Bio 163: Lab 1

Muscle Fiber

Each muscle cell is called a _____.

Echinoderm Development

Egg--> Blastula--> Gastrula--> Planktonic larvae--> Young starfish--> Adult starfish

Amphibian Development

Egg--> Blastula--> Gastrulation--> Neurlation--> Organogenesis--> Hatching (Tadpole larve)--> Metamorphosis (Tadpole)--> Adult

Archenteron

Indention and cavity in the side of the embryo that is formed by gastrulation. Aka primitive gut.

Schizocoely

Process of coelom formation where a fluid-filled space develops in the mesoderm and that space becomes the coelom or body cavity.

Diploid

After fertilization takes place, is the organism diploid or haploid?

No

During the first cleavage divisions, does the zygote change size?

Myofibrils

Each muscle fiber (or cell) is made of many contractile units called ______.

Nervous Tissue

Tissue comprised of neurons and Glial cells.

Muscle Tissue

Tissue made of elongate, spindle-shaped cells that are contractile

True coelom

A fluid-filled body cavity, lined by the tissue of mesodermal origin

A tissue

A group of closely related, similar cells that work together to carry out specific functions.

Axons

A type of cytoplasmic extensions, in a nerve cell, that connect the signal from the dendrites to other neurons, muscles, and glands. Run along spinal chord, so can be very long.

Dendrites

A type of cytoplasmic extensions, in a nerve cell, that receive signals and propagate them to the body and axons.

Cleavage Divisions

After fertilization, the fertilized zygote goes through numerous divisions called _______. (two cells, then four, then eight and so on)

Blastocoel

After the morula forms, a fluid-filled cavity forms within the embryo. This cavity is called the _____.

Glial Cells

Cells that provide support and nutrients for the neurons; also know as "neuroglia"

Epithelial Tissue

Compromised of cells that form a layer or sheet over external or internal surfaces. Typically one surface of the cells is exposed to an opening, and the other attached to underlying tissue

Protostomes

Do protostomes or deuterostomes have determinate cleavage?

Deuterostomes

Do protostomes or deuterostomes have indeterminate cleavage?

Deuterostomes

Do protostomes or deuterostomes have radial cleavage?

Protostomes

Do protostomes or deuterostomes have spiral cleavage?

Protostomes

Includes all of the anthropoids, molluscs, annelids, and several smaller phyla. "Mouth first"

Deuterostome

Includes chordates, vertebrates, and echinoderms. "Mouth second"

Endoderm

Inner most germ layer that will form the archenteron and later becomes the digestive tract.

Nerve cell

Know: neuroglia, axon, neuron, and dendrites

Stratified Epithelium

Multiple layers of epithelial tissue cells

Skeletal muscle

Muscle that is under conscious control.

Smooth muscle

Muscle that is under no conscious control

Epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue, and nervous tissue

Name the four main categories of tissue.

Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

Name the three types of muscle tissue.

Neurons

Nerve cells

Extracellular Matrix

Not made of cells but secreted by cells

Coelom development and Blastopore fate

Note how the coelom development looks different and how the fate of the blastopore is different.

Gastrulation

Process where specific embryonic tissue layers are formed

Simple Epithelium

Single layer of epithelial tissue cells

Morula

Solid mass of cells that results from cleavage divisions

Organogenesis

Stage in amphibians in which the organs are formed.

Radial Cleavage

The early cell divisions are either parallel or perpendicular to the long axis of egg.

Spiral Cleavage

The first cell divisions of an organism are diagonal, resulting in a spiral arrangement of cells.

Tadpole

The larvae stage in a frog

Planktonic larvae

The larval stage that is the most mobil. Starfish go through this stage

Cardiac muscle

The main tissue of the heart

Mesoderm

The middle germ layer that later becomes the muscle, bone,and circulatory system.

Blastopore

The opening to the archenteron. Forms into either the mouth or anus of the organism depending on if the organism is a protostome or deuterostome.

Ectoderm

The outer germ layer that later becomes the outer layer of the adult and the nervous system.

Enterocoely

The process of coelom formation when the mesoderm forms as out pockets of the gut, then the out pockets pinch off and eventually become the coelom or body cavity.

Blastula

The stage at which an embryo has formed a blastocoel and is now a hollow ball of cells.

Gastrula

The stage of embryonic development at which the organism has three layers of embryonic tissue called germ layers. These germ layers give rise to the adult tissue of the organism. (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm)

Histology

The study of tissues

Connective Tissue

The tissue that helps provide the framework for the body. Most types have few cells and large extracellular matrix.

Protection and secretion/ absorption

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

The fate of the cells is determined very early

What does it mean when cleavage is determinate?

The fate of the cells is not determined early

What does it mean when cleavage is indeterminate?

Endoderm Germ Layer

What germ layer gives rise to the adult tissues in the lining of the gut, lining of respiratory system, and organs such as the pancreas and liver?

Mesoderm

What germ layer(s) give rise to connective tissue?

Yolk plugs the blastopore

What happens during the gastrulation in amphibians?

Entercoely

What kind of coelom formation do deuterostomes use?

Schizocoely

What kind of coelom formation do protostomes use?

Presence of yolk

What makes the early divisions if amphibians more difficult to see than starfish?

Phylum Echinodermata/ Class Asteroidea

What phylum and class are starfish found?

External fertilization

What type of fertilization do starfish use? (internal, external)

The skin. Lining of the digestive, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive systems. The wall of tubular glands (sweat or salivary)

Where can epithelial tissue be found?

The brain and spinal chord

Where do we find nervous tissue?

Bones, blood, cartilage, and fat

Where is connective tissue found?

Attached to the skeleton

Where is skeletal muscle found?

Walls of digestive tract or uterus and blood vessels

Where is smooth muscle found?

Mesoderm Germ Layer

Which germ layer gives rise to the adult tissue in the Circulatory system (notochord, muscle, mesenchyme, bone, and cartilage)?

Endoderm and Ectoderm

Which germ layer(s) give rise to the Epithelial tissues?

Ectoderm Germ Layer

Which germ layer(s) give rise to the adult tissue in the nervous system (Epidermis and associated structures: hair, nails, horns)?

Mesoderm

Which germ layer(s) gives rise to muscle tissue?

The marine system

Which places can starfish be found (marine system, fresh water, or land)?

Fertilization

the process of fusion of two gametes