Bio 163: Lab 1
Muscle Fiber
Each muscle cell is called a _____.
Echinoderm Development
Egg--> Blastula--> Gastrula--> Planktonic larvae--> Young starfish--> Adult starfish
Amphibian Development
Egg--> Blastula--> Gastrulation--> Neurlation--> Organogenesis--> Hatching (Tadpole larve)--> Metamorphosis (Tadpole)--> Adult
Archenteron
Indention and cavity in the side of the embryo that is formed by gastrulation. Aka primitive gut.
Schizocoely
Process of coelom formation where a fluid-filled space develops in the mesoderm and that space becomes the coelom or body cavity.
Diploid
After fertilization takes place, is the organism diploid or haploid?
No
During the first cleavage divisions, does the zygote change size?
Myofibrils
Each muscle fiber (or cell) is made of many contractile units called ______.
Nervous Tissue
Tissue comprised of neurons and Glial cells.
Muscle Tissue
Tissue made of elongate, spindle-shaped cells that are contractile
True coelom
A fluid-filled body cavity, lined by the tissue of mesodermal origin
A tissue
A group of closely related, similar cells that work together to carry out specific functions.
Axons
A type of cytoplasmic extensions, in a nerve cell, that connect the signal from the dendrites to other neurons, muscles, and glands. Run along spinal chord, so can be very long.
Dendrites
A type of cytoplasmic extensions, in a nerve cell, that receive signals and propagate them to the body and axons.
Cleavage Divisions
After fertilization, the fertilized zygote goes through numerous divisions called _______. (two cells, then four, then eight and so on)
Blastocoel
After the morula forms, a fluid-filled cavity forms within the embryo. This cavity is called the _____.
Glial Cells
Cells that provide support and nutrients for the neurons; also know as "neuroglia"
Epithelial Tissue
Compromised of cells that form a layer or sheet over external or internal surfaces. Typically one surface of the cells is exposed to an opening, and the other attached to underlying tissue
Protostomes
Do protostomes or deuterostomes have determinate cleavage?
Deuterostomes
Do protostomes or deuterostomes have indeterminate cleavage?
Deuterostomes
Do protostomes or deuterostomes have radial cleavage?
Protostomes
Do protostomes or deuterostomes have spiral cleavage?
Protostomes
Includes all of the anthropoids, molluscs, annelids, and several smaller phyla. "Mouth first"
Deuterostome
Includes chordates, vertebrates, and echinoderms. "Mouth second"
Endoderm
Inner most germ layer that will form the archenteron and later becomes the digestive tract.
Nerve cell
Know: neuroglia, axon, neuron, and dendrites
Stratified Epithelium
Multiple layers of epithelial tissue cells
Skeletal muscle
Muscle that is under conscious control.
Smooth muscle
Muscle that is under no conscious control
Epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue, and nervous tissue
Name the four main categories of tissue.
Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle
Name the three types of muscle tissue.
Neurons
Nerve cells
Extracellular Matrix
Not made of cells but secreted by cells
Coelom development and Blastopore fate
Note how the coelom development looks different and how the fate of the blastopore is different.
Gastrulation
Process where specific embryonic tissue layers are formed
Simple Epithelium
Single layer of epithelial tissue cells
Morula
Solid mass of cells that results from cleavage divisions
Organogenesis
Stage in amphibians in which the organs are formed.
Radial Cleavage
The early cell divisions are either parallel or perpendicular to the long axis of egg.
Spiral Cleavage
The first cell divisions of an organism are diagonal, resulting in a spiral arrangement of cells.
Tadpole
The larvae stage in a frog
Planktonic larvae
The larval stage that is the most mobil. Starfish go through this stage
Cardiac muscle
The main tissue of the heart
Mesoderm
The middle germ layer that later becomes the muscle, bone,and circulatory system.
Blastopore
The opening to the archenteron. Forms into either the mouth or anus of the organism depending on if the organism is a protostome or deuterostome.
Ectoderm
The outer germ layer that later becomes the outer layer of the adult and the nervous system.
Enterocoely
The process of coelom formation when the mesoderm forms as out pockets of the gut, then the out pockets pinch off and eventually become the coelom or body cavity.
Blastula
The stage at which an embryo has formed a blastocoel and is now a hollow ball of cells.
Gastrula
The stage of embryonic development at which the organism has three layers of embryonic tissue called germ layers. These germ layers give rise to the adult tissue of the organism. (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm)
Histology
The study of tissues
Connective Tissue
The tissue that helps provide the framework for the body. Most types have few cells and large extracellular matrix.
Protection and secretion/ absorption
What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
The fate of the cells is determined very early
What does it mean when cleavage is determinate?
The fate of the cells is not determined early
What does it mean when cleavage is indeterminate?
Endoderm Germ Layer
What germ layer gives rise to the adult tissues in the lining of the gut, lining of respiratory system, and organs such as the pancreas and liver?
Mesoderm
What germ layer(s) give rise to connective tissue?
Yolk plugs the blastopore
What happens during the gastrulation in amphibians?
Entercoely
What kind of coelom formation do deuterostomes use?
Schizocoely
What kind of coelom formation do protostomes use?
Presence of yolk
What makes the early divisions if amphibians more difficult to see than starfish?
Phylum Echinodermata/ Class Asteroidea
What phylum and class are starfish found?
External fertilization
What type of fertilization do starfish use? (internal, external)
The skin. Lining of the digestive, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive systems. The wall of tubular glands (sweat or salivary)
Where can epithelial tissue be found?
The brain and spinal chord
Where do we find nervous tissue?
Bones, blood, cartilage, and fat
Where is connective tissue found?
Attached to the skeleton
Where is skeletal muscle found?
Walls of digestive tract or uterus and blood vessels
Where is smooth muscle found?
Mesoderm Germ Layer
Which germ layer gives rise to the adult tissue in the Circulatory system (notochord, muscle, mesenchyme, bone, and cartilage)?
Endoderm and Ectoderm
Which germ layer(s) give rise to the Epithelial tissues?
Ectoderm Germ Layer
Which germ layer(s) give rise to the adult tissue in the nervous system (Epidermis and associated structures: hair, nails, horns)?
Mesoderm
Which germ layer(s) gives rise to muscle tissue?
The marine system
Which places can starfish be found (marine system, fresh water, or land)?
Fertilization
the process of fusion of two gametes