ideal for sunbathing on the region's famous beaches and swimming in tje sea
What are characteristics of this climate?
warm summers and cool winters, drier, milder
What were many decisions were made by Russians about economic issues?
wasteful and inefficient
What have Swiss jewelers produced for hundreds of years?
watches known the world over for their accuracy
What borders three sides?
water
How do Ukrainians still deal with the long term effects of Chernobyl?
water pollution; birth defects; and various kinds of cancer
How is it's central government?
weak
How did shipowners and merchants earn profits from trade?
wealthy business owners built factories to produce manufactured goods to sell to Britain's colonies, as ships plied the oceans loaded with British goods, Britain became known as the "workshop of the world"
Who were allowed to vote?
wealthy male land owners
What was the economy like other Eastern European countries in their first years of freedom?
went into a tail-spin in the first years
Where do gently rolling plains cover most land?
west of the Yenisei River
What is grown?
wheat and other grains, olive and citrus groves, grapes
What is farmed in the Meseta?
wheat or barley
What do farmers grow in the lowlands, which have some of the England's most productive farms?
wheat, vegetables, and other crops on small plots of land
What happened during WWII?
when Germans invaded, they lost independence, got back independence in 1990s
When did Communist control in Poland begin?
when Soviets occupy the rest of Poland
When did manufacturing become important?
when communists assumed power after WWII
When did conflicts arise between Spain and Portugal?
when they expanded their colonial empires into South America, over the division of the land
Why did the Slavs allow the Vikings to establish a state?
when they were tired of fighting enemies and themselves
Historically, what is Ukraine the in relation to Russia?
where the first Russian state began more than 1,000 years ago
What do these exams determine?
whether students will be admitted to one of the UK's many universities
What was it called by one of the Czars?
window in the west; marine access to west
What is affected by water?
winds
What is the climate like?
windy and rainy
What are some of the exports of France?
wine, electronic goods, and chemicals
How did the Athenian government begin?
with a king, evolved into tyrants, eventually democracy
What is found in the northeast side?
with flat low hills and wide plains
When was the first time Czeck was ruled independently by kings?
within the Holy Roman Empire into the fourteenth century
Who was allowed to vote, besides men, by the end of the 1900s?
women and workers
What has kept the Tweed River valley woolen mills well supplied?
wool by area farmers
What else did they make from sheep wool?
wool vest and wool jacket
What is there work week and work time like?
work week is 30 hours; lengthy vacations; decisions as a nation is to sacrifice material goods for leisure and family time; don't work to own two care and tv; meals are quality
What was important about the literature of the Italians?
wrote in Italian rather than Latin
Why are the land's fertile?
younger, softer rocks lie beneath the land's surface, these rocks break up easily to the lowlands tends to be fertile- able to produce abundant crops
How did the west do this?
zones of occupation, homes, jobs, cleared debris, start reconstruction
Who are the majority of people in Slovakia?
Slovaks
What are larger parcels of land set aside for?
pasture
What is a Tartans?
pattern of kilt
How many of the 100,000 who left Moscow with Napoleon returned to France?
30,000
How many German states were there?
300
What are some peaks rise to?
3000 feet
What do many areas have elevation over?
3000 feet
What were they consolidated into?
36 states
What is its population?
4 million
What is geothermal energy?
Energy produced from the heat of the earth's interior
What was the Celtic language?
Gaelic
Who was this region controlled by for the next 5 centuries?
Mongols, Lithuania, Poland
Who had conquered most of Russia in 1245?
Mongols, or Tatars
What is the tallest peak of the Alps?
Mont Blanc, rises 15,771 feet above sea level
What is the eastern part of the Czech Republic?
Moravia
What people are along the border?
More English than highland people
How is more than half the land used?
More than hald of the land is used for agriculture, either to grow crops or as pasture
When had conflict occurred in five of those six because of what?
1992-2001 and different groups fought ethnic Russians and each other
How many other Serbs live in neighboring republics?
2 million
How many people lived in Vienna, one of the largest cities, in 1910?
2 million
How long does the sun shine during midwinter and mid summer?
2 or 3; 20
What had the united Italy survived during the 20th century?
2 world wars and changes in national government
What is the other language spoken?
2.9 million speak English
How much of Italy's factory products are made there?
2/3
How much of Poland is open field?
2/3
How much rain falls each year in much of the country?
20 inches
How many students attend Catholic schools?
20%
What is the first language of Wales?
20% speak Welsh
How many islands are included in Greece?
200- also a mainland
What is the Ural Mountains average elevation?
2000 feet
How much coastline is a result of these harbors and islands?
2000 miles
What is the most recent eruption?
2001 on Sicily's Mount Etna
The Russian federation emerged after the fall of SU and consisted of how many separate states including what?
21; six of which are in the northern Caucasus
What is the population of Romania?
23 million
How long is the English Channel?
25 miles across
How many Russians belong to non-Russian ethnic groups?
25 million
How long did they indirectly rule Russia?
250 years
What is a result of this war?
250,000 people lost their lives and 2 million were driven from their homes
How many people were killed, injured, or radiated?
26 killed; hundreds injured; and millions exposed to radiation
What is their combined land area?
26.4 million people
How many names did St. Petersberg have in the past 100 years?
3
How much has the nation's population declined over the last decade?
3 million
How many people live in this area?
3 million residents
How many times have german armies swept through the flat northeastern plains and overrun France since 1870?
3 times
How much of the landmass of the world does Western Europe cover?
3%
What is different about this route?
3,700 bodies of water, 7 mountains, and tunnels
What is this known as?
"Europe's hermit"
What is the famous JFK saying that he spoke to the Germans?
"I am a donut"
What did Rudyard Kipling state?
"Our England is a garden"
What is a nickname for Ireland?
"a land of fire and ice"
What is Chernozem?
"black soil"
What phrase was created to describe an unnecessary action?
"carrying coal to Newcastle"
What did Russians call Ukraine?
"the border"
What is balkanize?
"to break up into small, mutually hostile political units" in 1918
What does the UN provide?
$2 million per year for treatment and preventive care for 350,000 people who were affected by the Chernobyl disaster
How many people live there?
3.5 million
What was sparked in the early 1600s?
30 years of warfare between the Protestants and Catholics throughout Germany and other parts of Central Europe
What percent of Belgium speak French?
30%
What is the coldest temp. ever outside of Antarctica?
-94 degrees
When were they unionized?
1991: result of a movement
How many people live in this region?
1.2 million
How much of the country is below sea level?
1/3
What is the population of the Czech Republic?
10 million
What is the population?
10 million people
How tall do the mountains get?
10,000 feet above sea level
Over one thirds of what population live in Athens?
10.5 million
What is their literacy rate?
100%
What do the elevations rarely top?
1000 feet
When did Hungary become a nation?
1000 when the Pope crowned King Stephen
How many years has Luxembourg been able to endure?
1000 years
What was the "Beginning of the End of Feudalism"?
1000- powerful kings, defined kingdoms, money economy, not as much dependence on agriculture, Nationality
How many time zones does it cover?
11
What did it emerge as an independant nation?
1143, when rulers of the area around Oporto defeated the Moors
How many different ethnic groups lived, either intermixed or in jigsaw puzzle ethnic regions?
12 dozen independent
What is the population of England?
12-15 million people
how many acres of land were polluted by radiation from the damaged plant?
12.3 million acres
How many cantons were there by 1513?
13 belonged to the confederation
When did the Mongols sweep through?
13th century
How many were there?
15
What happened to the Satellites?
15 independant republics and created a confederation
What was the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics?
15 republics joined together
In Russia, how long did the Mongols control?
15th century
When did they rule?
1600 till 1917
What is the average elevation in Estonia?
164
When were they given independence?
1829 from Turkey; after ten year rebellion;
When did Belgium become an independent nation from Netherlands?
1830
When was serfdom eventually abolished?
1861
How much of the population speak French?
19%
What rebellions occurred due to many Irish continuing to press for independence?
1916 and 1921, led officials in the UK and Ireland to divide the nation into two parts
When was the first female prime minister elected ?
1970
When did the USSR decline and why?
1980, satellites broke away
When was it opened?
1984
When did SU domination last until?
1989, when countries began adopting democracy and market economies
When did Slovenia and Croatia declare themselves independent?
1991
What is one port on the Barrat Sea?
Archangel
What is the port city of Russia off of the Barents Sea?
Archangel
What forest is in Belgium?
Arden: Battle of the Bulge
When was Greece an important part of the Byzantine Empire?
As the Roman Empire declined
What was the Golden Age or Classical Age of Ancient Greece?
Athenian dominated; in Athens great philosophers; Parthenon was built
What is Greece's capital?
Athens
Which one was more of a commercial center?
Athens
What is 5 miles to the south of Athens?
Athens merges with Greece's largest port, Piraeus
What was a prominent city in ancient times?
Athens, which is now the capital
What is Vienna the capital of?
Austria, political and cultural capital of Austrian Empire
What countries did the united Germany, with Austria broken away, join with in 1882?
Austria-Hungary and Italy to form a military alliance known as the Triple Alliance
Who were the next to rule for 400 years?
Austrian Hapsburg monarchs
What empire were they a part of?
Austrp-Hungarian Empire
What have been some of the most successful products made in Italy?
Automobiles, home appliances, and other metal goods
What did a communist government in the late 1940s do to Poland?
Backed by the SU took control in Poland and banned opposition parties
What did their ancient empire include much of?
Balkan Peninsula
Where did Byzantines gain converts?
Balkan Peninsula; Russia and Southeastern Europe
What are some of the traditional arts of Russia?
Ballet, Music, Literature, Science, Paintings
Where is it found?
Baltic Sea
Who were the first to declare their Independence?
Baltic republics
What is an important service industry?
Banking
Why did people flee between 476 and 1350?
Barbarians reek havoc and Roman army is gone
What is the nation;s largest port?
Barcelona
What type of style was prominent in the 16th century?
Baroque: English, French, and Spanish
How is the Arden Forest historical?
Battle of the Bulge, last German offensive, fought in the forest, Germans used forest to fight France in WWI and WWII
Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century?
Batukan
Who was their leader?
Batukan
What happened when the SU came through Eastern Europe?
Because Russia supported , welcomed SU and under SU control until 1990
Why was Slovenia expected to recover quickly from the problems brought by the war and independence?
Because of its solid industrial base
What was religion like under communism?
Churches in Russia were closed, over the 75 years of communist rule, sometimes when people are allowed to be religious independently, other times there was a crackdown, government had power to stop things because of religion like promotions or new housing, people were so devout Catholics that they had a hard time stopping religious worship
Who are some of their famous painters?
Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir
Who did the Franks start the first kingdom in France under?
Clovus, who took the title King of the Franks
What were the forerunners in the Industrial Revolution, which are found in England?
Coal and iron
What are some of the minerals mined in the mountains of the north?
Coal, iron ore, copper, and lead
What were farms like under the Soviets?
Collectivized Farms: no private ownership, workers were paid by government and shared profits from their products, state built boarding, one large parcel of land
What type of government and economy did Lenin and Stalin establish?
Communist dictatorship and command economy
From 1940s till 1980s, soviet Rulers in Moscow controlled what?
Communist governments in Eastern Europe
What was the Cold War?
Competition between super powers, show world how strong they were; after WWII
What other industries have developed along the Clyde and Tweed Rivers?
Computer and electronic businesses
What do the Swiss Officials call Switzerland?
Confederation Helvetica
What are two parties?
Conservative and Labor
What was also a major city?
Corinth
What is the Duma?
Created to give people a voice in government; first time people had little say-so in government; not effective
Where is the largest?
Crete, south of the mainland in Mediterranean Sea
Who too grew nervous about its future, fearing that the wealth it gained from the tourists business on its long Mediterranean coastline would be eaten up by the other regions?
Croatia
What is the Russian Alphabet?
Cyrillic Alphabet, based on Greek letters
What is found in St. Petersberg?
Czar Palaces, Art collection
Which is more prosperous and industrial?
Czech
Who are the majority of people in Czechs?
Czech
What happened under his rule?
Czechoslovakia began to transition to a free society and a market based economy
What is one important form of agriculture?
Dairy farming
What makes other rivers unnavigable?
Dangerous rapids
What are examples of Germaine Language?
Danish, Dutch, German, English
What river runs through Hungary?
Danube
What creates the southern border?
Danube river
What are the different landforms?
Denmark is flat, whereas Norway is one of the most mountainous nations in Europe
Why were the Russians happy?
Didn't hear about things in the west
What are some other rivers?
Don, Divina, Ob, Lena, Dniper
What methods are used?
Dry Farming; leave land unplanted every few years in order to gather moisture
More than 8 million people live in what cities in the area that form one huge metropolis near the Ruhr Valley?
Duisburg, Essen, Bochum, and Dortmund, and the smaller cities and town
When were most the now rebuilt structures destroyed?
During bombing raids in WWII
How did this begin?
During the 1700s, new technological advances resulted in machines powered by water steam, and fuel; machine power could produce more foods than human power
What is a result of this:?
Dutch farmers cannot afford to waste any of the Netherlands farmland
What did the Czechs wish to become a member of?
EU
What is it the leading member of?
EU
What is Brussels the home of?
EU and NATO
What is it a member of and what is it capable of know?
EU and trades its goods and services with other EU memebers
What was the government like?
Each city had government, but there was no common government, so each was independent
What happened with the standards of living?
East Germany was slowly brought up to standard of living of west
Where is Germany located?
East of the Rhine River from France
Where are the Alps?
East of the Rhone
What happened when the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox split in 1054?
Eastern Europe was divided between them
What are the different religions that are found the Balkan Peninsula?
Eastern Orthodox Christians; Roman Catholic; Protestants; Muslims; Jews
What is the religion of most people?
Eastern Orthodox faith
What religion and alphabet are the Serbs?
Eastern Orthodoxy and use the Cyrillic alphabet
What is the top priority in Finland?
Education
What is a nickname of Ireland?
Emerald Isle
Why did they leave kings and princes in charge?
Empire was so big and numbers were so few that they couldn't control such large areas
What have been created near these mines?
Factory towns, such as Birmingham, Manchester, and Stoke-on-Trent
If England is cosmopolitanism, what is cosmopolitanism?
Familiar with and at ease in many different countries and cultures
What developed in Southwest Asia and later spread into Western Europe?
Farming
What privatized just as industry did?
Farms; Big Soviet Farms that weren't successful, land had to return to people
When did they begin rebelling?
February 1917
What is the landscape of Bulgaria?
Fertile soils of the Danube Plains and the plains south of the Balkan Mountains
What is the landscape of Czech Republic?
Few flat areas, except the plains that lie beside the Elbe River; dominated by plateaus and mountains, and high ridges define the boundaries
How many people live in Vatican City?
Fewer than one thousand people, but the district swells daily with visitors to its two main structures
What was the Italian Renaissance?
Finance the arts; men could study, read, learn and widen horizon; Renaissance became the time of intellectual thoughts; Galileo proved that the earth is not the center of the universe and the church is wrong
What is one country with the highest education?
Finland
What land did they acquire?
Finland and land on the Baltic Sea
What is the exception to the common roots among Nordic languages?
Finnish
What are the languages of Finns?
Finnish and Swedish
Where do the majority of people who speak Flemish live?
Flanders
What is the land like?
Flat, river deltas, low land
Who made up a large part of the population?
Flemings
What do about 55% speak?
Flemish, a dialect of Dutch
What is the cultural center made famous by Michelangelo and other Italian painters during the Renaissance?
Florence
What happened to the landscape as a result of farming?
Forests vanished as farmers cleared and cultivated the land
What is it culturally similar to?
France
What was this area crated as a buffer between?
France and Germany
Who did Switzerland fight in Italy in 1515?
France and Swiss was defeated
Where did the Italian Renaissance move through?
France and up to Northern Europe
What happened as a result of these changes?
France enjoyed a period of great prosperity and is today one of the leading exporters of goods in the world
What is Frances history with Germany?
France is old; Germany is modern; French opposed Germany and lost war so even emperor was taken over
What does Lorraine have?
France's largest deposits of iron ore
What strained their relationship with the US?
France's opposition to military action against Iraq in 2003
Who did the Triple Alliance fight?
France, Russia, UK, US and other allies
What were some of the countries that fought on Germanic soil?
France, Sweden, and England
What is the banking center and the site of the famous university?
Frankfort, Heidelberg
Where did which Germanic tribes take control of?
Franks in France Angles in England Vissigauts in Spain Vandals in North Africa
What was the official language?
French
What power challenged the Russian power in 1812?
French Emperor-Napoleon led an invasion with approx. 600,000 soldiers
What government where they put under as a result?
French communism, under control of this communist regime there was a political rebellion
What is the French Academy a symbol of?
French cultural pride
What are three languages spoken in Luxembourg?
French, German, and German dialect called Luxembourgish
What are the four official languages of Switzerland?
French- Geneva, German-Zurich, Italian- Italian Border, and Romansh (english throughout)
Where does it stretch from?
From Europe in the West to the Pacific Ocean in the West
Where is it?
From Moscow to Vladivostok
What is the language of Scotland?
Gaelic
What is this story?
Married to king of France, he died and so moved back to Scotland to be Queen there; She was catholic; Many men were Protestant; Power struggle because she was a women, Have a son and Protestant nobles drive her out; Writes Queen Elizabeth, Protestant, and asks to live in England;Mary is allowed to live in England, Elizabeth gets word that she is plotting to overthrow, If Elizabeth died, Mary would be Queen;Orders Mary's head to be cut off, brought to Tower of London and was dignified;Tower of London was were King lived, but then became official state prison; When Elizabeth died, ate her up, but heir was Mary Queen of Scotland's son;King of both England and Scotland, steward monarchs
What are the two regions?
Massif Central and the Alps
What is often in short supply?
Medicine and medical equipment
What draws visitors to the area?
Medieval abbeys and low, hilly landscapes
What waters are separated by the Iberian Peninsula?
Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean
What is the climate of almost all of Spain?
Mediterranean climate of mild, rainy winters, and hot dry summers
What is the House of Lords?
Member of Peerage, titled nobleman
Who were the less radical socialist?
Menchevik
When was there a time when leadership was instable?
Michael Romanoff- beginning of Romanoff Dynasty which lasted about 300 years and was last dynasty
What does Messogiorno mean?
Midday and points out one of the region's most noted features: its intense noontime sum
How long has Hamburg been a leading city in trade?
Middle Ages
Who had advanced in the Dark Ages?
Middle East
Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?
Midlands because of deposits
Who has moved into this area?
Migrants from poor farming areas
What is the climate of the Valleys?
Mild
What do the climates of Central Europe and Northern Eurasia range from?
Mild Mediterranean to frigid tundra?
What is the climate like?
Mild Mediterranean, precipitation in winter, cold enough for snow on top of mountains, pollution is high, dangerous with heat and pollution, areas around the coast seldom reach temps because coastal moderation
What is NATO?
Military alliance
Who fled from these countries?
Millions of Poles fled from lands seized by the former SU; Germans living in lands given to Poland also fled
What became one of Britain's biggest coal producers?
Mines in the Rhondda Valley, just north of the capital city of Cardiff
What was thought of as the earliest civilization?
Minoan civilization of the Island of Crete
Who was the legendary king of the Minoans?
Minos
How does their elevation affect the climate?
Moist, Atlantic winds rising over the Cantabrian Mountains along the northern coast drop ample rain for farmers to raise corn and carrle there
What was their government?
Monarchy, stewed dynasty, before they were under English control
Who came from east central Asia and overran the Kievan state in 1237?
Mongol warriors
What affect did this have on the people?
Most of the people in Ireland relied on potatoes as their major source of nutrition, As a result, about one million Irish died of starvation or disease. The crisis further inflamed anti-British feelings because many Irish Catholics blamed England for not providing enough aid
Why is Italy the best-known outline of any country in the world?
Most people suggest that Italy looks like a giant boot ready to kick the triangular "rock" of Sicily across the Mediterranean Sea
What is the tallest peak?
Mt. Olympus, 9,570 feet
How has the Britain's industry fallen under hard times?
Much of the area's coal supply was used up during the Industrial Revolution.
How has the ecosystem of Western Europe been altered?
Much of the original forests and grasslands were cut and cleared long ago to build farms, towns and cities.
What is the largest city in southern Germany?
Munich
What happened to the Czar's wife and Rasputin when the Czar went to fight in war?
Mystic powers to stop son from bleeding, but people started rebelling
What is it the home of?
NATO
What is the biggest city in this region?
Naples
Who had a scheme to unite Europe under his hand?
Napoleon
Who's armies occupied Swiss in 1798?
Napoleon's
What were removed from public view?
Nationalist symbols
Where were huge coal deposits found in the 1800s?
Near the Ruhr River in the Ruhr Valley
What are the countries of Benelux countries?
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg
What effect did this have on the Swiss?
Never again fought in a foreign war
What is the French Academy?
New French words are published in official dictionaries only if they are approved by the French Academy
Who was the most famous Second communist leader?
Nicolae Ceausescu
How did they keep control?
Nomads so didnt build palaces; Burn city, kill, loot and plunder, then get things, then come back the next year; All were afraid of Mongols
What do the people of Northern Europe call their land?
Norden
What is another name for them?
Nordic nations
Who conquered England in 1066?
Norman invaders
How are they important?
Normandy was the landing site for allied troops on D Day, France fell to Nazis in 1940, until 1944 occupied by Germans, no battles, when Allies launched Naval invasions then France sees serious fighting, Germans had reinforced North France coast, arrived in morning, ships dropped Higgins boats and people ran out, tried diversion areas, made people think that land in Calais
What covers most of Poland?
North European Plain
What is the Balkan Peninsula?
North of Greece, East of Italy, historically been politically unstable
How is Ireland divided up politically?
Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland
Where are populations concentrated?
Northern Scandinavia is too cold, coastlines or rivers that lead to the coast
What are the three regions of Italy?
Northern, Central, and Southern
Who, in particular, looks at the sea?
Norway
What is an example of this?
Norway refuses to open its excellent harbors for military use; forbids the storage of nuclear weapons on its territories; Denmark and Sweden actively promote peaceful solutions to international crises
What does Norden include?
Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, adn Iceland
When does the emergence of states begin?
Not until Vikings begin settling on rivers
What is another form of energy?
Nuclear power generators
What rivers are so wide that one might have trouble seeing to the other bank?
Ob, Yenisei, and Lena
What are other physical features of Western Europe?
Oceans and seas surround much of Western Europe and rivers wind their way through fertile valleys
What is the population like?
Of every six residents, two were Serbs, one was a Croat, and the other three called themselves Bosniaks and practiced Islam
When were the nations united?
Queen Margrethe of Denmark joined the five lands under one crown in 1397
What is the fastest way across Siberia?
Railroad
How have the Heavy industries of Scotland fallen into hard times?
Old factory centers such as Glasgow have declines, the loss of jobs has caused more than one thirs of Glasgos'a residents to leave since 1960
Where is London?
On Thames River
What did he do to gain followers and power?
Once he was Chancellor, takes unemployed young men, puts them in uniforms, they were called body guards, that was beginning of Nazi, they went into opposing parties, destroy files, broke windows of Jewish shops, intimidated people; Trying to restore morale of the people; If put someone in a uniform, gives them a sense of power that they might not have, gives sense of pride, take people without jobs, charged them with certain jobs; When voting, body guards were around and made people vote for him; Rides former president and rules as a dictator If threatened, they let him take control, even though there was no threat
What is the culture of Brittany?
One of those regions that is distinct culture in France, speak Breton, Maritime people, made living off sea, oversized white linen starched hats
What is the Polish government like under communism?
One party, sometimes election were held, all of electors were communist
What was important about Ballet?
Originated in France but took off in Czarist Russia, some of greatest dancers from Bolshoi, on tour men escaped into US
During this time, what religion did the Russian rulers adopt?
Orthodox Church
What were the terms of the treaty that followed the war, when Germany was defeated? What were the reparations that were brutal?
Oslo and Lorraine were back to France;Forced to pay heavy reparations;German economy was destroyed;Deutschmarks were so worthless that they would burn in oven instead of wood;For every mile of train that was destroyed in France, they had to destroy that much of their own;For every ton of merchant ships they blew up, they had to give to Ally mee;They had to sign a clause where they took responsibility of the war;When missing generation, forced to admit to guilt, moral of the country tanked;Later stock market crashed that caused every economy around the world to fall
What was England's first university?
Oxford
What is the capital of France?
Paris
What forms France's chief center of commercial industry?
Paris and its surrounding area
What type of Government is Belgium?
Parliamentary government
Who is the head of the church and what is their rule?
Patriarch, Conservatice, Formal tradition, Russian Icon
What is the mountain range in the Midlands?
Penine Mountains
What is the House of Commons?
Real power, called Members of Parliament
Who did they fight together earlier?
Persia
What was the earliest university like?
Peter Abalard was professor and priest Classes might be held in beer hall Students would pay teachers and lectured in Latin At end of course ask questions and write paper at the end Eventually, teachers would come together and form schools People majored in Philosophy, Religion
Who were they taken over by?
Philip of Macedon who invaded Greece
Who was it designed by?
Phineas
What does Meseta mean in Spanish?
Plateau
Where is Islam today?
Pockets of Muslims because of spread; right next to Greek Orthodox and Judaism
What was united in 1386 as Europe's largest kingdom?
Poland and Lithuania:
What is an example of unstability?
Poland ceased to exist several times and has later reappeared
What is the forest ecosystem like?
Poland contains one of the last surviving areas of forests that covered much of Europe in 8000 BC; home to European bison, elk, deer, wolves, and wild horses
Who gained independence after WWI?
Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary
Who did Germany invade in 1939?
Poland, Denmark, Belgium, and France
What countries were predominantly Roman Catholic?
Poland; the Czech lands; Hungary; and Croatia
What did the Window of the West bring?
Port; sailing to major countries; greater communication; westward
What did a treaty in 1494 say?
Portugal gained a large part of Africa and Brazil
What is the capital of Czech?
Prague
What major city lies in Bohemia?
Prague
Who was the elected president?
President Vaclav Hazvel
What are their resources?
Primarily agriculture, modernize and introduce technology, shipping, huge commercial fleets
What are the different parts of their government?
Prime Minister, House of Lords, House of Commons, Multi Party
What did most of English people become?
Protestant
What happened during the 1500s?
Protestant Reformation under Martin Luther
How else is Ireland divided?
Protestants and Catholics
Who did they fight with for power of Germany?
Prussia
What happened between the two states?
Prussia declared war on Austria under Autovon Busmark, six week war, declared war on France, seized Alsace and Lorraine, had coal and iron ore
What were the two dominant states?
Prussia- in north, capital was Berlin, Protestant, Industrialized Austria-South, catholic, rural and agriculture
What are the push and pull migration factors that were brought into play?
Pushed from the island by famine, nearly two million Irish emigrated in just seven years.Pulled by the lure of jobs, most immigrated to the US
Who is the current president?
Putin
Where is Bosc spoken?
Pyranees
What is a natural barrier between Spain and France?
Pyrenees Mountains
What was the ruble?
Russian currency, which was set at US $1;75 and fell to less than a US penny
What is south of the forests?
Russian steppes
Who tried to regain control of this area?
Russian troops
What was the difference between Russian and French troops?
Russian- not trained; French- trained, efficient, lived off land
Who were Slavs?
Russians
How was this invasion no more successful than the first?
Russians controlled cities, while Chechens ruled countryside
Who gained control of Eastern Europe, which also became communist, after WWII?
SU
Why do they have such great pollution?
SU maintained a good army; a lot of Eastern European factories made army supplies; smaller countries convert factories into factories that make other things; US did the same during WWII; didnt spend money on anti-pollution equipment; nuclear radio-active waste;
What is another important city?
Salzburg
What is the English Language?
Saxon, Latin, Roman, and French
Who were the next people to overrun England?
Saxons and Angles
What are two of the most continuous land masses?
Scandinavia and Jutland peninsulas
Who do they trade with?
Scandinavia, Ireland, India, and China
Who was Nicholas I?
Scared about another Revolution, so exiled people to Siberia and censored the newspaper
What do the Germans call Switzerland?
Schweiz
What country occupies nearly one third of the land area of the UK?
Scotland
Who uses oil?
Scots, British, Norwegian, and Dutch
What were the Scottish approved of in 1997?
Scottish voters approved the creation of a new Scottish parliament
Who captured Jerusalem in 1000?
Seljik Turks
When did WWII start?
Septemeber 1, when Germany invaded Poland
Who kept the name Yugoslavia for their own union after the other republics broke away?
Serbia and Montenegro
What countries became out of Yugoslavia?
Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia Herzegovina, Slovenia, and Kosovo
What did it used to be a part of?
Serbia, which was the biggest chunk of Yugoslavia
What happened after Croatia declared its independence?
Serbs within its borders fought to gain their own independence or to link themselves with Serbia; although fighting has tapered off, political and economic uncertainty continues
What are grazed on the slopes that are too steep or dry for growing crops?
Sheep and goats
What is the Asian expanse of Russia?
Siberia
When did all three Baltic states transform their economies?
Since achieving independence from the SU
What had Britain turned to instead of coal?
Since the 1970s, Britain has turned to oil and gas deposits beneath the floor of the North Sea as a source of fuel
How has Lille in north Paris been an important industrial center?
Since the late 1800s, the availability of coal for fuel in nearby Belgium has been a major pull factor, attracting many industries.
Why are parts of southeastern Spain drier than the rest of the country, making them semiarid?
Siroccos, or hot, dry winds from northern Africa, blow over this area.
What did the build in Poland?
Six of their infamous extermination camps, or death camps; here people from many nations suffered horribly or were brutally murdered
Where is tourism mainly?
Ski resorts such as Zermatt and Saint-Moritz in snowy Alps, others climb mountains or simply enjoy Swiss scenery
What does Slave come from?
Slav
What type of country is Bulgaria?
Slavic
Who were Pagans?
Slavs
Who were some of the invaders of Greece through land and water?
Slavs, Albanians, Bulgarians from north; Arabs through the south; Normans and Venetians through the west;
Who have the Balkan states been influenced by?
Slavs, Greeks, Turks, Italians
What is then name of Slovakia when it became independent in 1993?
Slovak Republic
Which is more rural and agricultural?
Slovakia
What is the climate?
Summers are warm; winters along the Black Coast are mild
What do the Italian call Switzerland?
Svizzera
Who did they build an navy against?
Sweden
What countries have they suffered from because of their location ?
Sweden, Austria, Germany, and Russia
Who are the guards for Vatican City?
Swiss Army
What is another name for it?
Swiss Confederation
What happened during WWII?
Swiss doing business with Americans and Nazis: deposited gold in banks, within last ten years, public felt they should return gold
What has happened since them?
Swiss hasn't taken sides on the conflicts between other countries
Who has Austria used as a model for its economic renewal?
Switzerland
What is often impractical?
Taking road routes
What is brought to this port?
Tanker ships bring petroleum from Southwest Asia and North Africa to be unloaded at Marseille and processed at large oil refineries along the coast
What Mongol force dominated the region?
Tatars or the Golden Hoarde
What are three Russian artists?
Tchaikovsky, Faberge, and Rostropovich
What is lacking to prevent environmental damage and clean up past problems?
Technical expertise
What have been the sites of historic and recent volcanic eruptions?
The Aeolian Islands off the southern toe of Italy and the island of Sicily
What affect do the mountains of Western Europe have?
The Alps in the south and the mountains along the Scandinavian Peninsula create drier climates by blocking the winds that ride on ocean currents
Where is a favorite vacation spot?
The Black Sea coast
What ruins are found it the capital?
The Colosseum, ancient Rome's largest stadium; the Forum, a public meeting place
Who came to area as the Roman Empire declined?
The Franks who came to Germany from east of the Rhine
What was this empire known as?
The Holy Roman Empire, which included much of Western Europe
What did this bring about?
The Italian Renaissance
What is this part of?
The North European Plain
What does the Gulf of Corinth separate most of Greece from?
The Peloponnese, a large peninsula of rugged mountains
Who once controlled these regions?
The Roman Catholic Church
What was the last dynasty?
The Romanoff
Where does the Western Europe stretch from?
The Scandinavian Peninsula in the north to the Iberian Peninsula in the south
What region is closest to the English border?
The Southern Uplands
What control did each canton have over their own affairs?
The Swiss Confederation gave each canton government of itself as a separate country
What is the dividing line between the two continents?
The Ural Mountains
Who replaced Bismark as Chancellor and puts Germany on a course for war?
Wilhelm II: didn't think leaders took Germany seriously, jealous of British naval power, felt like stepchild to other European leaders: first cousins of King George V of England, Grandson of Queen Victoria, cousins to Nicholas and Alexandra
Who conquered the Saxons?
William of Normandy, French Duke brings army across English channel and conquer the Saxons, a lot of Saxon nobles give up land and give to English nobles
How did they suffer from the Chernobyl disaster?
Winds blew the radioactive cloud northward from Ukraine; more than one fifth of the country's farmland was contaminated; as a result, people had to stop using this land to prodcuce food
What is found throughout the region?
Wolves, reindeer, hares and other mammals are found throughout the region
What was one of the most active opponents to communism?
Working under ground Catholic Church
What are some banking cities?
Zurich, Geneva
What was Stonehenge?
a Celtic religious gathering spot
What was set up after the fall of SU?
a Medical Insurance Fund, employers were supposed to make payments into the fund for their employees; underfunded and in crisis
What was Moldova once?
a Romanian principality, and most of its residents are of Romanian descent
What do these countries together form?
a border region between European Russia and the rest of Europe
What is the Po River valley?
a broad plain between the Alps and the Apennines
What is the Graben?
a busy shopping district in the heart of Vienna Austria that shows the blend of old and new in European cities
What did each region have?
a dialect that is unique to that region
What led to a temporary cut off of natural gas imports?
a dispute with Russia in 2005 and 2006
What do Estonians speak?
a distinctive non-Indo-European tongue closely related to Finnish
What did Alexander create?
a empire from Greece to borders of India
What is an estuary?
a flooded valley at the wide mouth of a river
What were the steppes once like in European Russia?
a grassland
What happened under Perestroika?
factory managers rather than central planners decided what kind and quality of goods to produce and how much to charge. Farmers were granted long-term leases on land in hopes of increasing food production for the first time in decades, independent businesses were established
What is the Rhone river?
falls between the Alps and the Massif Central
What happens because Ireland has few forests?
farmers cut and dry blocks of peat as fuel for cooking and heating
What did Soviet rulers force beginning in the 1920s?
farmers to give up their land and work on large state-run collective farms
What does this rainfall favor?
farming
What is the industry of this land?
farming
What is this land difficult for?
farming
What is much of the new land used for?
farming, but cities have been built on some of the land
Where did Catherine the Great expand Russia later in the 1700s?
farther to the west and gained control parts of Poland, Belarus, and Ukraine
What is another thing that the French take a role in?
fashion that influence fashion all over the world
Why is agriculture a major industry?
fertile land
How do they farm?
fertilize heavily and use modern agrilculture methods
What did this begin and produce?
feudalism, no more government, one leader take care of people, little education, no states, little literacy, no learning, no accomplishments
Why was soviet agricultural production and distribution remain low?
few incentives to work
Why has travel throughout the Central Europe and Northern Eurasia easy?
few natural barriers, such as mountains and wide oceans
How many are inhabitable- able to support permanent residents?
fewer than two hundred
Who were the Huns?
fierce barbarians that came from Western Asia; so feared, even by other barbarian tribes, movement of them west forced other tribes into Roman Empire that caused their fall
How are farmers growing new products for export?
financial assistance from their government and from the EU
What led to trading goods and services through barter?
financial instability
What were the people like in 4000 BC on the steppes of present-day southern Russia and Ukraine?
first trained and bred horses for use by humans- domestication; nomads and herders
What is another economic activity?
fishing
What are the economies?
fishing and sheep herding
How are people making a living?
fishing, tourism is growing
Where do Denmark and southern Sweden get their wealth from?
flat land and a mild climate suitable for agriculture
What landscape do they have in common?
flat terrain, covered with marshy lowlands and fertile low plains
What are the Dutch doing to preserve more of the natural environment?
flooding some of the land they have previously reclaimed from the sea
What is the only way to reach West Berlin?
fly: period of nine months when Soviets blockaded Berlin, so flew to Berlin and dropped supplies to people of West Berlin
Who followed?
followed by Macedonia, and then in 1992, y Bosnia and Herzegovina (some times called Bosnia)
When were political reforms implemented?
following controversial presidential election late in 2004; peaceful protests by supporters of opposition leader Viktor Yushchenko challenged results that declared pro-Russian candidate Yushchenko the winenr; won new election; the political future of Ukraine was clouded when Yushchenko's party gained the upper hand in parliamentary elections, and he was named the prime minister
Compared to agriculture before 1940, Lithuania has developed industry in what?
food processing, shipbuilding, and manufacture of machinery
Why was the name never spoken for centuries?
for fear of provoking its anger
Why are the countries of Czeck, Slovakia, and Hungary not completely a part of the European region?
for more than 40 years after after the end of WWI, they were controlled by the SU; as communist control ended in the late 1980s they reaffirmed their historical links with the west
What did they encourage?
foreign investments and sought increased trade with nations than Russia
How did the situation improve in the 1990s?
foreign investments in Wales provided new jobs in high-tech industries, some people in Wales also promoted tourism for those interested in seeing the traditional Welsh way of life
What once covered these plains?
forests
Instead, what did most farms do?
formed a new cooperative arrangements that left the farm managment largely unchanged
What did the Welsh fight for in the 1980s?
fought for and won the right to broadcast television programs entirely in Welsh
What are the French Alps?
found on the Italy-France border
How did they expand their control?
founded colonies along the Mediterranean coasts of Spain, France, and Italy, where they influenced new civilications
How was this in relation to the end of slavery in US?
four years before US
How did most of Eastern Europe suffer under SU control?
not strong economy or productive; periods of famine; by the time independence came, countries of Eastern Europe lacked in terms of economy- living, houses, cars; didn't own their own houses; Not much consumer goods; Soviets spent so much of tax remnant on maintaining military that couldn't put much in the way of consumer goods; provided health care but mediocre
What was created during the cold war?
nuclear weapons, advanced tanks, jet planes, and submarines, which made it a world power
What do trees make up for because they lack size?
numbers
Although there are not many grasslands, what does chernozem provide?
nutrients for Russia's most productive agricultural area
Who are the Basque people?
of northern Spain, number fewer than 1 million, inhabit one of the richest areas
What was the Russian Orthodox Church a pillar of?
of state power for centuries
What is one natural resource found in Siberia?
oil
What else does this region profit from?
oil and gas, high grade ores, vast expanses of forest
What industries are taking place of mining, steel making, and shipbuilding?
oil discoveries in the North Sea, off the northeastern shore of Scotland, have helped the economies of some cities such as Aberdeen
What is Moravia's industry?
old coal and steel industries, which now face an uncertain future since the Industrial Revolution, because they are too inefficient to compete in the world market
What does this climate encourage?
olive cultivation
Where is Poland?
on Baltic Sea
Where is Rostock?
on Baltic Sea
When were the two sides officially united?
on October 3, 1990
How does modern day buildings in Siberia stand?
on posts, or specialized pilings
Where was it built and what is a result of this?
on swamps, canals to drain swamps
What is in the center of the Paris Basin?
on the banks of the Seine, lies Paris, the economic, political, and cultural capital of France
What makes Ukraine the breadbasket of Eastern Europe?
on the warm, fertile steppe, farmers produce wheat, rye, barley and potatoes that are exported to Russia and other nearby nations
What do a small minority of Scottish people even promote the idea of?
once becoming a separate country
What is a command economy?
one in which a central authority decides what goods will be produced. Officials in Moscow set production goals for the managers of state-run farms, mines, and factories
What is Castile?
one of the Christian kingdoms of Spain that fought the Muslim Moors and finally expelled them in 1492, after being under their rule for more than 700 years
How is this industry imporant?
one of the largest commercial shipping fleets in the world, shipbuilding
What did this region develop into?
one of the most stable, democratic governments in the region
What has isolation left Albania?
one of the poorest nations in Europe
How much of the land area does Portugal cover?
one sixth of the land
What does the name of the bear, medved, mean?
one who knows where the honey is
How much of the population today work on agriculture?
only 10%
Why were they referred to as the "Power Canon" before WWI?
only going to take a spark to blow the whole thing up
What are the only plants that can survive?
only the tiniest plants, which are not exposed to biting winds, can survive
How did he westernize Russia?
only upper class were affected; brought European clothing; speaking French and eating French
What did EU do?
opened markets, but it also brought the challenge of reducing government debt
Why did a rebellion almost occur because of westernization?
ordered to cut beards and almost rebellion
What is important about literature?
orists, novels about 1000 pages
How long did they control much of Eastern Europe?
over 150 years
How long has grape cultivation been in France?
over 2000 years
How many people live on radioactively contaminated land?
over 3 million people
What did Czars do?
oversaw this expansion
Why were they so warlike and scary?
painted bodies blue to scare enemies
What makes travel difficult?
parallel ranges
What did this empire control?
parts of Italy and much of Eastern Europe
What affect did this have on Europe?
passed through centuries of poverty, disease, political upheaval, and warfare
