WORLD HISTORY EXAM 1

Hebrew bible's influence on law and culture

Enormous influence on medieval and modern Western Civilization •Monolatry to Monotheism •Laws (10 Commandments)- capital punishment, bankruptcy, etc.. •613 Laws in the Mosiac Code •Slavery •Views of women (Trouble for men, impure, Eve, menstruation, pollution, etc...) •Sexual morality - Chastity of Temple Priests, Stone adulterers, Polygamy?, Leviticus 20:13- Kill homosexuals,

Cleopatra

last pharaoh of Egypt; had relationships with Julius Caesar and Marc Antony; Octavian's enemy. Caesar became involved in Egypt's civil war between its child Pharaoh and his wife and sister, Cleopatra •Because of the Pharaoh's aid in the murder of Pompey, he sided with Cleopatra •Defeated Pharaoh's forces by 47 B.C.E., thus installing Cleopatra as ruler •Caesar saw Egypt as a valuable ally •Caesar and Cleopatra had a son together- Ptolemy Caesar- Ordered killed by Octavian in 30 B.C.E.

Peloponnesian War

(431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north.

Socrates

(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes.

Plato's Academy 387 B.C.E. to 83 B.C.E.

1 mile outside of Athens •Exclusive- not open to the public •Did not charge fees •No curriculum •No teacher-pupil organization- just senior and junior members •Poised problems that philosophers could study and debate •Aristotle spent 20 years at the Academy

Julius Caesar

100-44 B.C. Roman general who became the republic's dictator in 45 B.C. Key figure in the transition from Republic to Empire •Early alliance with Crassus, who gave Caesar financial assistance •Governor of Spain •Consul in 59 B.C.E. •Began era of First Triumvirate •Consolidated power by 45 B.C.E. •Proclaimed Dictator in Perpetuity, 44. B.C.E. •Assassination in 44 B.C.E. by Senators claiming to save the Republic

Aryan influence on India

1,500 to 500 B.C.E. •After the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan), the Sanskrit speaking Aryans become dominant in northern India. •"Aryan" comes from Arya, meaning "noble" or "pure" in Sanskrit. •Aryans flourished during the Vedic Age (1,500 to 500 B.C.E.), which is named for the Vedas, a large body of ancient religious works written in Sanskrit during this time. •This period witnessed the development of the caste system, the Brahmanic religion, and the writing of the great epics. Until recently, the dominant theory was that Aryans migrated to India from the north beginning around 1,900 B.C.E. •Other scholars have more recently argued they were a pre-existing subset of earlier Indian peoples in the region that simply grew in influence and numbers. •Primary source of information on the early Aryans is the Rig Veda, the earliest of the Vedas, a collection of hymns, ritual texts, and philosophical treatises written in Sanskrit from 1,500 to 500 B.C.E.

Zhou Dynasty

1050-400 B.C.E. •In 1050, the Zhou, who lived west of the Shang, rose up against their rule and defeated them in battle, establishing their own dynasty. •Their successors maintained the cultural and political practices of the Shang. •Like the Shang kings, the Zhou Kings also sacrificed to their ancestors, but also to heaven. •The Book of Documents from the Zhou era assumes a close relationship between heaven and the king. •It argued that because the last Shang king had been decadent and unjust, heaven took away the Shang

Spartacus

A Roman gladiator who led the most serious slave revolt in Roman history from 73 to 71 B.C.E.). Led a slave revolt- 120,000 slaves- Tried to escape to Gaul- 6000 of them crucified. Leader of the oppressed

Shang dynasty

1500-1050 C.E. •The Shang dynasty, according to traditional historiography, ruled in the Yellow River valley in the second millennium B.C.E. •Our knowledge of the Shang dynasty is supported by archaeological evidence. Excavation at the Ruins of Yin (near modern-day Anyang), which has been identified as the last Shang capital, uncovered eleven major royal tombs and the foundations of palaces and ritual sites, containing weapons of war and remains from both animal and human sacrifices. •The Anyang site has yielded the earliest known body of Chinese writing, mostly divinations inscribed on oracle bones - turtle shells, ox scapulae, or other bones. More than 100,000 have been discovered since the early 20th century. •The inscriptions provide critical insight into many topics from the politics, economy, and religious practices to the art and medicine of this early stage of Chinese civilization.

Pax Romana

200 year period of peace in Rome. Edward Gibbon •Relative peace and prosperity •Rome not really threatened •Established by Augustus •Lasted 27 B.C.E. to 180 C.E. •Sometimes called the Pax Augustus •Not without conflict, just nothing major to threaten Rome •Enemies subdued •Consolidation favored •Generals kept in check •Ends with death of Marcus Aurelius c. 180 C.E.

Hannibal

2nd Punic War Considered one the greatest tacticians in history. Marched army through Spain, France, and into Italy •Occupied much of Italy for 15 years •Virtually every family in Rome lost a family members to these wars •Won three major victories against Roman armies •Roman counter invasion of Carthage forced him to go home •Defeated by Scipio Africanus at Carthage, who had studied Hannibal's tactics Hannibal's Tactics •Hated Rome- No pity •Take war to Italy- Fight it there •Chooses where he will fight •Regularly lured Roman armies into traps at narrow passes •Swelled his ranks with Gauls and others who had formerly sworn allegiance to Rome •Classic enveloping movements •Front lines bend, Romans push forward, forms a crescent battle line, Hannibal's cavalry comes to close the circle •Romans, constricted in space, have to fight in all directions •After major defeats, Romans use a hit and run strategy- no major engagements with Hannibal's army Hannibal's Psychological Warfare •Elephants as type of tanks •Few Europeans had ever seen an elephant •Size and strength terrified observers •Tore through infantry lines •Romans learned how to terrify elephants in return. •Poured oil on pigs, lit them on fire, and sent them screaming toward the elephants, who then bolted

Sacred Band of Thebes

4th century Thebes •150 pederastic couples •300 soldiers total •Small elite force

Mithraism

A Hellenistic mystery religion that appealed to soldiers and involved the worship of the god Mithra

Mauryan empire

A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India. The Empire flourished under the reign of Maurya's grandson, Ashoka, but declined after his death.

Aeneas

A mythical Greek warrior who was a leader on the Trojan side of the Trojan War.

Hinduism

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

Punic wars

A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean. The First Punic War- 265-241 B.C.E. •The Second Punic War- 218-202 B.C.E. •The Third Punic War- 149-146 B.C.E. •Battle of Carthage in 146 B.C.E. •Carthage is razed and citizens enslaved •Roman Dominance in the Mediterranean

Octavian

Adopted grandnephew of Julius Caesar, later called Augustus Caesar. Octavian as Caesar's Heir 27 B.C.E. to 14 C.E. (Born 63 B.C.E.) •Discovery of Caesar's will presents a major problem for Mark Antony •Octavian as Caesar's adopted son •Inherits Caesar's legions and wealth at a very young age •Mark Antony and others think he will be easy to control

Spartans

Ancient Greek state that believed in war and physical activity. Spartan Women •"Why are you Spartan women the only ones who can rule men?... Because we are also the only ones who give birth to men." •"With this, or upon this" •Promoted the martial culture •Ashamed of sons who showed cowardice •Women played an active role in society •Considered citizens •Owned land •Honored at death only if they died in childbirth (men if killed in battle) Women and Family Life •Spartan women married later-Late teens or early 20s •Wife sharing- Encouraged to have lots of children because of the loss of men (e.g. war, exposure male children, etc...). •Older men might encourage fit younger men to impregnate their wives and older childless men might request the wives of their friends have their children •Helots took care of domestic chores (e.g. nursing, weaving, cleaning...) •Expected to maintain their physical stature, bear children, and oversee Helots •Allowed to divorce, but encouraged to remarry Educated primarily in the home •Female babies well nourished by Greek standards, because they needed to be physically fit to bear strong babies later •Wrestling •Spear throwing •Gymnastics •Foot races •Horse races •Chariot races Women not allowed to grow their hair long •Notoriously short skirts •Showed a lot of flesh •Nude in sporting events and certain festivals

Monolatry

Apparent universal acceptance of many gods •Monolatrists or monotheists? •Recognizes the existence of many gods, but worships only one •The question is not whether there is one god, but rather are there any gods like elohim •Israelite transition to monotheism •Other gods became angels Ten Commandments- "You shall have no other gods before me." •Book of Exodus- "gods of the Egyptians" •Exodus 7:11-13, after Aaron transforms his staff into a snake, Pharaoh's priests call on their gods and do the same. •Psalm 86:8- "Among the gods there is none like unto thee, O Lord; neither are there any works like unto thy works."

Brahmanism & the Upanishads

Aryans recognized a multitude of gods and people often petitioned them through animal sacrifices. •Brahmans had a monopoly over the rituals for such sacrifices, determining the order and effectiveness of them. •The Upanishads, composed between 750-500 B.C.E. provide philosophical and religious guidance on the development of the rituals and emphasized mystical meanings.

Pericles

Athenian leader noted for advancing democracy in Athens and for ordering the construction of the Parthenon.

Roman Senate

Believed founded in 753 B.C.E. by Romulus •Descendents of those men became the Patricians •Senate- Derives from Latin word "senex" = "old man" •During Roman Kingdom, it served as an advisory body •During the Middle Republic, it had real power •Weak again under the Principate/Empire

Gilgamesh, Genesis, and the Flood

Both stories have divine anger •The heroes are warned by a god that a great Flood is going to happen •The hero is given specific instructions on how the god wants him to build the boat •The hero takes both his family and animals on the boat with him •The hero releases three birds to find out if the Flood is beginning to subside •When the Flood begins to subside, the boats are sitting on top of a mountain. Gilgamesh- c. 2200 B.C.E. •Genesis- Most biblical scholars put its composition (as part of the Pentateuch or Torah) at around 1450 B.C.E. •Genesis is assumed to have been written by Moses- Tradition holds that the creation story was dictated by God, since Moses wasn't around to see it for himself •Recent scholarship suggests Genesis was written c.1000 and 500 B.C.E. •Debates over Moses authorship of the Pentateuch, as it also records his death (Deuteronomy 34.5) •Mesopotamian influence- Genesis 15:7 tells us Abraham, the father of the Hebrews, was called out of the Mesopotamian city of Ur.

Egyptian Pyramids

But if kings were supposed to live in nice homes during their lives, this meant they also had to be buried in great pyramids after death, hence the construction of the well known pyramids during the Old Kingdom period (2,660 to 2,180 B.C.E.). •The pyramids contained all things needed by the king in the afterlife and also symbolized the king's power and connections with the gods.

Mandate of Heaven

Can only be traced to the early Zhou period, so was apparently used as propaganda to win over former Shang subjects to Zhou rule. •Whatever its origins, it remained a central feature of Chinese political philosophy from the early Zhou period on.

Carthago delende est

Carthage must be destroyed

Ancient Egypt and the Nile

Centered around the Nile River in North Africa •Flooding, irrigation, agriculture •"Breadbasket" of the region •Herodotus called Egypt "the gift of the Nile" Political power structures in Egypt were linked with the Nile. •Somehow, before the development of writing, the idea emerged that kings were responsible for the rise and fall of the Nile, the cause of Egypt's bounty. •Kings came to be seen as descendants of the gods and eventually gods themselves. •Kings in the North and South eventually united, unifying Egypt around 3100 B.C.E., beginning in the Archaic Period (3,100 to 2,660 B.C.E.), which laid a foundation for the era of prosperity in the Old Kingdom period from 2,660 to 2,180 B.C.E.

First Triumvirate

Cicero- Made Consul in 63 B.C.E.- Later complained of threat to the Republic that resulted from the following powerful military leaders and their populist appeal. •---- Crassus •---- Pompey •---- Julius Caesar •Together, they formed the First Triumvirate ("Three men") an uneasy alliance (59 to 53 B.C.E.)

Athenian Democracy

Cleisthenes- 508 B.C.E. "Father of democracy" •Direct Democracy- No representatives •Suppressed by Macedonians in 322 B.C.E. •Population of 350,000 at high point in 4th century •Perhaps as many as 60,000 adult male citizens with right to vote in the assembly at high point •While only 15- 20% of population, still an incredibly high number of participants for the time

Agriculture Revolution (or Neolithic Revolution)

Climate became warmer •Seed planting and raising animals instead of hunting them. •Selectively breed plants and animals that provided the most nutritional value. •Seems to have emerged in multiple locations around the same time. •Most important change in human history. •Transition from Paleolithic to Neolithic Transition from hunter-gatherers to agricultural settled societies. •More food- healthier and longer living populations (e.g. more minds working on problems, larger armies, etc...). •Could sustain larger and longer living populations due to increased disease resistance from humans living among animals. •Division of labor possible (e.g. farmers, blacksmiths, politicians, warriors, clerics, philosophers, etc...). •Development of social classes and hierarchies. •Development of city-states. Existence of walls- Suggests what? •Numerous new tools and inventions.

Daoism

Daoism emerged in opposition to Confusianism, as Daoists believed the act of striving for self improvement or improvement of society only made things worse. •Example of the water- It does not compete, yet it benefits all creatures. •Instead sought to identify the natural order of things, or the Way (Dao). •People would be better off if they knew less, gave up tools, renounced writing, stopped envying or competing with their neighbors, and lost their desire to engage in travel or war. •Earliest expressions of Daoism date back to two books from the 3rd century.

Agoge

Education and training mandated for all male citizens •Selection process began at birth- Exposure for the weak •Goal to produce strong men to serve in the Spartan military •Three Stages of Training •--- Age 7- 17- Underfed, given little clothing, at 12 paired with older Spartan soldier •--- Age 18-19- Reserve members of Spartan army, trained by killing Helots out at night, steal their food, etc... •--- Age 19-29- Full members of Spartan Army, but still required to live in barracks •---- Age 30- Expected to marry, could vote, establish a household, etc....

Egyptian Pharaohs

Egyptian kings, as descendants of the gods or gods themselves, were at the center of both political and religious life in Old Kingdom. •Consequently, the king's surroundings had to be worthy of a god, and it was expected he would live in magnificent palaces. •The word "Pharaoh," which during the New Kingdom (1570-1070 B.C.E.) came to be used for king, originally meant "great house."

Black Athena Debate

Emphasis on African elements of Near Eastern Culture •Greeks "stole" their ideas from the Egyptians •Egyptians are Africans •Thus Egyptians can "usefully" be described as "black" •Therefore, Western Civilization stole all its great ideas from black people •Touchy subject- •----Louis Gossett Jr. as Anwar Sadat •----Egyptian mummies in Texas

Epic of Gilgamesh

Epic Mesopotamian Poem •One of the earliest surviving works of literature in the world (c. 2200 B.C.E.) •Various themes, plots, and characters in Gilgamesh are also found in the Bible •Snake and garden •Snake possesses a plant with key to immorality (e.g. Adam and the Apple?) •Loss of innocence- Gilgamesh lives in harmony with nature until he has sex with a harlot, then is rejected by nature •Many early theologians think the Apple in the garden of Eden is symbolic of sexual transgression

Significance of cave burials

First Burials Revealing the Beliefs in the Afterlife at Shanidar Cave, Iraq Includes a cemetary dating back to 10,600 B.C.E. Scholars believe some Paleolithic groups buried their dead (as opposed to simply discarding them). •Perhaps for practical reasons, such as to avoid the odor of death, as well as to keep predators away. •But many scholars claim artifacts and other elements of material culture found together with the skeletons should be interpreted as symbolic evidence of the burial participants' conception of an afterlife which may have underpinned those burial practices, making them the earliest known examples of such ideas in the history of humankind. •Evidence of flowers and decorations at burial sites as well (Pollen) •Many cases present a picture of careful, deliberate burial across the later Paleolithic world. •Whatever the intent of the symbolism of the artifacts involved, they definitely convey the idea of an expression of human emotions (grief), as well as likely a belief in existence after death.

Ancient Egyptian Quasi-Monotheism?

For a brief period (17 years), in the theology promulgated by the Pharaoh Akhenaten (d. c. 1335 B.C.E.), a single god, the Aten (Sun Disk), replaced the traditional pantheon. •Akhenaten tried to bring about a departure from traditional religion, but ultimately rejected. •After his death, Akhenaten's monuments were dismantled and hidden, his statues were terminated and his name was not included in the king lists. •Image: Pharaoh Akhenaten (center) and his family worshiping the Aten, with characteristic rays seen emanating from the solar disk.

Sappho

Greek poet, she was one of the most famous lyric poets of Greece. Sappho of Lesbos c. 610-580 B.C.E.

Kingship in ancient Israel

Hebrew speaking people •Hebrews = Israelites = Jews (e.g. Kingdom of Judah- 6th cent) •Israel- To prevail over God- Name given to Jacob- Gen 32:28-30 •Canaanite Origins- First mention of "Israel" in 1209 in Egyptian source •Kingdoms in Israel from about 1200 to 586 B.C.E. •--- Kingdom of Israel- Fell 722 B.C.E. to the Assyrians •--- Kingdom of Judah- Fell 586 B.C.E. to Babylon Originally, the Jewish nation had no kings. At Mount Sinai God told Moses that if the Jews would follow in His ways, they would be "a kingdom of priests and a holy nation." If they would serve the "one true King." •For most of its early history, the Nation of Israel was lead by judges and prophets. The prophets relayed the word of God, while the judges counseled the people in times of peace, and lead them to battle in times of war. •After 400 years of being led by prophets and judges, the people approached the Prophet Samuel, clamoring for a king "like all the other nations." After consulting with God (who expressed His disappointment in the peoples' lack of faith), Samuel reluctantly gave in to their pleas, but not without warning them of the pitfalls inherent in having an absolute monarch. Samuel then later appointed Saul as the first king of Israel.

Slavery and the Hebrews

However, you may purchase male or female slaves from among the foreigners who live among you. You may also purchase the children of such resident foreigners, including those who have been born in your land. You may treat them as your property, passing them on to your children as a permanent inheritance. You may treat your slaves like this, but the people of Israel, your relatives, must never be treated this way." (Leviticus 25:44-46) •"When a man sells his daughter as a slave, she will not be freed at the end of six years as the men are. If she does not please the man who bought her, he may allow her to be bought back again. But he is not allowed to sell her to foreigners, since he is the one who broke the contract with her. And if the slave girl's owner arranges for her to marry his son, he may no longer treat her as a slave girl, but he must treat her as his daughter. If he himself marries her and then takes another wife, he may not reduce her food or clothing or fail to sleep with her as his wife. If he fails in any of these three ways, she may leave as a free woman without making any payment." (Exodus 21:7-11) "5 Slaves, obey your earthly masters with respect and fear, and with sincerity of heart, just as you would obey Christ. 6 Obey them not only to win their favor when their eye is on you, but as slaves of Christ, doing the will of God from your heart. 7 Serve wholeheartedly, as if you were serving the Lord, not people, 8 because you know that the Lord will reward each one for whatever good they do, whether they are slave or free." •St. Paul to the Ephesians, 6:5-8

Ionian Revolt Greek City-States Conquered by Persia in 540 B.C.E., Revolted in 499 to 493 B.C.E.

Ionia a region in Anatolia (Asia-Minor), but revolts extended beyond just Ionia •Persians had conquered region in 540 B.C.E. •Revolts from 499 to 493 B.C.E. •Upset with native tyrants appointed to rule by Persian Satraps (Governors) •Greek aid to the Revolutionaries upset the Persians

decimation

Latin- Decem- "ten" •"Removal of a tenth" •Form of military discipline •Punished cowardly or mutinous soldiers •Unit is chosen for decimation based on poor performance in battle •Leaders executed •Soldiers divided into groups of ten and draw lots or randomly chosen •The loser gets clubbed to death by the other nine

Romulus and Remus

Legendary figures in Roman history, they built a city that eventually became Rome. Italians are descended from the noble Trojans •Cited as justification for later distrust of Greeks •Over time, the Trojan origins myth is supplanted by the Romulus and Remus myth •Romulus and Remus twins- sons of Mars or Hercules •Dynastic crisis, danger for the twins •She-wolf •Shepherd •They grow up to find out who they are and kill the bad king •They decide to found a city •Romulus kills Remus- dispute over where to place the city •Palatine Hill- names it "Rome" after himself c. 753

Second Triumvirate

Lepidus d. 12 B.C.E. - Major supporter of Caesar, weakest of the three, forced into quiet exile by Octavian in 36 B.C.E. •Mark Antony- Caesar's general, Quarrelling with Octavian led to civil war in 33 B.C.E., Battle of Actium in 31 B.C.E., committed suicide c. 30 B.C.E. •Octavian (later Augustus)- First Emperor of the Roman Empire •Official and legally established institution- sidelined the consuls and the Senate

Caste system

Life in Early India- The Caste System •Early Indian Society was divided into four groups, including the warrior elite, priests, ordinary tribesmen, and conquered subjects. •These distinctions eventually evolved into the caste system, which defined Indian society into strictly defined hereditary groups. •Society was conceived of though these four hierarchal strata, who did not eat with or marry each other. •These four strata, or varnas, were Brahmin (priests), Kshatriya (warriors and officials), Vaishya (merchants), and Shudra (peasants and laborers). •The Shudra strata, encompassing the conquered peoples, was the largest group (c. 70% of the pop). •Allowed Aryans to make sure their culture was not absorbed into the larger population, and remained elite. •Those who lost their caste status through various violations of the social order, or newly conquered peoples after the establishment of the caste system, became "outcastes," later to be known as "untouchables," a sort of fifth caste.

Indus Valley Civilization (500 to 2,000 B.C.E.)

Only in the early 20th century, as a result of the work of archaeologists, did we begin to learn about the Bronze Age (c. 3,300 to 500 B.C.E.) urban culture in what is now Pakistan (western Indian subcontinent). •This civilization is known as the Indus Valley or the Harappan Civilization, comprised of some 300 cities and many more towns and villages, from the modern names of the river and city near where the first ruins were discovered. •Uniform and well planned cities (e.g. town/city organization, roads, sewer systems) •The Indus Valley Civilization thrived between 2,500 to 2,000 B.C.E., and was a literate society but nobody has been able to decipher the language. •Covered more than 500,000 square miles making it larger than ancient Egypt or Sumaria. •Extensive crafts and earliest known manufacturers. Because nobody has deciphered the language of the Indus Valley Civilization, their political, religious, and intellectual life is largely unknown. •But there clearly existed a political system with the ability to plan and organize the development and construction of cities and towns and facilitate trade. •Soon after 2,000 B.C.E. the Indus Valley Civilization mysteriously declined. Theories include outside invaders, environmental causes, the collapse of long distance trade, disease, etc... Nobody is sure.

Early Persian religion and Zoroastrianism

Originally polytheistic and tied to nature. •But early Persian religious beliefs came to differ from the farmers of Egypt and Mesopotamia, whom had converted nature gods into city guardians. •The Iranians instead distilled them into a few universal principles. •Zoroaster, who lived some time around 1000 BCE, drove this process. For him, the only god was the creator, Ahura Mazda, bringer of asha - light, order, truth; the law or logic by which the world was structured. •By the year 600, Zoroaster's ideas and teachings had come to hold broad acceptance among the Persians. •Even Persians who were not practicing Zoroastrians grew up shaped by a culture that valued simple ethical ideas such as telling the truth. Zoroastrianism •Became the dominant religion of the Persians and their later Sassanian Empire prior to being conquered by Muslims during the Arab Conquest of the 7th century. •Some religious scholars believe Zoroastrianism has influenced Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. •Especially with its teachings of a single deity, a dualistic universe of good versus evil, and a final day of reckoning. •The religion professes that humankind is designed to evolve toward perfection, but is complicated by evil forces such as greed, lust and hatred, which are sins.

Oracle of Delphi

Person representing the god Apollo; allegedly received cryptic messages from the god that had predictive value if the seeker could correctly interpret the communication. Oracle at Delphi to Themistocles - "Run for your lives!" •On Second Attempt- Themistocles got a more favorable prophecy about being saved by wooden ships

Ashoka

Reign of Ashoka 269-232 B.C.E. Relief- Center figure may represent Ashoka •Ashoka is one of the most important historical figures in Indian religious history. •Enjoyed the pleasures of the banquet hall and the harem. •Had his forces slaughter over 100,000 in his attack on the people of Kalinga in eastern India. •Then felt remorse and embraced Buddhism and promoted its spread beyond India. •Embraced the teaching of not hurting humans or animals, banning animal

Rig Veda

Rig Veda on the Early Aryans •Rig Veda portrays the early Aryans as: •Warrior tribes who glorified military skill and heroism. •Loved alcohol and dance •Loved to hunt and race •Counted their wealth in cattle •Not unified, collection of tribes that often fought with each other •Came to dominate India over several centuries. Rig Veda Advice for Students •He who studies understands, not the one who sleeps. •—Rigveda 5.44.13, Tr: Frits Staal

Mark Antony

Roman politician and general •Longtime supporter of Caesar •Heir apparent •Believed he would inherit Caesar's authority and troops •Challenged by Cicero •Octavian emerges

Pater familias "father of the family"

Roman term- gave the eldest male (head of family) almost unlimited authority

Cicero

Rome's greatest public speaker; he argued against dictators and called for a representative government with limited powers. Cicero offends Mark Antony •14 Philippics given by Cicero calling for restoration of Republic •Cicero played Octavian against Mark Antony after Caesar's Death •Claimed young Octavian would not make the same mistakes as his adopted father, but that Antony would be a disaster •Cicero's plan to drive out Antony failed when Antony and Octavian reconciled and formed the 2nd Triumvirate with Lepidus •Cicero targeted for proscription by the Triumvirate •Was able to avoid capture until Dec. 43 B.C.E. because people helped him hide •When finally caught and executed Antony ordered Cicero's hands (that had penned the Philippics) cut off •Cassius Dio- Antony's wife reported pulled Cicero's tongue out of his severed head and stabbed it repeatedly with her hair pin

Lucretia

She represented Roman honor, virtue and everything good about Roman women. She was raped by Tarquin's son, and he threatened to kill her if she told anyone. She killed herself as a result, causing the Romans to rebel against the Etruscans, freeing themselves from their Etruscan overlords.

Buddhism

Siddhārtha Gautama (c. 500 B.C.E.), or simply the Buddha, after the title of Buddha (one who has achieved enlightenment and comprehended the four noble truths), originally part of the warrior class, he became an ascetic and sage, on whose teachings Buddhism was founded. He is believed to have lived and taught mostly in the eastern part of ancient India sometime between the sixth and fourth centuries BCE.

Plato

Socrates' most well known pupil. Founded an academy in Athens.

Battle of Marathon 490 B.C.E.

Stalemate for 5 days •Daring Greek counter attack at night •Heavily armored Athenians against lightly armored Persians •Decisive Greek Victory- Major significance for Western Civilization? •Influence of Greeks comes from developments in Greek Society after Marathon •Could have ended at Marathon •Origin of term Marathon- Greek runner from Marathon to Athens (roughly 26 miles) shares news of victory •Revolt in Egypt led Persians to lose focus on Greece

Agriculture and Patriarchy

System in which men have more power and access to resources than women. •Every system in the world that has left written records has been patriarchal. •Men in public life, women in domestic life. •Happened before written records and scholars connect it with the Agricultural Revolution. Hunter Gather Societies more egalitarian and want fewer children. •Agricultural Revolution •Plow based agriculture was heavier work- men typically have more muscle mass •Better nutrition- healthier pregnancies •More babies needed- laborers, soldiers, etc... •Men more typically in the public sphere, women in the private sphere •Land ownership and its Transfer •Control of women necessary

Homer

The Iliad and the Odyssey •Homer the blind bard- possibly never existed •Origins of Homeric epics in Mycenaean age •His works actually reflect much of Dark Age conditions (e.g. 1200-800) •Transmitted orally •How trustworthy is oral tradition? •Finally written down around 750 B.C.E.

Ancient Mesopotamia

The Land Between Two Rivers (Tigris and Euphrates) •Cradle of Civilization? (Modern Iraq) •Tigris and Euphrates Rivers contribute to rise of agriculture •Rise of big cities- (e.g. Sumer and the Sumerian Empire) •Built up large industrial complexes to produce and store agriculture •Developed complex religions and worship systems •Modern historians and the supernatural

Achaemenid Empire

The name of an ancient Persian Empire (c. 550-330 BCE) which was composed of many smaller kingdoms. The realm was divided into twenty-three satrapies whose administration and taxation was managed by subordinate local rulers.

Paleolithic

The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period. nomadic, groups up to 50: tribal society, hunters and gatherers.Tribal society. Clan controlled by elders or the powerful. Paleolithic people were taller and lived longer than neolithic people.

Karma

The tally and weight of good and bad deeds in one's life, or karma, determined the quality of life one would be born in to in the future. •Thus people were encouraged to live righteously as each person was responsible for their destiny by virtue of their actions in this world. •If people sin and act unvirtuously in this life, then karma will result in them living a worse life in the future. If they behave virtuously, then karma will provide a better life.

Aristotelian logic

The validity of any argument can be determined by its structure rather than its content. •All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal. •Given the structure of this argument, as long as the premises are true, then the conclusion is true (or is it?). •If you do not like a genuinely logical argument, then the only way to disprove it is to disprove the premises

Warfare and the Hebrews

Violence and Warfare in the Hebrew Texts (e.g. King David) •"Thou shalt not kill." (a mistranslation)- correct translation is "Thou shalt not murder" and traditionally there has been a major distinction between the two. •Psalm 137:9 "Happy is the one who takes your babies and smashes them against the rocks!" •Set later precedence for medieval and modern Jews and Christians •Christian notions of Holy War, Crusading, etc... •Jewish militancy- Medieval Jewish Kingdom of the Khazars •Violence not unreasonable or unexpected to pre-modern Christians- A fact of life •Post Enlightenment Thought

concept of the philosopher-king

different from lovers of sights and sounds they will govern the city because they are the only ones who know the truth of the forms

Confuscious

religious speculation about karma, souls, and ultimate reality, Chinese thinkers were arguing about the ideal forms of social and political organization and man's connections to nature. •Confucius (551-479 B.C.E.) was one of the earliest and most influential Chinese thinkers to tackle these issues. •We mostly know about his teachings from the Analects, a collection of his sayings put together by his followers after his death. •Although Confucianism is often followed in a religious manner by the Chinese, many argue that its values are secular and that it is therefore less a religion than a secular philosophical morality. Proponents argue, however, that despite the secular nature of Confucianism's teachings, it is based on a worldview that is religious. Confucius taught that people should have compassion for one an other, and to avoid treating others in ways that they themselves would not wish to be treated: What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others. (Analects 12.2) (e.g. "Do on to others...") •In order to be compassionate, people should avoid self-aggrandizement and be simple in manner and slow of speech. They should practice altruism and self restraint. •Confucius emphasized the importance of etiquette and correct social interaction. Confucius taught that there were mutual obligations arising between members of social relationships. Much of Confucius's teachings focused on the art of governance and how a ruler should act. Confucius advocated for true justice and compassion on the part of the ruler and the ruled. Only by being a just ruler would the ruler enjoy the Mandate of Heaven and continue to have the right to rule. •As with his social teachings, Confucius believed that the key to good governance lay in each man carrying out his duties as prescribed by his position within the hierarchy. He stated: "Good government consists in the ruler being a ruler, the minister being a minister, the father being a father, and the son being a son." (Analects 12.11) •It was essential that the ruler possess virtue. Virtue would enable the ruler to retain the supreme position. "He who governs by means of his virtue is, to use an analogy, like the pole-star: it remains in its place while all the lesser stars do homage to it." (Analects 2.1) Remarkably, given the violent nature of his times, Confucius believed that rulers should not have to resort to force or the threat of punishment to maintain power. He stated: "Your job is to govern, not to kill" (Analects XII:19) •As in the case of social relationships such as those between parents and children, husbands and wives, Confucius believed that the rulers should observe proper ritual in order to maintain their position and right to rule. These rituals included giving proper sacrifices to the ancestors at the ancestral temples, the exchange of gifts between members of the nobility which bound them together in a web of obligation and indebtedness, and acts of etiquette and decorum such as bowin

hunter-gatherer societies

societies that depend on hunting wild animals and gathering uncultivated plants for survival

Alexander the Great

son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; great leader; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world. Relationship with Aristotle- respectful, avid reader, loved philosophy •Alcoholism and Violence- Ancient sources, modern scholarship •Sexuality- Married twice, children, but not very interested in women, grieves inconsolably from his male companion's death, bi-sexual? •Megalomania and Paranoia- Belief in his own divinity, conquests •Relationship with other Greeks- respected but concerned •Relationship with his men- Mutiny in 326 in India •Relations with the Persians- Adopted many Persian customs as sign of respect, Persians liked him (as far as conquerors go)

Neolithic

the later part of the Stone Age- new Stone Age. Sedentary....They farmed in permanent settlements and raised/herded animals; agriculture was discovered and became a major source of food; families evolved.Military and religious leaders had authority. Monarchy emerged.Neolithic people were shorter and had lower life expectancy. Diseases like tooth cavities and typhoid emerged in the new stone age. Neolithic women had more children because the life style was no longer nomadic

Age of Pericles

the period between 461 B.C. and 429 B.C. when Pericles dominated Athenian politics and Athens reached the height of its power. Rise of Pericles (495 to 429 B.C.E.)- Building up of Athens •Referred to as "Age of Pericles" •---Formed Delian League in 477- Essentially provided for an Athenian Empire •--- Funded education- Boys taught to read, write, speak, play music, and exposed to philosophy- Women focused on home •--- Funded arts •--- Rebuilding of the Acropolis (Destroyed by Persians in 480) •--- Building of Parthenon 447 B.C.E. to 438 B.C.E.

Tigris and Euphrates

two rivers that form the outside border of Mesopotamia

Socratic Method

way of teaching developed by Socrates that used a question-and-answer format to force students to use their reason to see things for themselves

Mediterranen triad

wheat, olive oil, and wine. Modern knowledge of ancient Greek cuisine and eating habits is derived from literary and artistic evidence.