World History - Chapter 9
Otto I
10th century ruler who became emperor of the German states through close ties with the Catholic church
Henry II
12th century English king who made important changes such as the introduction of the jury system (royal courts)
Clovis
5th century Frankish leader of a large kingdom who converted to Christianity
Justinian
6th century Byzantine emperor; failed to reconquer the western portions of the empire; rebuilt Constantinople; codified Roman law (Justinian's Code)
Charlemagne
800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy.
Bernard of Clairvaux
A Powerful Church period who lived during the late romanesque and early gothic period. He was know for his stances against distracting and overly expensive church art
Constantinople
A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul
Vikings
Invaders of Europe that came from Scandinavia
Bishopric
a group of Christian communities, or parishes, under the authority of a bishop.
Monk
a man who separates himself from ordinary human society in order to dedicate himself to God; monks live in monasteries headed by abbots
Ordeal
a means of determining guilt in Germanic law, based on the idea of divine intervention: if the accused person was unharmed after a physical trial, he or she was presumed innocent.
Missionary
a person sent out to carry a religious message
Common Law
a uniformed system of law that developed in England based on court decisions and on customs and usage rather than on written law codes, replaced alw codes that varied from place to place.
Nun
a women who separates herself from ordinary human society in order to dedicate herself to God; nuns live in convents headed by abbesses
Infidel
an unbeliever; a term applied to the Muslims during the Crusades
St. Benedict
he founded a monastery in nothern ital in the 6th century and wrote a set of instructions gonverning the lives of monks that was used by monasteries and vonbents across europe.
Parliament
in 13th century England, the representative government that emerged; it was composed of two knights from every country, two people from every town, and all of the nobles and bishop throughout England
Chivalry
in the Middle Ages, the ideal of civilized behavior that developed among the nobility, it was a code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold.
William of Normandy
invaded England in 1066, defeated Harold at the battle of Hastings, and established himself as sole ruler of England
Crusades
military expeditions carried out by European Christians in the Middle Ages to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims.
Estate
one of three classes into which French society was divided before the revolution: the clergy ( First Estate) the nobles ( Second Estate) and the townspeople (Thrid Estate); a landed property usually with a large house on it.
Feudalism
political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages when royal governments were no longer able to defend their subjects; nobles offered protection and land in return for service.
Monasticism
practice living the life of a monk
Magna Carta
the "Great Charter" of rights, which King John was forced to sign by the English nobles at Runnymede in 1215.
Pope
the bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church
Patriarch
the head of the Eastern Orthodox Church, originally appointed by the Byzantine emperor.
Abbess
the head of the convent
Schism
the separation between the two great branches of Christianity that occurred when the Roman Pope Leo IX and the Byzantine patriarch Michael Cerularius excommunicated each other in 1054
Fief
under feudalism, a grant of land made to a vassal; the vassal held political authority within this land.
Vassal
under feudalism, a man who served a lord in a military capacity
Knight
under feudalism, a member of the heavily armored cavalry.
Tournament
under feudalism, a series of martial activities such as jousts designed to keep knights busy during peacetime and help them prepare for war.
Gregory I
"Gregory the Great"; broadened the authority of the papacy, or pope's office, beyond spiritual role; papacy became secular power involved in politics
Wergild
"money for man", the value of a person in money, depending on social status; in Germanic society, a fine paid by a wrongdoer to the family of the person he or she had injured or killed.
Saladin
(1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem
Pope Innocent III
(c. 1160-1216) one of the most powerful and influential popes in history; exerted wide influence over the Christian regimes of Europe, claiming supremacy. Called upon Christian forces to begin The Fourth Crusade (crusaders ended up sacking Constantinople)
Common Law
(civil law) a law established by following earlier judicial decisions
Thomas a Becket
Archbishop of Canterbury who denied Henry II's ability to try clergy and said only the Roman Catholic church could try priests - Henry's knights murdered him
Philip IV
Established Estates - General and first French Parliament
Philip II Augustus
French king who accomplished the first great expansion of territory, tripling the monarchy's holdings
Magyars
Muslims who attacked Europe and converted to Christianity and established Hungary
Carolingian Empire
Referring to the rule of Charlemagne, the Franks fell under one centralized rule of a man considered incredibly intelligent and militarily and diplomatically gifted. He was sanctioned by the Roman Catholic Church and in the creation of his own bureaucracy, he established imperial officials (missi dominici) to oversea the actions of local authorities. After his death in 814, subsequent leaders lost control over different parts of the empire from the bureaucracy and territory due to incompetence and external pressures in the form of the Muslims, Magyars and Vikings.
missi dominici
Royal officials under Charlemagne who traveled around the country to enforce the king's laws
