World History Chapter 18

Define "imperialism"

"a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force."

Define "colonialism"

"the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically."

Why did Europeans view their global expansion as inevitable?

A natural outgrowth of a superior civilization

How did native elites manage to maintain their status after European conquest?

A shortage of European administrators made it necessary for colonial rulers to rely on intermediaries

Give an example of a new or alternative way Europeans began classifying their conquered peoples (not the political or economic classifications most commonly used in Europe).

Aparetheid

Explain the term "settler colonies" and give an example of a settler colony.

Australia, conquest was accompanied by large scale European Colonization.

Review: syncretism = the blending of religious beliefs and practices. Give an example of syncretism in African Christianity.

Backsliding, believed in old gods

Which two European countries seem to be acquiring the most territory in Africa and Asia?

Britain and France

List the "Western" countries that were involved in colonizing Asia and Africa in the 1800's (19th century).

Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Italy, Belgian, Russia, and America

Describe the causes and outcomes of the Indian rebellion.

Causes: New cartridges smeared in animal fat Outcomes: Greatly widened the racial divide, and eroded British tolerance for natives who betrayed their trust.

What were some of the attractions of Christianity in the colonial world?

Christianity was associated with modern education. The Old Gods were defeated. More freedom for the oppressed.

What is the difference between colonialism and imperialism?

Colonialism is where one nation assumes control over the other and Imperialism refers to political or economic control, either formally or informally.

What arguments could be made to support the argument that African culture was distinct from European culture?

Communal, cooperative, egalitarian culture vs Individualistic, competitive, and class ridden societies

What were the most difficult places to subdue and why?

Decentralized societies, they couldn't negotiate or make a decisive win

How did cash crop production affect the environment?

Destruction of forests and swamplands. Very bad

Describe the forced labor of natives in Indonesia under Dutch colonial rule.

Double burden. To state and landlords

Explain why a common "African identity" evolved as a result of European colonialism?

Educated African thinkers sought to mirror the success in India, with a pan-African tradition

Explain "social Darwinism"

European dominance required the displacement or destruction of backwards people

What was the "scramble for Africa"

European powers partitioned Africa in 25 years

Initially, how did European perceptions of others change in the 19th century?

Europeans developed a secular arrogance that fused with or in some cases replaced their notions of religious superiority. - They had, after all, unlocked the secrets of nature, created a society of unprecedented wealth, and used both to produce unsurpassed military power. These became the criteria by which Europeans judged both themselves and the rest of the world

According to Europeans, race determined what?

Everything

List some of the challenges and opposition Christianity faced in Africa?

Female nudity, Polygyny, Female Circumsision

How was the second wave of European conquests different than the first wave?

Focus: Asia and Africa Countries involved: Germany, Italy, Belgium, US, and Japan

What arguments could be made to support the claim that African culture aligned with European ideals?

Huge civilizations, complex political systems

Ironically, what did the European educated natives end up leading in the 20th century?

Independence movements

What military and diplomatic methods did the Europeans employ in order to build their empires?

Informal control. Mostly economic with little military. Organization, drill and practice.

Explain how nationalism fueled the desire for colonies.

It increased the competition for colonies - Colonies and "spheres of influence" became symbols of "Great power" - Made oversea expansion more desirable or more urgent

How were women's roles affected in cash-crop producing colonies?

It increased their workload. They were to manage the local economy

Why were Ethiopia and Siam able to avoid European control?

Military and diplomatic skills. They made concessions to the Europeans

Especially in Africa, who was largely responsible for the spread of Christianity?

Missionaries

Despite your opinion on whether European colonialism had more positive or negative affects on Asian and African development- what 3 things can be seen as effects of European colonialism?

One: Further integration of African and Asian economies Two: Modernizing elements Three: No modern industrial society in colonies

What are the two ways the Industrial revolution caused the need for Europe to expand and take colonies?

One:need for resources Two: Exporting goods/Imperialism

Asians also migrated in mass during this era- what jobs were available to Asian migrants?

Plantation working

What was distinctive about European colonial empires of the 19th century? (4 things listed in the whole section- answer questions below first and come back to list the 4 overarching points when you've read the whole section)

Prominance of race as a distinguishing factor to determine the ruler and ruled. Penetration of the colonial states into the societies that they governed. Finally the europeans had a strong habit/need to classify and count their subject people. This classification and counting included gender and race. They contradicted thier own values and preferred ruler societies for colonialized areas they controlled.

List the reasons for African migration both abroad and within Africa

Reasons to migrate abroad: Need for money and loss of land Reasons to migrate within Africa: Slave trade diminished

Define "indentured servant"

Receiving free passage and enough money to survive in return for five to seven years of heavy labor

List some of the ways that colonized people actively shaped the history of the colonial era despite often being oppressed by Europeans.

Resistance, rebellion, religious upheaval

How did increased sales of cash crops affect labor within the colonies?

Shortage of labor led to slavery

What are some examples of women gaining economic opportunities as a result of European colonization?

Small Scale trade and marketing

List some of the responses to European conquest by native peoples.

Some sought their help. Some tried to play off imperial powers against each other. Some resorted to Military action.

Give an example of a colony that had a large European population that caused a deep racial divide between Europeans and the native population.

South Africa

What developments in transportation and communication made imperialism easier?

Steam-driven ships allowed Europeans to reach distant Asian, African, and Pacific ports more quickly and predictably and to penetrate interior rivers as well. - The underwater telegraph made possible almost instant communication with far-flung outposts of empire. - The discovery of quinine, an anti-parasitic drug, prevented malaria, and reduced European death rates in the tropics - Breech-loading rifles and machine guns greatly increased European military power.

What happened to the following groups as a result of European colonialism?

Subsistence farmers: Decreased as commercialization went up Artisans: Suffered when cheaper made goods displaced theirs.

What kind of working and living conditions did these migrants experience?

Terrible and harsh. High death rates and disease rampant.

Describe the experiences of forced laborers in the Belgian colon of the Congo.

Terrible. Starvation was rampant, and the threat was there. Death when demands are not met.

In what way was "tribe" a new identity in colonial Africa?

That of ethnic identity- Created by European racism- How African communities were so similar, tried to rule them as one

What was the European "duty" to the rest of the world?

That they were to civilize the inferior races

Explain why Europeans did not want to promote progress and modernization within their colonies.

These types of social change would encourage unrest and challenge colonial rule

How could a native's education be affected if they chose to cooperate with Europeans?

They could get education and even higher education

In what ways did education, make native peoples "European?"

They embraced European culture. Speaking French or English. Marriage

How did women cope with their newfound difficulties?

They stayed with their birth family, self-help communities, prosututuion

Overtime, how did Europeans use racism to support their prejudices and preferences?

They used other cultures through a prisms of racism, supported by science.

After reading these accounts- hypothesize how colonial subjects likely responded to their treatment from Europeans.

They wanted to revolt at all costs. They hated being like this

In what ways were local farmers positively affected by the increased production of cash crops?

They were now able to own their own land, build substantial houses, and buy imported goods

What places managed to remain independent of European rule in Asia and Africa?

Tibet, Afghanistan, Persia, Ethiopia, Siam

What was the economic danger of these colonies specializing in only one or two cash crops?

Unhealthy dependence

How did the divide between Muslims and Hindus in India begin?

When the new notion of Hinduism emerged

Describe women's roles in Africa before European colonization.

Women were active farmers and child care

How were women's roles affected by increasing labor migrations within the colonies?

Women worked in the village while men worked in the city