World History chapter 22 & 23 - Abeka

Bloody Sunday

1905; peaceful march by Russians turned deadly when Czar's guards fire on crowd, killing hundreds

Woodrow Wilson

28th President of the United States

Russo-Japanese War

A 1904-1905 conflict between Russia and Japan, sparked by the two countries' efforts to dominate Manchuria and Korea

Alexander III

A determined reactionary Tsar who nevertheless sped forward with economic modernization. organized massacres called pogroms

Bolsheviks

A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917

Fourteen Points (1918)

A statement given on January 8, 1918 by Wilson declaring that WW I was being fought for a moral cause and calling for postwar peace in Europe. The speech laid out a policy of free trade, open agreements, democracy and self-determination. Point 14 advocated for the League of Nations to be established that would keep world peace. Most of these points would not be realized, and the US would fail to join the League of Nations. However, it served as a model for the more successful Atlantic Charter after WWII

Provisional Government

A temporary government

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Alaska and the Oregon Territory

Alexander I encourage Russian colonization

Allies

An alliance of nations joining together to fight a common enemy

Central Powers

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire

T. E. Lawrence

British colonel sent to support the Arab revolt

Somme River

British forces launched a massive offensive against the Germans at this river

Lusitania

British passenger ship holding Americans that sunk off the coast of Ireland in 1915 by German U-Boats killing 1,198 people. It was decisive in turning public favor against Germany and bringing America into WWI.

St. Petersburg

Built by Peter the Great of Russia to attract Europeans and to get warm water ports.

reign of law

Calvin Coolidge 1925

Moscow

Capital of Russia

Kiev

Capital of Ukraine

John J. Pershing

Commander of American forces in Europe

Henri Petain

Commander of Verdun's defenders vowed "They shall not pass!"

Eddie Rickenbacker

Famous "ace" pilot who downed 26 enemy fighters in WWI

Big Bertha

Famous German long-range guns

KDKA

First commercial broadcasting station

April 6, 1917

US declares war on Germany, enters WW1

Ernest Rutherford

"Father of the Nuclear Science"

Ivan III

"Ivan the Great"; ruled as great prince and first ruler of the independent state called Russia

Rus

"Land of the Rus" or Russia

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

Gallipoli Campaign

(1915) Failed attempt by the Allies in World War I to take control of the Dardanelles

Alexander II

(r. 1855-1881) Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated. "Czar Liberator"

Russian Revolution of 1917

Czar forced to give up throne and assassinated; (U.S. finds it easier to join Allies WWI)

trenches

Deep ditches used in battle for cover against enemy gunfire

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Emperor of Germany during World War I

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796)

Henry Ford

Engineered the Model T and developed the assembly line

Verdun

France vs. Germany, France led by Nivelle. Poorly defended, Germans lost, lost 700,000 men

Miracle of the Marne

French forces stopped German advance

Albert Einstein

German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed.

Weimar Republic

German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy.

submarine

German: underseeboot

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

free will

God's gift to human beings of the freedom and ability to choose what to do

Providence of God

God's loving plan for and protection of all that He has created

Triple Entente

Great Britain, France, Russia

Archduke Francis Ferdinand

Heir to the Austrian throne and his wife was assassinated in the town of Sarajevo

Nicholas I

Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin.

Nicholas II

Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin.

Vladimir Lenin

Leader Russia's Bolshevik revolution

Fredrich Engels

Marx's partner in writing the Communist Manifesto

Doughboys

Nickname for American soldiers

Winston Churchill

Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII

Duma

Russian Parliament

Leon Trotsky

Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army

Big Four

The Big Four were the four most important leaders, and the most important ones at the Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson- USA, David Lloyd George- UK, George Clemenceau- France, and Vittorio Orlando- Italy.

Michael Romanov

The new "Tsar" of Russia after Ivan, he ended the Time of Troubles

Siberia

The northeastern sector of Asia or the Eastern half of Russia.

Mensheviks

The party which opposed to the Bolsheviks. Started in 1903 by Martov, after dispute with Lenin. The Mensheviks wanted a democratic party with mass membership.

The Communist Manifesto

This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes.

April 15, 1912

Titanic sank

July 28, 1914

World War 1, known in its day as the Great War, had begun

1914-1918

World War I

Manfred von Richthofen

a German fighter pilot known as "The Red Baron"

Das Kapital

a book written by Karl Marx (1867) describing his economic theories

Radio

a direct result of the wireless telephone

communism

a form socialism which advocates the violent overthrow of existing government with the goal of changing society and ultimately perfecting mankind

George Washington Carver

a scientist who discovered many new uses for peanuts and other southern crops

Decembrist Revolt

abortive attempt by army officers to take control of the Russian government upon the death of Tsar Alexander I in 1825

Battle of Jutland

an indecisive naval battle in World War I (1916)

Ypres

battle in World War I (1914)

Ferdinand Foch

began to drive the Germans back

Edmund Allenby

captured Jerusalem in December 1917

Dr. Carlos Finlay

conquered yellow fever

November 11, 1918

day that Germany signed Armistice ending WWI

Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin

dirigible

First International

first convened in 1864, it was also known as the International Working Men's Association. It was an eclectic gathering eventually headed by Karl Marx, who used the First International to spread his ideas about socialism and the need for revolution in the capitalist society. Members of the First International hoped that the Paris Commune would be the spark for revolution across Europe, although it obviously failed.

Ivan the Terrible

first czar of Russia, known for cruelty and being constantly at war

Orville and Wilbur Wright

first successful airplane flight

Karl Marx

founder of modern communism

biographical way

human beings taking their actions and decisions and operating with a certain amount of freedom

soviets

local councils consisting of workers, peasants, and soldiers

Bourgeoiseie

middle class

tommies

nickname for British soldiers

historical

of or concerning history; concerning past events.

Niels Bohr

planetary model of the atom

Zimmerman Note

proposed that Mexico and Germany form an alliance if the United States entered the war

Walter Reed and William Gorgas

proved Finlay's theory and took steps to eliminate the disease

Max Planck

quantum theory

Red Guards

spreading anti-war propaganda and creating a Bolshevik military force

western Front

stretched for 600 miles from the English Channel to the Swiss Alps

Paul von Hindenburg and Erich von Ludendorff

supreme commanders of all Central Powers forces

Dialectical Materialism

that nothing but the material world exists and that material conditions alone determine how a person thinks, acts, feels, and believes

class struggle

the conflict of interests between the workers and the ruling class in a capitalist society, regarded as inevitably violent.

Alexander I

the czar of Russia whose plans to liberalize the government of Russia were unrealized because of the wars with Napoleon (1777-1825)

Providence

the protective care of God or of nature as a spiritual power

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

treaty between Russia and Germany that would end Russia's involvement in WWI in 1917

Marxism-Leninism

variation of communism based on the ideas of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin

Crimean War

war fought between the Russian Empire on one side and an alliance of the British Empire, French Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Duchy of Nassau on the other.

opiate of the people

what Marx called religion

proletariat

working class