World History - Chapter 9

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Otto I

10th century ruler who became emperor of the German states through close ties with the Catholic church

Henry II

12th century English king who made important changes such as the introduction of the jury system (royal courts)

Clovis

5th century Frankish leader of a large kingdom who converted to Christianity

Justinian

6th century Byzantine emperor; failed to reconquer the western portions of the empire; rebuilt Constantinople; codified Roman law (Justinian's Code)

Charlemagne

800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy.

Bernard of Clairvaux

A Powerful Church period who lived during the late romanesque and early gothic period. He was know for his stances against distracting and overly expensive church art

Constantinople

A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul

Vikings

Invaders of Europe that came from Scandinavia

Bishopric

a group of Christian communities, or parishes, under the authority of a bishop.

Monk

a man who separates himself from ordinary human society in order to dedicate himself to God; monks live in monasteries headed by abbots

Ordeal

a means of determining guilt in Germanic law, based on the idea of divine intervention: if the accused person was unharmed after a physical trial, he or she was presumed innocent.

Missionary

a person sent out to carry a religious message

Common Law

a uniformed system of law that developed in England based on court decisions and on customs and usage rather than on written law codes, replaced alw codes that varied from place to place.

Nun

a women who separates herself from ordinary human society in order to dedicate herself to God; nuns live in convents headed by abbesses

Infidel

an unbeliever; a term applied to the Muslims during the Crusades

St. Benedict

he founded a monastery in nothern ital in the 6th century and wrote a set of instructions gonverning the lives of monks that was used by monasteries and vonbents across europe.

Parliament

in 13th century England, the representative government that emerged; it was composed of two knights from every country, two people from every town, and all of the nobles and bishop throughout England

Chivalry

in the Middle Ages, the ideal of civilized behavior that developed among the nobility, it was a code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold.

William of Normandy

invaded England in 1066, defeated Harold at the battle of Hastings, and established himself as sole ruler of England

Crusades

military expeditions carried out by European Christians in the Middle Ages to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims.

Estate

one of three classes into which French society was divided before the revolution: the clergy ( First Estate) the nobles ( Second Estate) and the townspeople (Thrid Estate); a landed property usually with a large house on it.

Feudalism

political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages when royal governments were no longer able to defend their subjects; nobles offered protection and land in return for service.

Monasticism

practice living the life of a monk

Magna Carta

the "Great Charter" of rights, which King John was forced to sign by the English nobles at Runnymede in 1215.

Pope

the bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church

Patriarch

the head of the Eastern Orthodox Church, originally appointed by the Byzantine emperor.

Abbess

the head of the convent

Schism

the separation between the two great branches of Christianity that occurred when the Roman Pope Leo IX and the Byzantine patriarch Michael Cerularius excommunicated each other in 1054

Fief

under feudalism, a grant of land made to a vassal; the vassal held political authority within this land.

Vassal

under feudalism, a man who served a lord in a military capacity

Knight

under feudalism, a member of the heavily armored cavalry.

Tournament

under feudalism, a series of martial activities such as jousts designed to keep knights busy during peacetime and help them prepare for war.

Gregory I

"Gregory the Great"; broadened the authority of the papacy, or pope's office, beyond spiritual role; papacy became secular power involved in politics

Wergild

"money for man", the value of a person in money, depending on social status; in Germanic society, a fine paid by a wrongdoer to the family of the person he or she had injured or killed.

Saladin

(1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem

Pope Innocent III

(c. 1160-1216) one of the most powerful and influential popes in history; exerted wide influence over the Christian regimes of Europe, claiming supremacy. Called upon Christian forces to begin The Fourth Crusade (crusaders ended up sacking Constantinople)

Common Law

(civil law) a law established by following earlier judicial decisions

Thomas a Becket

Archbishop of Canterbury who denied Henry II's ability to try clergy and said only the Roman Catholic church could try priests - Henry's knights murdered him

Philip IV

Established Estates - General and first French Parliament

Philip II Augustus

French king who accomplished the first great expansion of territory, tripling the monarchy's holdings

Magyars

Muslims who attacked Europe and converted to Christianity and established Hungary

Carolingian Empire

Referring to the rule of Charlemagne, the Franks fell under one centralized rule of a man considered incredibly intelligent and militarily and diplomatically gifted. He was sanctioned by the Roman Catholic Church and in the creation of his own bureaucracy, he established imperial officials (missi dominici) to oversea the actions of local authorities. After his death in 814, subsequent leaders lost control over different parts of the empire from the bureaucracy and territory due to incompetence and external pressures in the form of the Muslims, Magyars and Vikings.

missi dominici

Royal officials under Charlemagne who traveled around the country to enforce the king's laws


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