World History 10A, World History 11A, World History 11B, World History 10B

What were the distinguishing characteristics of a Greek drama performance? What was the Greek chorus?

performed in large outdoor theaters with little or no set. actors wore elaborate costumes and stylized masks. group of performers that sang or chanted comments on action taking place.

How are the Greek paintings on pottery, in addition to being priceless works of art, invaluable resources for archeologists, anthropologists and historians? Examples?

offer intriguing views of everyday life. women carry water from wells and warriors race into battle.

What was the basis for many Greek dramas? What were some of the topics addressed by Greek playwrights?

often based on popular myths and legends. moral and social issues or relationship between people and gods

Identify and describe the Pharos. Why can't you visit it today?

one of the seven wonders of the world. built 280 BC. 350 feet high lighthouse in alexandria. destroyed by earthquake in 1300's

What factor contributed to the rise of new schools of philosophy? Which one was the most influential? Who was the founder of this school of thought?

political turmoil during Hellenistic age. Zeno.

How old was Alexander, when he became King? What was his experience at that point? What were his ambitions?

20. experienced soldier who showed his fathers ambitions

When did Athens fall to Philip of Macedon's army? What new age would begin with this conquest and others like it? Who would be the architect of this new age?

338 BC. new age in which greek culture spread from Mediterranean to borders of India. Alexander the Great

Which Hellenistic astronomer mathematically demonstrated that the world was round and calculated its circumference?

Eratosthenes

Identify and describe Pythagoras. In addition to his mathematical achievements how did he affect the development of philosophical thought?

Greek philosopher and mathematician who studied the meaning of numbers and their relationships. his interests influenced Plato, Aristotle, and western thought

Identify and describe Hippocrates. Why are his thoughts on disease important? What is a basic tenet of his medical oath?

Greek physician. Hippocratical oath set standards for doctors. "help sick according to my ability and judgement but never with a view to injury or wrong"

What nation replaces the Greeks, as the dominant power in the eastern Mediterranean? When?

Rome in 133 BC

What charges were brought against Socrates, when he was 70? Why do you think he was really put on trial?

accused of corrupting the youth and failing to respect the gods. leaders did not like the changes he was bringing

Who does your text name as the three greatest Greek playwrights? What types of plays did they write?

aeschylus, sophocles, and euripides. tragedies.

What city was the cultural capital of Hellenistic civilization? What was its location? Population?

alexandria, egypt. sea lanes between europe and asia. almost 1 million.

What were the core beliefs of stoicism? What was the origin of the name for this philosophy? What other thought or belief systems did stoicism influence?

all people, though unequal in society, were morally equal because all had power of reason. Stoics. Roman and Christian.

What is the derivation of the word apology? Why did Socrates stay in Athens and face the death penalty?

apologia "a speech made in defense". he was loyal to the laws of Athens.

How were Greek historians influenced by Greek philosophy?

applied observation, reason, and logic to the study of history

What elements of Greek architecture can be found in many public buildings today? Examples?

architectural elements like columns. capitol building.

What were the astronomical assertions of Aristarchus? How long did it take before some of his theories were accepted? Who was the Polish mathematician/astronomer who proved Aristarchus correct, around 1,800 years later?

argued that the earth rotated on an axis and orbited the sun. almost 2,000 years. Copernicus

Who was Plato's most famous student? What were his views on the ideal state? Why was he, like Plato, suspicious of democracy?

aristotle. analyzed all forms of government, from monarchy to democracy, and found examples of good and bad in each. thought it could lead to mob rule. favored rule by a single virtuous leader.

Comment on the breadth (scope, size, range, extent) of Aristotle's written work? How were the curriculums of the first universities, established 1,500 years after Aristotle, testaments to the quality and breadth of his work?

aristotles work was vast in many different subjects. courses were based largely on the works and ideas of Aristotle.

What was Alexander's first victory against the Persians? What minor satisfaction was denied Alexander before he conquered all of Persia?

at granicus river. darius was murdered before he could capture him

How did the Greeks view the Macedonians? What was the actual relationship between the Macedonians and their Greek neighbors, to the south?

backward, half-civilized land. rulers of macedonia were of greek origin and kept ties to Greek neighbors

Identify and describe Cleopatra VII.

became queen on death of father. name means "famous in her father". led egypt and later influenced roman politics during tumultuous time

What was the intellectual foundation for the achievements of Hellenistic scholars?

built on earlier Greek, Babylonian, and Egyptian knowledge

How were Greek literature and art alike? How did early Renaissance Europeans view the art of ancient Greece? What term did these Europeans use to describe the elegant and balanced forms of Greek art?

developed their own style. viewed as a model of perfection. "classical style".

What was the goal of Greek architecture? What is the most famous example of this architecture? What was the purpose of this structure?

convey sense of perfect balance to reflect harmony and order to the universe. the parthenon. dedicated to Goddess Athena.

What was the lasting impact of the Athenian experiment in democracy?

direct democracy by citizen participation

What is arguably, the most important Greek contribution to literature? What are the origins of this type of contribution?

drama in Greek plays. religious festivals, especially to Dionysus.

What were some of the other applications and demonstrations of applied physics, made by Archimedes? How did he employ the principle of the screw?

draw a ship over land. Machines of war. Archimedes screw. to lift water high for irrigation

Contrast the work of Greek sculptors from before and after 450 B.C. What does your text mean when it says Greek sculptures were both realistic and idealistic (resolve this apparent contradiction).

early on were carved in stiff, lifeless poses. by 450 BC, emphasized more natural forms. carved gods, goddesses, athletes, and famous men in their most perfect, graceful form

What was Alexander's next target of conquest? What weapon did he face for the first time, in this new fight? Review the text map which shows Alexander's Empire.

east into northern india. soldiers mounted on war elephants

How was Plato like his teacher Socrates? What did he believe to be the consequences of rational (logical) thought?

emphasized the importance of reason. people could discover unchanging ethical values, recognize perfect, beauty, and how to best organize society

What cultural action did Alexander encourage? How did he act as a model for this action?

encouraged a blending of eastern and western cultures. married a persian woman and urged soldiers to follow his example

How did Alexander and his successors view the work of scholars? What structure built in Alexandria, was a testament to this view? Describe this structure and its contents? Why can't you visit it today?

encouraged work of scholars. the great museum. center of learning with libraries, lecture halls, and a zoo. library had scrolls representing accumulated knowledge of ancient world

What are the origins of Greek literature?

epic poems of Homer

Identify and describe the Epicureans and the Cynic schools of philosophical thought.

epicureans were students of philosopher epicurus. cynicism teaches that the purpose of life is to live a life of virtue in agreement with nature.

what concept, common to the ancient world, did some greek thinkers begin to challenge? what was one of their main tools in the pursuit of understanding causation (why things happen)?

events were caused by whims of the gods. used observation and reason

What did Plato say about all earthly objects? How was Greek architecture and art reflective of the Greek aesthetic (Greek Ideal)?

every object had an ideal form. reflected similar concern with balance, order, and beauty

What were the failures of Philip's brothers, which inspired him to seize control of Macedonia? When did he gain the throne? What was his next dream?

failed to control local princes, prevent interference by thebes, or fight off illyrian invasion. 359 BC. conquering prosperous city-states to south

How does your text describe the importance of Aristotle to the development of Western Civilization? What is his connection to Christianity and Islam?

good conduct meant pursuing the "golden mean" course between the extremes. promoted reason as the guiding force for learning. set up school the Lyceum for study of all knowledge. provided framework for christianity and islam.

Why does your text state that the achievements of the Greeks were especially remarkable?

had lasting impacts on many aspects of society

What problem do modern researchers face, when studying Socrates? Describe his classroom.

he wrote no books. Passed his days in the town square asking people about their beliefs

What are the respective standards set by Herodotus and Thucydides, for modern historians?

herodotus stressed importance of research. thucydides showed the need to avoid bias

Who is often called the father of history? Why? How was the writing of, The Persian Wars, an example of this change in methodology?

herodotus. went beyond listing names of rulers or retelling of ancient legends. before it was written, herodotus visited many lands, collecting information from people who remembered actual events he chronicled

What is the term Herodotus used to define his work? What was the meaning of this word? Relate this word and its meaning to question #17.

historic. meaning inquiry. "history" comes from this word.

Identify and describe Greek Comedies. Who is the author of most of the surviving Greek comedies?

humorous plays that mocked people or customs. Aristophanes

How is the work of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and other Greek philosophers relevant to political, social, economic and theological debate today?

ideal of critical thought and self-examination to question ideas and institutions. citizens could participate and judge governments.

What were Plato's views on men and women? Yet, what did he believe should be done with women of talent? How would children be raised in Plato's Republic? Why?

in general, men surpassed women in mental and physical tasks, but that some women were superior to some men. be educated to serve the state. raised in communal centers for the good of the republic.

How did the execution of Socrates affect Plato's political views? What was the name of his school, which he established upon his return to Athens?

lifelong distrust of democracy. the academy

What was Philip's experience with the Greeks (more to the story than your text states)? How did he feel about Greek culture? Who will he eventually secure as his son's teacher?

lived in thebes in his youth. came to admire it. aristotle

What are some examples of the blending of cultures in Alexandria, which defines the Hellenistic era?

markets had wide range of goods from greek marble to arabian spices to east african ivory

what were some of the subjects explored by these ancient Greek philosophers? Define the term logic. what tools did these philosophers use in their explorations? what modern discipline traces its roots to these ancient Greek explorations?

mathematics, music, and logic. Logic is rational thinking. Reason and observation. Modern Science.

what was the focus of Greek thinkers, artists, and writers? what do you think the poet Edgar Allan Poe meant when he wrote of, "the glory that was Greece (from the poem: To Helen)"

nature of the universe and place of the people in it. Greek achievements in arts represented the height of human development in the western world

How did the status of women change, in some parts of the Hellenistic world? What evidence suggests this change?

no longer restricted to homes. paintings, statues, and legal codes

Identify and describe the Socratic Method. What was the purpose of this methodology? How did some Athenians view the methods and ideas of Socrates?

pose a series of questions to someone, then challenge them to examine the implications of their answers. a way to help others seek truth and self-knowledge. threat to accepted values and traditions

According to your text, what is the only type of ancient Greek painting which still survives today? I think your book is, at the least partially wrong on this point. Why would I say that?

pottery. there is greek art everywhere in society.

even in the midst of all their wars and political strife (conflict), in what did the Greeks maintain their confidence?

power of the human mind

What was the subject of Oresteia? Who is the author?

powerful family torn apart by betrayal, murder, and revenge. Aeschylus.

What were Aristotle's views on how one should lead their life? Identify and describe the "Golden Mean."

pursued "golden mean" a moderate course between extremes

What was the focus of the sophists? What skills did they develop? With what goal? Why were many young Athenians attracted to the sophist perspective, following the turmoil of the Peloponnesian war? How did many older Athenians view the sophists?

questioned accepted ideas. success was more important than moral truth. skills in rhetoric to advance their careers. ambitious men could use rhetoric to advance their careers. accused sophists of undermining traditional Greek values.

What did Aristotle believe should be the guiding principle in all learning? What was the name of his school? What subjects were taught?

reason. the Lyceum. politics, ethics, logic, biology, literature, and many others.

How was the focus of Greek comedy different from that of tragedy? What present day art form is similar to Greek comedy, in its purpose? Explain.

ridiculed individuals of the day. through ridicule, sharply criticized society, like political cartoonists today.

identify ethics and morality. what are some of the ethical and moral questions explored by Greek philosophers?

right and wrong conduct. what was the best kind of government and what standards should rule human behavior.

What were the respective subjects of the poets Sappho and Pindar? In looking at the image of Sappho, what makes this Greek poet very unusual?

sappho sang of love and beauty of island home. Pindar celebrated victors in athletic contests. lively personality

Identify and describe the breadth of the Greek legacy to Western Civilization. Carefully review the text chart on this subject! How was much of this legacy preserved?

set standard for people in Europe. ideas about law, freedom, justice, and government continue to influence today. Much of his legacy was preserved.

Identify and describe Trojan Women. Who is the author? What larger theme is reflected in this and other plays by this author? How is this theme rooted in the thoughts of Greek philosophy?

showed suffering of women who were victims of the war. euripides. suggested that people, not gods, were the cause of human misfortune and suffering. stripped war of its glamour.

Who was one of the most outspoken critics of sophistry (sophist methodology)? Besides philosophy, what was his other job?

socrates, an Athenian philosopher and stonemason.

Why was Alexander finally forced to end his eastward expansion? Where did he make his new capital?

soldiers were tired of long campaign and refused to go farther east. Babylon

What Greek city-state is not surprisingly absent from your text's discussion of Philip's conquest, of the Greeks (ask me about the word... "if" and 300 suits of Persian armor)?

sparta

What was the most lasting achievement of Alexander the Great? Define assimilation. How does this word relate to the first part of this question? Explain how this assimilation was a two way process. How is the text pictured statue, from the 300s B.C., an example of this?

spread of greek culture. absorb or adopt another culture. there was assimilation through spread of culture. first local people assimilated greek ideas. then, greek settlers adopted customs of local people.

Identify and describe Greek tragedies. What does your text identify as the purpose of these dramas?

stories of human suffering that usually end in disaster. to stir up and then relieve emotions of pity and fear

Identify and describe the Straits of the Dardanelles. What was the size and status of the Persian Empire, at the time of Alexander's conquests? Who was its leader?

strait separating europe from asia minor. stretched more than 2,000 miles from egypt to india. empire was weak. Darius III

identify and describe philosophy. what is the derivation of this term?

study of the nature of knowledge, reality, and existence. Phylos "to love" sophie "wisdom"

How did Alexander die? How old was he? According to tradition, how did the dying Alexander respond to his commanders, when asked who should succeed him? What was the fate of this vast empire?

sudden fever. 32. "to the strongest". three generals divided up empire. macedonia and greece to one, egypt to another, and most of persia to the third. next 300 years descendants competed for power over lands alexander conquered.

What does your text suggest led to authors like Sophocles and Euripides questioning many of the accepted ideas of their day?

survived the horrors of the Peloponnesian war

How did the temples and public buildings of the Hellenistic era differ from that of classical Greece (Do you know what we mean when we use the terms Hellenistic and classical)? To what does your text attribute this stylistic change?

temples, palaces, and other public buildings were much larger and grander. hellenistic cities employed armies of architects and artists

What Hellenistic text will become the basis for modern geometry? Who was the author?

the Elements. Euclid

The fact that each scene depicted on Greek pottery is designed to its shape, is a reflection of what larger principle?

the Greek aesthetic

What is considered the first great narrative history? Who is the author? What is the main flaw of this work, by the standards of modern historians?

the persian wars. herodotus. his writings reflected his own view that the war was a clear moral victory of Greek love of freedom over persian tyranny

What is the name of the book, in which Plato describes his vision of the ideal state? What were his criticisms of democracy? How would Plato's ideal state provide for the best interests of its citizens?

the republic. had condemned socrates just as it tended to other excesses. regulate every aspect of its citizens lives

In addition to force of arms, how did Philip gain control over many of the city-states of Greece? Identify and describe the Battle of Chaeronea.

threats, bribery, and diplomacy. 338 BC athens and thebes joined forces against him but he won. brought all of greece under his control

Who is the author of the history, The Peloponnesian Wars? What features of the author's description of this war stand out? How does his work differ from that of Herodotus?

thucydides. vividly described wars savagery and corrupting influence on all those involved. tried to be fair to both sides.

What was the ultimate dream or ambition of Philip of Macedon? What interrupted this ambition? Who helped to put Alexander on his father's throne?

to conquer persian empire. he was assassinated at his daughters wedding. queen olympias

Why do you think Alexander burned the Persian capital, Persepolis?

to express his anger about darius being murdered, and to assert dominance over the persian people

How did Archimedes apply the basic principles of physics? What tools did he master? What did he say about the power of the lever?

to make practical inventions. lever and pulley. "give me a lever long enough and a place to stand on, and i will move the world"

How did Pythagoras and his followers use numbers? Identify and describe the Pythagorean concepts of "harmonia and kosmos." How do these terms relate to mathematics?

to measure and compare things. the fitting together of the Kosmos. relate to the "order of things"

Identify and describe Hellenistic civilization.

vital new culture blending greek, persian, egyptian, and indian influences emerged after death of alexander

What is the plot of Lysistrata? Who is the author?

women of Athens banding together to force husbands to end war against Sparta. Aristophanes

What were the three classes of citizens in Plato's Republic? Who would rule? Why?

workers to produce necessities for life, soldiers to defend the state, and philosophers to rule. philosopher king who was the wisest.

Identify and describe Antigone. Who is the author?

young woman whose brother was killed in rebellion. king creon forbid the burial of his body, but Antigone does it anyway. she is then sentences to death. Sophocles.