World History Final

Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)

The Sino-Japanese War of 1884 to 1895 and the subsequent harsh peace treaty revealed China's helplessness in the face of aggression, triggering a rush for foreign concessions and protectorates in China. (885)

Self-determination

The ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

Indirect Colonial Rule

The best agricultural land is held by the foreign conquerors for themselves. Relegating the indigenous population to marginal areas for subsistence farming.

Deforestation

The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.

Utilitarianism

The theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1945

The two Japanese cities on which Truman ordered the dropping of atomic bombs; August 6 and August 9, 1945, respectively. About 250,000 Japanese died, either immediately, or as a result of prolonged suffering caused by radiation poisoning as a result of the two bombs. Reasons for dropping bomb: save American soldiers lives, end war more quickly, prevent Soviet claims in Japan. Criticisms: Japan had already asked for surrender terms, nukes dropped more to show off to Soviets (first shots of Cold War) than to win WWII which was already near-certain to be won by US.

Louis XIV

This French king ruled for the longest time ever in Europe. He issued several economic policies and costly wars. He was the prime example of absolutism in France. (1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Hideki Tojo

This general was premier of Japan during World War II while this man was dictator of the country. He gave his approval for the attack on Pearl Harbor and played a major role in Japan's military decisions until he resigned in 1944

Cardinal Mazarin

This was the man who served under Cardinal Richelieu and laid the foundations for Louis XIV's expansionist policies

Joseph II

This was the ruler of the Habsburgs that controlled the Catholic Church closely, granted religious toleration and civic rights to Protestants and Jews, and abolished serfdom

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

This was the spark that started World War I. Archduke Ferdinand, the Austrian crown prince, was murdered on June 28, 1914, by a Serbian nationalist while visiting Sarajevo, Bosnia. Germany urged Austria-Hungary to fight and they went to war against Serbia; all of this due to Serbia wanting to expand

Tories and Whigs

Tories: completely controlled by landed aristocracy-conservative-controlled govt. until 1830— Whigs: liberal-oppose strong monarchy/govt.

Tenements

Urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers. Often poorly constructed and overcrowded.

Ultimatum

a final proposal or statement of conditions

Scientific Method

a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.

Musicians

artists who create and/or perform music

Diet

assembly or legislature

Agriculture and Industrial Revolution

bring about the Industrial Revolution through innovations and inventions that altered how the farming process worked. ... Because of the decline in need for agricultural workers, many worked industrial jobs, further fueling the Industrial Revolution.

Robert Owen (1771-1858)

cotton magnate and social reformer. Believed that the creation of voluntary associations would demonstrate the importance of cooperative rather than competitive living. Helped plan the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union (formed in Feb 1834, collapsed the same summer amidst a failed strike for unrealistic goals, such as an eight-hour working day).

Propaganda

information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

Emperor Meiji (Japan)

r. 1868-1912 schism between pro west and anti-west samurai ended in civil war and the japanese emperor becomes viewed as someone special and unique with cultural symbolic power. Some samurai factions back the emperor and restore him to power. In reality he doesn't have much power but he is used as a way for a few people to claim legitimacy for their policies. in about 15-20 years Eastern Japan emperor becomes completely repackaged as a western constitutional monarch

Prime Minister

the head of an elected government; the principal minister of a sovereign or state.

Bourgeoisie

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

Political Revolution

the overthrow of one political system in order to establish another

Enclosure

the process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Opening of the Suez Canal (1869)

◦Connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea to expand international trade between European countries and their colonies in Asia and Africa ◦Modernizes Egypt but expenses used to maintain communication networks and irrigation projects enable Britain to oversee the canal's financial affairs and then occupy Egypt ◦Becomes Britain's "Lifeline of the Empire" as it brings quicker access to its colonies in Africa and Asia

Brahe

(1546-1601) A Danish astronomer who designed and built new instruments for observing the heavens and trained many other astronomers. He rejected heliocentrism despite his discovery of a new star and comet that disproved Aristotle's theory.

Rousseau

(1712-1778) Believed that society threatened natural rights and freedoms. Wrote about society's corruption caused by the revival of sciences and art instead of it's improvement. He was sponsored by the wealthy and participated in salons but often felt uncomfortable and denounced them. Wrote "The Social Contract."

Henry IV

- A Huguenot, inherited the French throne in 1589 - Greatly increased the royal bureaucracy = Built roads, bridges, administered justice, and revived agriculture - Issued Edict of Nantes - Assassinated in 1610

Effects on the Spanish

- Becomes Europe's greatest power in the Americas - Superior weapons - Seized large quantities of valuable goods - Used native American labor to establish silver mines.

Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu

- Richelieu served as Louis XIII's advisor and he increased royal power in France by taking away power from nobles and Huguenots - Rioters drove away King ~ called Fronde Came back and took complete control of government and solidify his power as an absolute monarch

Descartes

1. (1596-1650) French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical.

What was the Peace of Augsburg? How did it help to further the spread of Protestantism?

1. 1530s - 1540s: Charles V tried to force Lutheran princes back into the Catholic Church - little success 2. Brief wars follow - settlement reached between Charles + princes Peace of Augsburg - 1555- allowed each prince to decide which religion - Catholic or Lutheran - would be followed in his lands Northern German states chose Lutheranism Southern German states remained Catholic

Edict of Nantes

1. 1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship. 2. Document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots

Island Hopping

1. A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others 2. the American navy attacked islands held by the Japanese in the Pacific Ocean. The capture of each successive island from the Japanese brought the American navy closer to an invasion of Japan. 3. Strategies of Allies in World War 2 of capturing some Japanese-held islands and going around others

German "puppet state" in France

1. A puppet state is a country that is officially independent, but not in practice. Puppet governments are usually kept in power by military force provided by an occupying country. Puppet state is a biased term. It is used to criticize the government of the alleged puppet state. 2. Officially called the French State, Vichy France was established shortly after the German victory over France following the armistice of 22 June 1940 in the non-occupied zone libre.

United Nations (UN)

1. An institution dedicated to promoting dialogue among countries with the goal of maintaining world peace. 2. an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security

Renaissance Writers

1. Baldassare Castiglione The Book of the Courtier Describes manners, skills, learning, and virtues that a member of the court should have 2. Well-balanced men - skillful and humble 3. Women offers a balance to men - outgoing but conservative 4. Niccolò Machiavelli The Prince Guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power - combined personal experience of politics with his knowledge of the past 5. The end justifies the means - urged rulers to use whatever methods were necessary to achieve their goals

Atomic Bomb

1. Bomb dropped by an American bomber on Hiroshima and Nagasaki destroying both cities

Britain

1. Civil War - weakens Mughal Empire: conflict between Hindu and Muslim princes French and English fight for power Establishes British East India Company So, does France Creates alliance w/ local officials: each company organized its own sepoys 2. Mid 1700s - struggle for global power between Britain and France India: British East India Company - army of British soldiers and sepoys to drive out French Then forced Mughal Emperor to recognize its right to collect taxes in the northeast Late 1700s - Britain dominates most of India-

James I of England

1. Clashed with parliament, though he promised to rule by English custom, he tried to assert divine right 2. Clashed with dissenters, especially Puritans 3. Dissolved Parliament and collected taxes on his own.

Renaissance Men

1. Donatello Life-size state of a soldier on horseback - first figure done since foreign times 2. Raphael Paintings blend Christian and classical styles 3. School of Athens - great thinkers and scientists from the past, included himself, Leonardo, and Michelangelo 4. Leonardo da Vinci Art, botany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, engineering 5. Curiosity - sketched objects in nature, dissected corpses = realism 6. The Last Supper - Jesus and disciples: example of perspective 7. Sketched flying machines and undersea boat

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

1. English Mathematician and physicist Book: Principia (1687) Laws of Motion Laws of Gravity 2. English scientist who formulated the law of gravitation that posited a universe operating in accord with natural law.

Locke

1. English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704) 2. Wrote Two Treatises of Government. Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel.

Oliver Cromwell

1. English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658) 2. Led the roundheads and defeated the Cavaliers

Wollstonecraft

1. English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

Invention of the steam engine

1. Factor that made it easier for Europeans to colonize Africa 2. contributed most directly to the industrial revolution as it was used to power the factories

Netherlands

1. First to challenge Portuguese Power Establishes Cape Town and gains a secure foothold in the region Sets up colonies and trading posts around the world 2. Forms the powerful Dutch East India Company Full sovereign power: supreme Power to build armies, wage wars, negotiate peace treaties, and govern overseas territories = DOMINATE REGION 3. 1641 - Dutch captured Malacca from Portuguese and open trade with China Monopoly on Spice Islands Used military force to further their goals Forged closer ties with local rulers than Portugal did 4. 1700 - Growing power of England and France contributed to decline of Dutch Trading Empire Maintained an empire in Indonesia until 1900s

Artist

1. Flemish painter - Jan van Eyck - portrays townspeople and religious scenes in religious detail New techniques for oil paint 2. Flemish painter - Pieter "Peasant" Bruegel - uses vibrant colors to portray scenes of peasant life Works on religious and classic scenes as well Led to focus on ordinary people in daily life by future artists 3. Flemish painter - Peter Paul Rubens - blends realistic tradition of Flemish painters with classical themes of the Italian Renaissance 4.German painter - Albrecht Durer - applies painting techniques to engraving German Leonardo Religious upheaval

Florence and the Medici's

1. Florence = symbol of Italian Renaissance 2. Medici family = banking business à expanded into manufacturing, mining, etc. 3. Money translated into cultural and political power = influence 4. Lorenzo Medici "the Magnificent" 5. Politician and patron of the arts = financial supporter

Voltaire (1694-1778)

1. French philosophe and voluminous author of essays and letters 2. Championed the enlightened principles of reason, progress, toleration, and individual liberty 3. Opposed superstition, intolerance, and ignorance 4. Criticized organized religion for perpetuating superstition and intolerance

Montesquieu

1. French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755) 2. (1689-1755) wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government

Kepler

1. German astronomer and mathematician of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, known as the founder of celestial mechanics 2. His third law States that the square of the ratio of the periods of any two planets is equal to the cube of the ratio of their average distances from the Sun.

Martin Luther + concerns

1. German monk and professor of theology 2. Church corruption and worldliness à selling of indulgences in Wittenberg to rebuild Cathedral of St. Pete in Rome = poor peasants could not get into heaven

Portugal

1. Goal is to end Muslim rule in the Mughal Empire Turn Indian Ocean into "Portuguese Lake" 2. Afonso de Albuquerque Seized Goa - military base off coast of India Seized East Indies port - Malacca in 1511 3. Builds a rim of trading outposts and controls spice trade between Europe and Asia - uses east African coast cities as place to resupply and repair ships 4. Harsh efforts taken to try to convert people to Christianity: Attacking Muslims, destroying Hindu temples 1600 - fewer than a million Christian converts

Humanist and Writers

1. Humanists stress education and classical learning to bring religious and moral reform 2.Erasmus - Dutch humanist: spreads humanism to a wider audience and calls for a translation of the Bible into the vernacular à reform in the Catholic Church 3. Sir Thomas More - English humanist: writes Utopia - describes an ideal society where people live in peace and harmony 4. William Shakespeare - English poet and playwright: expresses universal themes and Renaissance ideals in his poems and plays à complexity of the individual and importance of the classics A Midsummer Night's Dream - comedy - joys of young people Richard III - history - power struggle of English kinds Romeo & Juliet - family feud Macbeth - political power à murder 5. Francois Rabelais - French humanist: monk, physician, Greek scholar, author - wrote in French vernacular Gargantua and Pantagruel - comic tale two gentle giants - uses sarcasm to offer opinions on religion, education, etc.

Printing Revolution

1. In 1455 - Johannes Gutenberg - produced the first complete Bible using the printing press 2. More people learn to read = increased literacy rate

Charles I

1. Inherited throne in 1625 2. Summoned Parliament because he needed funds to suppress a Scottish rebellion 3. Had supporters called Cavaliers

Renaissance Humanism

1. Intellectual movement - studied classic Greek and Roman cultuBres and apply wisdom to their own time 2. Christians BUT focused on secular issues rather than religious issues that medieval thinkers emphasized 3. Education should stimulate the individual's creative powers = Humanities: grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history

How did Luther react to Tetzel's actions

1. Issue = poor peasants could not enter heaven 2. Luther - 95 Theses argued that indulgences have no basis in the bible Pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory 3. Christians could only be saved through faith

Galileo

1. Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars 2. He was the first person to use a telescope to observe objects in space. He discovered that planets and moons are physical bodies because of his studies of the night skies. 3. (1564-1642) An Italian who provided more evidence for heliocentrism and questioned if the heavens really were perfect. He invented a new telescope, studied the sky, and published what he discovered. Because his work provided evidence that the Bible was wrong he was arrested and ended up on house arrest for the rest of his life.

Identify two people who rebelled against the Church in the 1300 and 1400s.

1. John Wycliffe - launches a systematic attack against the Church - calling for a change through the use of sermons and writings 2. Jan Hus - after Wycliffe - 40 years - led a reform movement - executed

Signing of the Declaration of Independence

1. July 4, 177 2. On August 2, 1776, Congress members signed the declaration. Not every man who had been present on July 4 signed the declaration on August 2. Two important officials passed up the chance to sign and others were added later. The first and largest signature was that of the president of the Congress, John Hancock.

Effects on the Native Americans

1. Lose faith - Some believed that the disasters they suffered marked the world's end - Due to thousands of deaths, their Gods were less powerful than the God of their conquerors 2. Resist the Spanish anyway they could - Maya fought Spanish rule in Mexico and Central America - After Atahualpa's death - revolts erupted among the Inca - Native Americans resisted European influence by preserving aspects of their own culture: language, religious traditions, and clothing

Industrialization of war

1. Modern weapons.. - Machine Guns - Gas - Tank - Heavy Artillery 2. need for power and money. the entire reason the war started in the place made the war bloody and deadly because led to invention of newer and more deadly weapons like machine guns and gas.

Tennis Court Oath (1789)

1. Oath taken by representatives of the Third Estate in June 1789, in which they pledged to form a National Assembly and write a constitution limiting the powers of the king.

Glorious Revolution

1. Overthrow of the Catholic King James II who was replaced by his Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange

Heart of the Enlightenment

1. Paris, France 2. What happened in the heart... - These new ideas created challenges to the rulers of the day. - More people came to believe that reform was necessary to achieve a just society.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt

1. President that had a "new deal" philosophy; developed Democratic coalition; made government large and activist; made presidency the most powerful branch; established welfare state; used Keynesian economics; increased reputation of business; revitalized American spirit 2. diagnose with polio in 1921; waged war on the disease; founded the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, which later became known as the March of Dimes

President Woodrow Wilson

1. Progressive; 2. Issued banking reform with Federal Reserve Act; 3. Ended protective tariff (Underwood-Simmons) + legislation to end trusts (Clayton Anti-Trust Act/Federal Trade Commission); 4. desegregation of federal government; moral diplomacy 5. President of U.S during WWI

Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations

1. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics. 2. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, generally referred to by its shortened title The Wealth of Nations, is the magnum opus of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith.

Publication of The Communist Manifesto

1. Published in 1848 2. Marx predited a struggle between the social classes that would lead to a classless society 2a. The workers would take over all of the means of production, such as farms, factories, and railways, and run them for the public good.

To what regions did Calvinism spread?

1. Reformers visit Geneva - return home to spread Calvin's ideas Late 2. 1500s - taken root in Germany, France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

1. Scientific socialist who coauthored "The Communist Manifesto" 2. Believed that the history of class conflict is best understood through the dialectical process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis 3. Contended that a class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat would lead "to the dictatorship of the proletariat," which in turn would be a transitional phase leading to a classless society

English Civil War: Causes

1. The English Civil War tested whether sovereignty in England was to reside in the king or in the Parliament. The civil war did not resolve that problem, however, although it ended in 1649 with the execution of King Charles I on the charge of treason-a severe blow to the theory of divine right monarchy. It separated two monarchial periods. (552) 2. A conflict between supporters of the English monarchy and members of the English parliament, who sought a constitutional state. • James I was an absolute monarch who, asserting the divine right theory, felt no obligation to meet with Parliament. • James's son, Charles I, refused to meet with Parliament until it became necessary, when he needed money; Parliament forced Charles to agree to the Petition of Right, which limited taxation and forbade arbitrary arrest and imprisonment. • Charles ignored the petition and Parliament. He did not call upon them again until 1640, when he again needed money. • The Long Parliament met and sought to limit the authority of the monarch; Charles responded in 1642 by leading a group of soldiers into Parliament in an attempt to arrest his biggest critics; civil war quickly followed.

Restoration

1. The period of Charles II's rule over England, after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's government

Constitutionalism

1. The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks.

Boyle

1. This was the physicist who said nothing can be known beyond all doubt

Battle of Stalingrad (1942-1943)

1. Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union. Each side sustained hundreds of thousands of casualties; Germany's defeat marked turning point in the war. 2. The turning point in World War II between Germany and the Soviet Union. Was the last major offensive attack on the Soviet Union. Germany lost. Germany was then on the retreat for the remainder of the war.

Why did the Renaissance Start in Italy

1. Was the center of the Roman Empire - reawakening - Roman and Greek culture/classical learning - focus on individual achievement and humanities - grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history 2. Roman Catholic Church - patron of the arts - center of Catholicism - inspiration of religious themes by artists and writers and relate them to the time period - explored richness and variety of human experience - mix between religious + humanism 3. Location - Trade routes through Mediterranean Sea- N. Africa + N. Europe - provided wealth - carried new ideas important to the creation of the Renaissance

Berlin Conference (1884-1885)

1. a meeting at which representatives of European nations agreed upon rules for the European colonization of Africa 2. Purpose was to set rules for establishing colonies in Africa among European nations. No African representatives were there.

Peasants' Revolt

1. a series of uprisings by German peasants against their landowners. over 130,000 peasants were killed 2. Peasants supported Luther and hoped to gain his support for social and economic change - Rebels called for an end to serfdom and demanded other changes in their harsh lives

Henry VIII + Mary Tudor

1. king of England; caused English to break away from the Catholic Church 2. daughter of Henry and Catherine of Aragon; as queen, she tried to restore Catholicism in England

Catherine the Great

1. ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, literature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations

Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)

1. the Bolshevik leader, who succeeded Lenin as the leader of the Soviet Union in 1924. 2. After Lenin died in 1924, he defeated Trotsky to gain power in the U.S.S.R. He created consecutive five year plans to expand heavy industry. He tried to crush all opposition and ruled as the absolute dictator of the U.S.S.R. until his death.

Scorched Earth Policy

1. the practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land 2. military tactic in which soldiers destroy everything in their path to hurt the enemy

Charles II, James II

1. tried to rule as absolute monarchs without using Parliament, little to no sympathy for colonial legislatures

Simon Bolivar (1783-1830)

1. was a Venezuelan military and political leader who played an instrumental role in the establishment of Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru and Colombia as sovereign states, independent of Spanish rule. 2. Leader for independence who defeated Spanish forces in South America, liberating Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

1.Rebellion of discontent former landless servants led by Nathaniel Bacon. *Historical Significance:* Led to a move from indentured servants to African slaves for labor purposes. 2. Armed rebellion in Virginia against Governor William Berkeley, who had the support of the British government. Forces from England came to Virginia to suppress the resistance and reform the colonial government to one that was more directly under royal control. 3. Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry with Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

Europeans

1400 - Portuguese want to bypass Arab middlemen and trade directly with Asia Portuguese establish forts and trading posts on W. African coast - Forts - collect food, water, and repair ships Trading Posts - traded muskets & tools for gold, ivory, and slaves Round the Cape of Good Hope - sailed east - Portuguese attack coastal cities of East Africa Attacked Arab trading centers in Malindi and Mombasa - international trading center in E. Africa Portuguese expel the Arabs Take over East African trade network Portuguese Power Declines: Resisted/Poor exploration Did not venture far from the coast in Africa Knew little about Africa's interior Lacked accurate maps and other resources to help explore there: African interior = gold and slaves 1600s - Portuguese empire declines - NO LEGACY IN AFRICA

Copernicus

1473-1543. Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution.

The 13 English Colonies Timeline

1497 - Venetian navigator - John Cabot - found rich fishing grounds off Newfoundland - claimed for England Continued search for northwest passage - no success 1600s - England concentrated on establishing colonies along the Atlantic coast - eastern USA 1607 - The English built their first permanent colony at Jamestown, VA Colony was meant to bring wealth à brought death in early years: settlers died of starvation and disease Rest survived w/ aid from the Native Americans Colony improved - when settlers started to grow and export tobacco 1620 - group of English settlers landed at Plymouth, MA Pilgrims or English Protestants who rejected the Church of England Sought religious freedoms rather than commercial profit Mayflower Compact - signed before coming ashore Set out guidelines for governing their North American colony Self-government Many Pilgrims died in the early years of Plymouth colony Local natives taught them to grow corn and helped them survive in the new land New wave of English Protestant immigrants arrived to establish the Massachusetts Bay Colony Mid/Late 1600s & Early 1700s- English established additional colonies Colonies in Virginia and New York à established for commercial ventures/organized profit Colonies in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Maryland à set up as havens for persecuted religious groups Colonies in Georgia and South Carolina à gifts from English kings to loyal supporters Early years in ALL colonies = struggle to survive Quickly abandoned their dreams of finding riches like the Spanish gold and silver however... over time à create wealth by using the resources native to their surroundings New England: prosperous fishing, timber, and shipbuilding industries grew Middle Colonies: farmers grew large quantities of grain Southern Colonies: cash crops - rice & tobacco thrive in warm climate = plantation economy Like New Spain - colonists imported African slaves to work on plantations - come to outnumber European settlers 1600s & 1700s - Governing the Colonies English monarchs asserted their control over their American colonies Appointed royal governors to oversee colonial affairs Parliament passed laws to regulate colonial trade Compared to French and Spanish colonies, English colonies enjoyed a large degree of self-government Each colony had its own representative assembly elected by propertied men that advised the governor and made decisions on local issues English tradition of consulting rep. assemblies = Parliament important role in English affairs English citizens gained certain legal and political rights England's American colonists expected to enjoy the same rights à later protest British policies in North America - defending traditional rights

Slave Trade

1500s - Europeans began trading for slaves = most important item of African trade Portuguese traders lead and other European traders follow - profitable slave trade Purchased as house servants or plantation laborers European participation encourages broader Atlantic slave trade Europeans rely on African rulers and traders to seize captives and bring them to trading posts and forts on coast of W. Africa - captives exchanged for guns, rum, and tobacco Some African leaders, such as Affonso I of Kongo, try to stop the slave trade Converted to Christianity by Portuguese missionaries (Kongo = Christian state) 1500s - tried to persuade Portugal to end slave trade = APPEAL FAILED 1788 - Almany of Futa Toro - present day Senegal - forbade the transportation of slaves through Futa Toro = inland slave traders develop new route: French still easily buying slaves

Struggle for Power Timeline

1600s - Spain, France, England, and Netherlands all had colonies in North America - began to fight both in colonies and around the world - to protect and expand their interests Late 1600s - Competing for colonies French claims included present-day Canada and central USA Spanish moved north à claims to present-day Florida and Texas English and Dutch maintained colonies along the East Coast Native Americans enter conflict throughout colonies - try to plot Europeans against one another Competition also fierce in the Caribbean European nations fought to acquire the profitable sugar-producing colonies 1700s - French and English Caribbean islands - worked by enslaved Africans - had surpassed exports of North America to Europe During 1700s - Britain and France emerged as powerful rivals - clashed in Europe, North America, Africa, and Asia 1754 - North America à French and Indian War - 1754 to 1763 Worldwide struggle - also known as Seven Years' War Spread to Europe in 1756 and then to India and Africa During the war à British troops and colonial troops launched a series of campaigns against the French in Canada and on the Ohio frontier Beginning - France won several victories 1759 - British troops launched an attack on Quebec, the capital of New France - take city British prevail in Canada 1763 - Treaty of Paris Officially ends the worldwide war and ensured British dominance in North America France forced to surrender Canada and its lands east of the Mississippi River to Britain France forced to surrender Louisiana Territory over to Spain However à France regained the rich sugar-producing islands in the Caribbean and the slave-trading outposts in Africa that the British has seized during the war

When did Elizabethan Age last till

1603

Soviet Union

A Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991.

Enterprise

A business organization in an area such as shipping, mining, railroads, or factories

Matthew Perry

A commodore in the American navy. He forced Japan into opening its doors to trade, thus brining western influence to Japan while showing American might.

Natural Law

A doctrine that society should be governed by certain ethical principles that are part of nature and, as such, can be understood by reason.

Direct Colonial Rule

A form of colonialism that involves the establishment of a centralized foreign authority within a territory, which is run by colonial officials.

Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794)

A lawyer by training, emerged during the French Revolution as a ruthless but popular radical known as the "Incorruptible"; he dominated the Committee of Public Safety, the executive authority of the Republic. Believed passionately that France needed a complete restructuring, and unleashed a campaign of terror to promote his revolutionary agenda. Sought to eliminate the influence of Christianity in French society by closing churches and forcing priests to take wives; promoted new "cult of reason" as secular alternative to Christianity. Also reorganized the calendar (because of the previous calendar's Christian roots).

Act of Toleration

A legal document that allowed all Christian religions in Maryland: Protestants invaded the Catholics in 1649 around Maryland: protected the Catholics religion from Protestant rage of sharing the land: Maryland became the #1 colony to shelter Catholics in the New World.

Guillotine

A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution.

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

Entrepreneur

A person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so.

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

Socialism

A political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

Stalemate

A situation in which no progress can be made or no advancement is possible

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Hypothesis

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Total War

A war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields.

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Enlightenment despots

Absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change

Cabinet

Advisory council for the president consisting of the heads of the executive departments, the vice president, and a few other officials selected by the president.

Commodore Perry

After arriving with a fleet of warships, he gets Japan to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) opening some ports to America. Helps to end Japanese isolation

Jethro Tull (1674-1741)

An English innovator, and a true son of the Early Enlightenment, he adopted a critical attitude toward accepted ideas about farming and tried to develop better methods through empirical research. He was enthusiastic about using horses rather than slower-moving oxen, for plowing. He also advocated sowing seed with drilling equipment rather than scattering it by hand. Drilling distributed seed in an even manner and at the proper depth.

Allies

An alliance of nations joining together to fight a common enemy Britain, France, and Russia- Later joined by Italy

Capital

An economic system based on private ownership of capital

Muslim League (1906)

An organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations. (Page 887)

Baroque vs. Rococo

Baroque (1600s) Rococo (c. 1700-50) Theatrical Theatrical High drama Playful Grand interiors More intimate interiors Strong colors, tenebrism Pastel colors and gold Strong diagonals Curving lines "masculine" "feminine" Major art movements originate Major art movements begin to in Italy and then spread originate in France; through rest of Europe Rococo limited to France

John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)

British philosopher who published On Liberty (1859), advocating individual rights against government intrusion, and The Subjection of Women (1869), on the cause of women's rights.

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)

British philosopher, economist, social reformer, and jurist; considered the founder of modern utilitarianism (atheist) -to reduce crime, the pain of the crime commission must outweigh the pleasure to be derived from the activity. -people are rational and will weigh the pain of punishment against the pleasure to be gained from crime. -opposed to cruel punishment -believe in the swift and certain doctrine

Winston Churchill (1874-1965)

British prime minister who joined President Roosevelt in the Atlantic Charter; set military strategy alongside Roosevelt and Stalin in the Big Three, opposing a major invasion of Germany, but eventually agreeing to D-Day; discussed post-war matters with the Big Three at Yalta

Communist

Command system, government owns the means of production, economic decisions are made by central government, and government provides extensive social programs for population

Protectorate

Country with its own government but under the control of an outside power

Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)

Democratic Republican Domestic Policy: Shrink size of federal government Repeal of Alien and Sedition Acts Marbury v Madison War with Supreme Court—Pickering/Chase Burr Conspiracy Essex Junto Revolution of 1800 Berlin and Milan/Orders in Council Foreign Policy: Barbary Pirates conflict Louisiana Purchase Chesapeake incident/ impressment Embargo Act > Non-Intercourse Act Napoleon

Petition of Right

Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land

New France Timeline

Early 1500s - French fish ships were crossing the Atlantic to harvest fish 100 years later, French occupied nearly ½ of North America 1534 - Jacques Cartier - exploring the coastline of eastern Canada - discovering the St. Lawrence River Traveling inland on the river, he claimed much of present-day eastern Canada for France Jesuits and other missionaries soon followed the explorers - tried to convert Native Americans to Christianity - little success Mid to Late 1500s - French explorers and traders - traveled inland w/ help from Native American allies - sought support against rival Native American groups France's American empire reach Quebec to the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi to Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico 1608 - Samuel de Champlain established a colony in Quebec = 1st permanent settlement Wealthy landlords' bough huge tracts (areas of land) along the St. Lawrence River. Settlers sought to farm the land but... harsh Canadian climate attracted few French peasants Early/Mid 1600s - Many who went to New France soon abandoned farming in favor of the more profitable occupation Fur trapping and trading Hard life in wilderness but the soaring European demand for fur ensured good prices Fishing - another industry that supported settlers Ship cod and other fish to Europe Late 1600s - French King Louis XIV - set out to strengthen royal power and boost revenues from his overseas empire Appointed officials to oversee economic activities in New France Sent soldiers and more settlers - including women - to North America Prohibits Protestants from settling in New France - b/c Louis is Catholic Early 1700s - French forts, missions, and trading posts stretched from Quebec to Louisiana + population growing Population of New France remained small compared to 13 English colonies along Atlantic coast

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

Ending in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905.

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)

English economist; believed poor families should have fewer children to preserve the food supply. In 1798 he wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population; opposite of Rousseau

Hobbes

English philosopher and political theorist best known for his book Leviathan (1651), in which he argues that the only way to secure civil society is through universal submission to the absolute authority of a sovereign.

Political change in the Enlightenment

Even absolute monarchs in Europe became enlightened despots by granting greater freedoms in their realms.

Conferences

Face-to-face interactions with teachers and students or teachers and parents to communicate strengths in student learning or areas that need improvement.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

Trench Warfare

Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI.

Estates General

France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

German philosopher who thought that the mind comes into the world with certain inborn assumptions or predilections with which it molds experience. He wrote the Critique of Pure Reason and believed in uniting reason with experience, that the mind is a filter, that we experience things simply through our senses, and that reason is the source of morality; he was particularly prolific in the philosophy of ethics and metaphysics. He published a pamphlet in 1782 entitled What is Enlightenment? He answered, Sapere Aude [dare to know]! 'Have the courage to use your own understanding' is therefore the motto of enlightenment. He argued that if intellectuals were granted the freedom to exercise their reason publicly in print, enlightenment would almost surely follow. He was no revolutionary; he also insisted that in their private lives, individuals must obey all laws, not matter how unreasonable, and should be punished for "impertinent" criticism. He also tried to reconcile absolute monarchical authority and religious faith with a critical public sphere. He also popularized ideas of race and taught and wrote about "anthropology" and "geography."

Central Powers of WWI

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

Toussaint L'Ouverture (Haiti)

Haitian patriot and martyr; he took control of Hispaniola for the French and was a hero of the people. Napoleon felt threatened by his growing popularity and had him captured and killed in 1803.

Salons

Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas

English Bill of Rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

William and Mary

King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders.

Napoleonic Code (1804)

Law code for France. Purpose was to reform French legal caudate reflect principles of French Revolution. Equality of citizens before law and abolition of serfdom and feudalism. Sadly, any gains made by women previously were lost because of the Napoleonic code.

Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)

Leader of the National Socialist (Nazi) Party who was elected chancellor of Germany in 1933 and outlawed all other political parties, seizing dictatorial power; sought to unite the German "master race" living in central Europe in a great German fatherland; committed suicide in Berlin on April 30, 1945

Indian National Congress (INC)

Major Indian political party; began as leading organization of Indian independence movement

Reparation

Making amends for something one did wrong that caused harm to another person or led to loss.

Proletariat

Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

Means of Production (Marx)

Means of production are things like factories, machines, tools like the power loom, etc. These are all things that allow for the creation of/create goods.

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities

Cons of Columbian Exchange

New World population wiped out by disease, war, and enslavement Europeans brought diseases that Natives had no immunities toward: small pox, influenza, measles Natives contracted Europeans with diseases as well: syphilis Inflation: rise in prices linked to increase in the amount of silver/gold flowing into Europe Tariffs: taxes on imported goods Spanish motivations of Gold, Glory & God led to Migration à Natives being conquered, killed by diseases, expansion of slave trade, and loss of identity Exploitation of labor and resources Terrible working conditions Natives Loss of Land - by being conquered, Natives lost their homes to the Europeans Natives Loss of Culture Spanish legacy in the Americas: Language and religion: Christianity (forced conversion) Encomienda System created cultural blending and new social classes = creates further division Peninsulares - people born in Spain Creoles - American born descendants of Spanish settlers Mestizos - Native and European descent Mulattoes - African and European descent Native Americans Africans Pros only benefit the Old World (Europeans) and cons favor the Natives and Africans = not balanced

Pros of Columbian Exhange

Old World populations increases From new crops: potatoes and corn Commercial Revolution - spurs modern capitalism Mercantilism= Economic Policy Measured in Gold/Silver Empire holds Exporting More, Importing/Spending Less Leads to European profits to enrich Spain and buy goods in China Tariffs increase Monarchy $$$ + protect local industries Migration: increases population, colony building Increased Resources yields Increased manufactured goods for Old World New Foods/Crops/Animals/Ideas Introduced to Old World Corn, Potatoes, Tomatoes, Peppers etc. Cash Crops Developed: tobacco/cotton Turkey Blending of Cultures Blending of diverse traditions changed people's lives throughout the Americas Natives added new building styles, food, travel (canoes), artistic styles Africans added new farming methods, cooking styles, crops, drama, dance, and song Preservation of culture - resist Europeans European animals thrive in New World Horses and Donkeys: transportation Cows and Pigs: not hindered by predators

Estate

One of the three social classes in France before the French Revolution

Labor unions

Organizations of workers who, together, put pressure on the employers in an industry to improve working conditions and wages.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Utopian Socialism

Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively

Battle of Midway (1942)

Pivotal victory in the war; Battle from June 3-6 in which Japan sought to conquer Midway Island, northwest of Honolulu; Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, a high grade naval strategist, directed a small carrier force under Admiral Raymond A. Spruance against the invading Japanese fleet, the fighting was all done by aircraft and the japanese stopped fighting after losing four vital carriers

Social democracy

Political ideology in which there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden violent overthrow of the system

Commercial Revolution

Price revolution - 1500's, Prices began to rise, Inflation = rise in prices that is linked to sharp increases in the amount of money available 2. Free enterprise - Expanded trade overseas, Capitalisms - investment of money to make profit, Entrepreneurs - enterprising business people, organized, managed, and took on the risks of doing business 3. Business Method - Adopted methods of bookkeeping from Arabs, Joint Stock company -> Emerged in late Middle Ages - Allowed people to pool large amount of capital needed for a joint stock.

Fredrick the Great

Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy.

Standard of living

Quality of life based on ownership of necessities and luxuries that make life easier.

Censorship

Restriction on access to ideas and information

Execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

Robespierre recognized the revolution was taking a violent turn and saw no room for a king in it. The convention put him on trial in 1793. Jacobins declared him guilty and was executed. 8 months later, Robespierre would call for more blood and execute Marie Antoinette.

James Watt (1736-1819)

Scottish inventor and mechanical Engineer best known for his steam engine, which was far more efficient than previous versions, and played a key role in the Industrial Revolution. He also developed the concept of horsepower and has an SI unit named after him.

Open Door Policy

Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.

Scramble for Africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.

Putting-out system

System of merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment that was fully developed in England A system developed in the eighteenth century in which tasks were distributed to individuals who completed the work in their own homes; also known as cottage industry.

Spain

Takes over the Philippines, a key link to its empire Filipinos: not united à easily conquered 1521: Magellan - claimed the archipelago - group of island Catholic Reformations breed conversion: Converts the Filipinos to Christianity Spread Catholic teachings to China and Japan Shipped silver in Mexico and Peru across Pacific to Philippines Used to buy goods in China + flowed riches into economies of East Asia

Cultural change in the Enlightenment

The Enlightenment brought cultural changes as writers, artists, and musicians spread new ideas.