World History Review

Dao

"Way"; the correct or divine way

Christos

"anointed one"

sultan

"holder of power"; the military and political head of state under the Seljuk Turks and the Ottomans

wergild

"money for a man"; the value of a person in money, depending on social status; in Germanic society, a find paid by a wrongdoer to the family of the person he or she had injured or killed

Hieroglyphics

"priest-carvings" or "sacred writings," a complex system of writing that used both pictures and more abstract forms; used by the ancient Egyptians and Mayans

Satrap

"protector of the Kingdom"; the governor of a province (satrapy) of the Persian Empire under Darius

jihad

"struggle in the way of God"

democracy

"the rule of many"; government by the people, either directly or through their elected representatives

Oligarchy

"the rule of the few"; a form of government in which a select group of people exercises control

cuneiform

"wedge-shaped," a system of writing developed by the Sumerians using a reed stylus to create wedge shaped impressions on a clay tablet

homo sapiens sapiens

"wise, wise, human"

pope

successor to Peter

Daoism

system of ideas based on Laozi's teachings

Buddha

the "Enlightened One"

Magna Carta

the "Great Charter" of rights, which King John was forced to sign by the English nobles at Runnymede in 1215

scattered Israelite tribes

the "ten lost tribes" were

did not prevent expansion of the city

the Appenine Mountains

iron

the Assyrians had the first large armies who carried weapons made of

realistic tragedies that portrayed war as barbaric

the Athenian dramatist Euripides wrote

England

the Battle of Hastings determined the language and ruling class of _______ in the High Middle Ages

varnas

the Brahmins, Kshatriyans, Vaisyas, and Sudras were four divisions of ancient Indian society known as

Shang dynasty

the Chinese had developed a simple script with a form that was mainly pictographic and idographic by the time of the

almost anything that can go wrong is addressed by one law or another

the Code of Hammurabi paints of portrait of a society in which

the movements of the moon and the star Sirius

the Egyptians developed an accurate 365-day calendar by basing their year on

do work that uplifts our being

the Eightfold Path includes the idea that we must

true

the Etruscans, from whom the Romans borrowed their style of dress, heavily influenced early Romans

using proportions and mathematical ratios, the idea human form could be produced

the Greek sculptor Polyclitus believed that

protecting trade and promoting the economy in Northern Europe

the Hanseatic League was instrumental in

true

the Hippodrome was a large amphitheater where chariot races were held

use iron weapons

the Hittites were the first Indo-Europeans to

epic poems

the Iliad and the Odyssey are examples of _____

the revelations received by Muhammad

the Islamic religion was created as a direct result of

the Greek alphabet

the Kushans adapted

keep order

the Legalists believed that a strong ruler was needed to

Olmec

the Maya adapted a ceremonial ball game played on a stone court, worship of a jaguar-like god, a calendar, and a numeric system from the

a far-ranging sea-empire based on trade

the Minoans established

Bronze Age

the Neolithic Revolution was followed by the

systematic agriculture

the Neolithic Revolution was the shift from hunting and gathering to _______ in various parts of the world

epic poem

the Odyssey, as a type of literature

period of peace and prosperity

the Pax Romana was a

true

the Persian leader who presented the greates threat to the Greek empire was named Xerxes

lumber

the Phoenicians produced a number of goods for foreign markets, including purple dye, glass, and

had strong central governments

the Qin and Han dynasties both

patricians

the Roman Senate was a select group of

Abbasid rulers

the Umayyad dynasty was replaced by

the Frankish policy of settling them and converting them to Christianity

the Vikings were made part of European civilization by

Macedonian

the _______ dynasty ruled by the Byzantine Empire in the tenth and eleventh centuries

Berbers

the _______ were a pastoral people in North Africa who were conquered and converted to Islam by the Arabs

Zealots

the ___________ were a group of Jews who called for a violent overthrow of Roman rule

could give up nomadic ways of life and begin to live in settled communities

the ability to acquire food on a regular basis meant that humans

civil service

the administrative service of a government, not including the armed forces, in which appointments are determined by competitive examination

Hellenistic Era

the age of Alexander the Great; period when the Greek language and ideas were carried to the non-Greek world

false; Athenians

the alliance formed by Sparta to help defend Greece from the Persians were called the Delian League

necessary to the well-being of the state

the ancient Greeks considered religion

excellence

the ancient Greeks strove for a kind of ______ that they called arete

Fertile Crescent

the arc of rich soil between the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf

the Earth was round, and calculated its circumference, coming within 185 miles of the actual figure

the astronomer Eratosthenes determined that

family

the basic economic and social unit in ancient China was the

false; did not carry over

the belief that all Muslims were equal in the eyes of Allah led to a classless society in the Arab world

nomads

the best way to describe Paleolithic peoples and their way of life is by calling them

Tutankhamun

the boy pharaoh who restored worship of the old gods in the New Kingdom was named

Monte Alban

the center of the Zapotec civilization

change in the method of obtaining food

the change that led to all other changes in the Neolithic Revolution was the

Constantinople

the city of ________ was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire and a "New Rome"

struggle of the orders

the conflict between the plebeians and the patricians was known as the

Hellenistic era, during which the Greek language and Greek ideas spread to the non-Greek world

the conquests of Alexander the Great gave rise to the

Indus Valley

the cradle of Indian civilization, which enjoyed a moderate climate in ancient times

muezzin

the crier who calls the Muslim faithful to prayer from the minaret of a mosque

was an Arab practice

the custom of requiring women to cover virtually all parts of their bodies in public

the Nile River

the development of Egyptian civilization was influenced most powerfully by

Filial Piety

the duty of family members to subordinate their needs and desires to those of the male head of the family

filial piety

the duty of members of a family to subordinate their needs and desires to those of the male head of the family

Vedas

the earliest known Indian literature, which contain religious chants and stories that were originally passed down orally from generation to generation and then recorded in Sanskrit after writing developed

acropolis

the early Greek city-sates, a fortified gathering place at the top of a hill that was sometimes the site of temples and public buildings

polis

the early Greek city-state, consisting of a city or town and its surrounding countryside

Persia

the empire ruled by Cyrus the Great

Naram-Sin

the empire that Sargon established was contributed by his grandson _____ but fell less than 100 years after his grandson's death

Mycenae

the first Greek civilization

river valleys

the first civilizations developed in ______

the Akkadian empire

the first empire in world history was

Sanskrit

the first writing system of the Aryans, developed around 1000 B.C.

Mesopotamia

the flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates and the ability to control flooding were the main factors that led to civilization in

Analects

the followers of Confucius recorded his sayings in the ______

Legalism and adopted Confucianism

the founder of the Han dynasty was

Himalaya

the geographic feature that isolated China from India

Apollo

the god associated with the most famous oracle in ancient Greece was

Gupta Empire

the golden age of Indian culture occured under the

ruled by a small number of people

the government of Sparta was an oligarchy, which means that it was

cuneiform

the greatest new development made by Sumerians was; the Sumerian writing system

Virgil

the greatest poet of the Augustan age was _______, author of the Aeneid

Asoka

the greatest ruler in Indian history

Aryans

the group that gave up their nomadic lifestyle for farming in the process of settling in India

patriarch

the head of the Eastern Orthodox Church, originally appointed by the Byzantine emperor

pater familias

the heart of Roman society was the family, which was headed by the ____

Himalaya

the highest mountains in the world, found in the far north of India

Quaran

the holy scriptures of the religion of Islam

Mesomericans

the inhabitants of what are now Mexico and Central America were

the development of fore-and-aft rigging and rudders on ships

the invention that led to major expansion of trade in the Han period was

Hijrah

the journey of Muhammad and his followers to Madinah in 622, which became year 1 of the official calendar of Islam

male supremacy

the key to China's social system

Nebuchadnezzar II

the king of the Chaldeans who rebuilt Babylon was

Sargon

the leader who established the world's first empire

Nile

the longest river in the world, the annual flooding of which left a rich deposit of mud that enriched the soil and allowed Egyptian farmers to grow a surplus of food

Zhou

the longest-lasting Chinese dynasty, which ruled for almost 800 years and claimed it possessed the Mandate of Heaven to rule

required military service

the lord-vassal relationship

the Untouchables

the lowest level of Ancient Indian society who were given tasks seen as menial and degrading, such as collecting trash and handling dead bodies, were the

Hinduism

the major Indian religious system, which had its origins in the religious beliefs of the Aryans who settled India after 1500 B.C.

Olympus

the major gods and goddesses of the Greeks were believed to live on

false; algebra

the mathematical discipline of geometry was first developed by an Arab mathematician

Socratic Method

the method of teaching used by the Greek philosopher Socrates; it employs a question-and-answer format to lead pupils to see things for themselves by using their own reason

bourgeoise

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

bourgeoisie

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

Pharaoh

the most common of the various titles for ancient Egyptian monarchs; the term originally meant "great house" or "palace"

a complex culture in which a large number of humans share elements in common

the most complete definition of a civilization

Parthenon

the most famous building on the Acropolis in Athens is the

a piece of land

the most important gift a lord could give to a vassal was

temple

the most important physical structure in a Sumerian city-state was the

varnas

the name given by Aryans in ancient India to a group of people in what was believed to be an ideal social structure of four groups

Nubia

the name of Kush while it was still a part of the Egyptian Empire

caliphate

the office or dominion of a caliph

false; Greek

the official language of the Byzantine Empire was Latin

Greek/Christianity

the official language of the Eastern Roman Empire was ________ and the official religion was ______

Olmec

the oldest known Mesoamerican civilization, which appeared around 1200 B.C.

Caral

the oldest major city in the Americas which appeared around 2500 B.C.

Age of Pericles

the period between 461 B.C. and 429 B.C. when Pericles dominated Athenian politics and Athens reached the height of its power

Old Kingdom

the period during which the Great Pyramid of King Khufu at Giza was constructed, showing the power of the Egyptian pharaohs

Amenhotep IV

the pharaoh who later changed his name to Akhenaten

Hyksos

the phoraoh Ahmose I was able to drive the _______________ out of Egypt around 1550 B.C. and establish the New Kingdom

Homer

the poet who wrote the Iliad was named _____

the Brahmins

the priestly class of Ancient Indian society were

humans had free choice

the prophet Zoroaster taught that

Reincarnation

the rebirth of an individual's soul in a different form after death

laid the foundations of democracy

the reforms of Cleisthenes

5 constant

the relationships between parents and children, husbands and wives, siblings, friends, and rulers and their subjects are the ________ Relationships

the split of Islam into two separate groups

the revolt led by Hussein during the early Umayyad period led to

satrap

the ruler of a province in the Persian empire

sheikh

the ruler of an Arabic tribe, chosen from one of the leading families by a council of elders

Stoicism

the school of thought developed by the teacher Zeno in Hellenistic Athens; it says that happiness can be achieved only when people gain inner peace by living in harmony with the will of God and that people should bear whatever life offers

Shang

the second Chinese dynasty, which was mostly a farming society but was also concerned with warfare

anthropology

the study of human life and culture

archaeology

the study of past societies through analysis of what people left behind

Confucianism

the system of political and ethical ideas formulated by the Chinese philosopher Confucius toward the end of the Zhou dynasty; it was intended to help restore order to a society that was in a state of confusion

the Great Wall of China

the system of walls lined by Qin Shihuangdi became

the values of courage, honor, and excellence

the teachings of Homer promoted

tetrarchy

the term _____ means "rule by four"

an empire

the term for a large political unit or state, usually under a single leader, controlling many peoples or territories is

minaret

the tower of a mosque from which the muezzin calls the faithful to prayer five times a day

rulers who seized power by force

the tyrants of ancient Greece were

aristocracy

the upper class in Shang society whose wealth was land-based and who passed power from one generation to the next

new level of human control over the environment and its resources

the use of metal tools marked the end of the Neolithic Age and a

Kshatriyas

the warrior class in Indian society

culture

the way of life a people follows

highly self-disciplined

the word spartan has come to mean

Daoism

the words "the universe is sacred. you cannot improve it. if you try to change it, you will ruin it" reflect the beliefs of which philosophy

idolatry

the worship of religious images

false; often conflict

there was little conflict between the plebeians and the patricians, the two main social and political groups in Rome

were able to read the works of Aristotle and other Greek philosophers

through the achievements of Muslim scholars, Europeans

pharaoh

title of Egyptian monarch who possessed absolute power

true

to make each terra-cotta soldier unique, 10 different head shapes were used and then finished by hand

Phoenicians

traders who lived in a narrow strip of land along the eastern Mediterranean coast and devised an alphabet with 22 different characters representing sounds

Aeolians and Dorians

two major groups that settled within Greece itself were the

invasions from northern peoples and internal division

two problems facing western European after the death of Charlemagne

stupa

type of religious structure originally meant to house relics of the Buddha

nirvana

ultimate reality, or the end of the self and a reunion with the Great World Soul

fief

under feudalism, a grant of land made to a vassal; the vassal held political authority within his fief

vassal

under feudalism, a man who served a lord in a military capacity

knight

under feudalism, a member of the heavily armored cavalry

feudal contract

under feudalism, the unwritten rules that determined the relationship between a lord and vassal

false; helped Rome expand

unlike Greece, Italy's limited farmland prevented Rome from expanding

could not claim they alone knew the will of God, because the Jewish teachings were written down for anyone to read

unlike other religions of the time, political leaders in Israel

Qin

used the principles of Legalism to govern

paper

was not made in Europe until the twelfth century

mummification

way in which dead bodies of wealthy Egyptians were preserved from the time of the Old Kingdom

access to the sea

what advantage did Rome's location on the Tiber River provide

concrete

what allowed Romans to construct massive, though stable, buildings

during battle, he made a promise that if he won the battle, he would convert

what caused Clovis to convert to Christianity

he divided the empire into four units, called prefectures

what change did Diocletian make to the governmental structure of the Roman Empire

well-maintained roads and way stations to provide food, shelter, and fresh horses for traveling officials

what contributed to the efficient system of communications that was crucial to sustaining the Persian Empire

he, a German king, was crowned emperor of the Romans by the Pope

what did Charlemagne do that merged Roman, Christian, and German elements in his kingdom

Christianity would be officially tolerated

what did the Edict of Milan proclaim

the sundial

what did the Sumerians invent

they kept the Roman structure of government but excluded Romans from holding power

what happened to the Roman structure of government when the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths took over Roman territories in Italy and Spain

Bishop of Rome

what is another title for the pope

Hatshepsut was a woman

what is most unusual about the pharaoh Hatshepsut?

governors were to be chosen by emperors

what is one of Augustus's reforms

they are primarily concerned with the material world and social stability

what is true about Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism

it was codification of Roman law, written in Latin

what is true about The Body of Civil Law

monks provided schools for the young and hospitals for the sick

what is true about monasticism

schism with the Roman Catholic Church in the west and the advance of the Seljuk Turks

what issues did the Byzantine Empire face in the eleventh century

the domestication of the camel

what led directly to Arabs populating more of the desert in the first millennium B.C.

less dependence on agriculture for survival

what may have enabled people to move bake into cities

parts of Central Asia

what territories were added to the empire during the Han dynasty

Romans worshiped gods and goddesses

what was a key feature of Rome's official state religion

instability and the assassination of Tiberius and Gaius

what was a product of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus's attempted reforms

granting citizenship to all free people

what was an action taken by Emperor Caracalla

to treat prisoners with respect and dignity

what was an expectation of knights under the chivalric code

Roman law, as codified by Justinian

what was the basis for imperial law in the Eastern Roman Empire

a general increase in economic prosperity

what was the effect of the technical advancements in the Han dynasty

concentration of land in the hands of the wealthy

what was the effect of the technical advancements in the Han dynasty

the family

what was the most important social institution in Germanic custom

Greek language, art, architecture, and literature spread throughout Southeast Asia

what was the result of Alexander the Great's conquests

people acquiring rights and freedoms from local lords

what was the result of the growth of trade and cities in the Middle Ages

after a series of invasions by Visiogoths and Vandals, it was becoming a collection of smaller Germanic kingdoms

what was the situation in the western half of the Roman Empire in the mid-fifth century

conflicts over by should rule resulted in several assassinations

when Abu Bakr died

Umayyad

when General Mu'awiyah made the position of caliph hereditary, he established the _________ dynasty

civilization

when humans first settled in farming villages, their _________ became more complex

Kushites

when the _______ were driven out of Egypt, they returned to their original lands to the south and built a successful trading empire

Africa

where do scientists believe that homo sapiens sapiens first appeared between 15,000 and 200,000 years ago

Sophocles

which Greek playwright wrote Oedipus Rex

Pontius Pilate

which Roman official ordered the execution of Jesus

Theodosis the Great

which emperor made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire

the Gupta Empire

which empire traded with China, Southeast Asia, and the Mediterranean

Macedonia, Syria, Pergamum, and Egypt

which four kingdoms emerged following Alexander the Great's death

population decline due to plague and lack of a workable political system

which of the following may have contributed to the decline and fall of the Roman Empire

Chivalry

which of the following was a code of ethics knights were to uphold

donkey carts

while the Hyksos attacked the Egyptians from horse-drawn chariots, the Egyptian soldiers were limited to

respected many local customs

while the emperors created a sense of unity throughout the empire, they also

Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus

who attempted to redistribute land to the poor with disastrous results

Siddhartha Gautama

who believed that the physical surroundings of humans--the material world--were simply illusions

Socrates

who said that "the unexamined life is not worth living"?

the general who led Justinian's army and defeated the Ostrogoths in Italy

who was Belisarius

founder of Buddhism

who was Siddhartha Gautama

homo spiens

who were the first hominids to learn to make fires deliberately

vassals

who would directly serve both lords and kings

they were seeking a home that was less overpopulated and where they would find fertile farmland

why did large numbers of Greek establish colonies in distant lands between 750 B.C. and 550 B.C.

the mountains in the territory isolated people from one another and prevented different communities from coming togther

why did so many different communities with independent ways independent ways of life develop in ancient Greece

Pericles knew they were not strong enough to defeat the Spartan army, but he thought the walls could keep them out

why did the Athenians stay within their walled city during the Peloponnesian Wars

they accepted many gods, and did not like the idea of rejecting or destroying them to worship only one god

why did the Egyptians resist Akhenaten's religious reforms?

they believed people were not capable of being good

why did the Legalists advocate harsh laws and stiff punishments

Christians refused to worship the state gods and emperors

why did the Romans persecute Christians during the reign of Nero

centralized power was lost in the face of invasion

why was feudalism developed

he had experienced a breakthrough in his studies of specific gravity while he was taking a bath

why, according to legend, did Archimedes run through town shouting "Eureka"

William of Normandy

won the Battle of Hastings

scriptorium

writing room

Ban Gu

wrote biographies that combined political and social history

mountains and seacoast

Greek history was influenced by Greece's

religious trade

Gupta rulers earned large profits from

true

Hammurabi established his imperial capital in Babylon

establishing a collection of laws for Mesopotamian society

Hammurabi is remembered for

true

Hammurabi's Code protected people against false accusations. If someone brought a charge but then failed to prove it, the accuser would be punished.

a belief in divine assistance

Harrappan rules based their power on

real history in Western civilization

Herodotus wrote what is considered to be the first

Magyars

Hungarians

false; kept the ruler

In establishing his empire, Sargon executed the ruler of every Sumerian city-state he conqured

Candra Gupta II

India's golden age of culture flourished under this monarch

Aryans

Indo-speaking nomadic peoples with a strong warrior tradition who at first settled in northern India but later controlled all of India

Rubicon

Julius Caesar sparked a civil war that led to his dictatorship by crossing the

false; icons

Leo III outlawed crucifixes as idolatry

recruiting the landless poor

Marius changed Rome's military recruitment system by

he was troubled by the gap between the generosity of most people and the greed of the wealthy-elite

Muhammad began to meditate in the hills because

Serbs

Orthodox Christianity became the chief religion for the

large-scale building programs

Pax Romana, a long period of peace, ushered in

true

Pericles spoke about his hopes and ideals for Athens during a public funeral held early in the Peloponnesian War to honor those who had been killed in combat

Zoroastrianism

Persian religion

Royal Road

Persian route from Lydia to Susa

caste system

Portuguese name given to a rigid social structure in Indian society that said every individual is born into a social group defined by occupation and family lineage

true

Qin Shihuangdi created a single currency in his empire

false; from the north

Qin Shihuangdi initiated the building of the Wall of Ten Thousand Li to block invaders from the south

false; according to Legalism

Qin Shihuangdi ruled according to the principles of Confucianism

insulae

Roman apartment blocks constructed of concrete with wooden-beam floors

Marius

Roman general who created a new recruitment

Greek

Romans adopted many aspects of the _____ style of art

Visigoths; Vandals

Rome was invaded by the ______ in 410 and by the ____ in 455

Augustus

Rome's first emperor

false; made it relatively safe from pirates

Rome's location and its distance from the sea encouraged attacks by pirates

the Four Noble Truths

Siddhartha Gautama's message about suffering and desire

Plato

Socrates' most famous student was named

a new military recruitment system

Sulla's seizure of Rome in 82 B.C. was partly the legacy of

obsidian

Teotihuacan was a busy trade center known for objects made of

false; by the parents

The Code of Hammurabi reveals that in ancient Babylon a marriage was decided upon by the two young people who wanted to wed

trade

_______ brought new civilizations in contact with one another

Amenhotep IV

_________ tried to force the Egyptians to worship a single god, Aten

Zapotec

a Mesoamerica civilization whose center at Monte Alban contained temples and pyramids atop a 1,200 foot high mountain

Olmec

a Mesoamerican civilization that pre-dated the Maya

Shia

a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of Muhammed's son-in-law Ali as the true rulers of Islam

Sumi

a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of the Umayyads as the true rulers of Islam

Catalhüyük

a Neolithic farming villiage

Chavin

a South American civilization that built an impressive solar observatory made up of thirteen stone towers on a hillside north of Lima, Peru

cuneiform

a Sumerian innovation used for recordkeeping

bronze

a Sumerian innovation used to create finely crafted metalwork

the Mandate of Heaven

a basic principle of the Chinese government, which allows a revolution to overthrow and replace a corrupt ruler, is called

ritual

a ceremony or a rite

consul

a chief executive officer of the Roman Republic; two were elected each year to run the government and to lead the army into battle

Meroe

a city in Kush

Minoan civilizations

a civilization in the Eastern Mediterranean that built structures similar to the labyrinth of King Minos was the

humans can merge with a single universal force

a common belief shared by Hindus and Buddhists is that

civilization

a complex culture in which large numbers of people share a number of common elements such as a social structure, religion, and art

bazaar

a covered market in Islamic cities

bazaar

a crucial part of every Muslim city or town was the _____, which was a covered market

Obsidian

a dark natural glass stone formed by lava

a calendar

a distinct feature of the Kushan Empire was the development of

Israelites

a distinct group organized in tribes that established the religion of Judaism, which later influenced both Christianity and Islam

revelation

a divine truth revealed to Muhammad

Dynasty

a family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within the family

tragedy

a form of drama that portrays a conflict between the protagonist and a superior force and having a protagonist who is brought to ruin or extreme sorrow, especially as a result of a fatal flaw

republic

a form of government in which the leader is not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote

dowry

a gift of money or property paid at the time of marriage, either by the bride's parents to her husband or, in Islamic societies, by a husband to his wife

theocracy

a government by divine authority

triumvirate

a government by three people with equal power

regime

a government in power

bishopric

a group of Christian communities, or parishes, under the authority of a bishop

carruca

a heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare

vizier

a high government official in ancient Egypt or in Muslim countries

hominid

a human-like creature that walked upright

expedition

a journey taken for a specific purpose

monarch

a king or queen

Empire

a large political unit or state, usually under a single leader, that controls many peoples or territories

empire

a large political unit, usually with a single leader, that controls many territories

shari'ah

a law code drawn up by Muslim scholars after Muhammad's death; it provided believers with a set of practical laws to regulate their daily lives

the Ramayana

a literary work about the fictional ruler Rama

epic poem

a long poem that tells the deeds of a great hero, such as the Illiad and the Odyssey of Homer

art

a main characteristic of civilization is

monk

a man who separates himself from ordinary human society in order to dedicate himself to God; monks live in monasteries headed by abbots

ziggurat

a massive stepped tower on which was built a temple dedicated to the chief god or goddess of a Sumerian city

ordeal

a means of determining guilt in Germanic law, based on the idea of divine intervention; if the person accused was unharmed after a physical trial, he or she was presumed innocent

yoga

a method of training developed by the Hindus that is supposed to lead to oneness with Brahman

bedouin

a nomadic Arab who lives in the Arabian, Syrian, or North African deserts

Assyrians

a people known for using terror as an instrument of warfare

Marcus Aureles

a period of civil war followed the death of ______, the last of the five good emperors, in A.D. 180

missionary

a person sent out to carry a religious message

Muslim

a person who believes in Islam

pastoral nomads

a person who domesticates animals for food and clothing and moves along regular migratory routes to provide a steady source of nourishment for those animals

pilgrim

a person who travels to a shrine or another holy place

beliefs about religious purity

a person's caste was difficult to escape because it was based on

haji

a pilgrimage to Makkah, one of the requirements of the Five Pillars of Islam

Legalism

a popular philosophy developed in China toward the end of the Zhou dynasty; it proposes that human beings are evil by nature and can only be brought to the correct path by harsh laws

inflation

a rapid increase in prices

domestication

a reliable source of meat, milk, and wool resulted from the ______ of animals

ziggurat

a religious and political power center of the city-state; a massive stepped tower

Buddhism

a religious doctrine introduced in northern India in the sixth century B.C. by Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, or "Enlightened One"

Minoans

a rich civilization that built an enormous palace at Knossos on the island of Crete

Silk Road

a route between the Roman Empire and China, so called because silk was China's most valuable product

tyrant

a ruler who seized power by force from the aristocrats, gained support from the newly rich and the poor, and maintained power by using hired soldiers and fighting tactics

monsoon

a seasonal wind pattern in southern Asia that blows warm, moist air from the southwest during the summer, bringing heavy rains, and cold, dry air from the northeast during the winter

caste system

a set of rigid social categories in ancient India that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society based partly on skin color

artisan

a skilled worker

artisans

a skilled worker who makes products such as weapons and jewelry

patrician

a social class of wealthy, powerful landowners, they formed the ruling class in the Roman Republic

estate

a social or political class

city-state

a state with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside

caliph

a successor of Muhammad as spiritual and temporal leader of the Muslims

Direct Democracy

a system of government in which the people participate directly in government decision making through mass meetings

Daoism

a system of ideas based on the teachings of Laozi; teaches that the will of Heaven is best followed through inaction so that nature is allowed to take its course

Chariot

a two-wheeled horse-drawn battle cart, also used in processions and races

common law

a uniform system of law that developed in England based on court decisions and on customs and usage rather than on written law codes; replaced law codes that varied from place to place

phalanx

a wall of shields created by foot soldiers marching shoulder to shoulder in a rectangular formation

patrician

a wealthy, powerful landowner

nun

a woman who separates herself from ordinary human society in order to dedicate herself to God; nuns live in convents headed by abbesses

Menander

a writer of comedies during the Hellenistic era

mountains

about 80 percent of the geography of Greece is

the duty of children to revere their parents

according to Confucius, what is the "foundation, whence all other virtues spring"

Gabriel

according to Islamic teaching, Muhammad received messages from

lives in a just and rational state

according to Plato, a good life can only be achieved if a person

a man named Pheidipiddes ran all way from the battlefield to Athens

according to legend, how did the people in Athens find out what had happened at the battle of Marathon

either carrying his shield or being carried on it

according to one story, a young Spartan warrior was told by his mother to return from the war

happiness is the goal of life and can be achieved through the pursuit of pleasure

according to the philosophy of Epicurus

Five Pillars of Islam

acts of worship every Muslim must perform; this includes belief, prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage

Han Wudi

added the territory south of the Chang Jiang to the empire into what is now Vietnam

bureaucracy

administrative organization with officials and regular procedures that helped run the government

a code that provides believers with practical laws to regulate their daily lives

after Muhammad's death, Muslim scholars drew up the shari'ah, which is

abandoned their city

after losing the battle of Thermopylae to the Persians, the Athenians

Rome

after the Egyptian Empire fell, it became a part of the empire of ________

Octavian

after the Second Triumvirate, with whom did Antony war for control of Rome

Kushans

after the collapse of the Mauryan Empire, the people who spread over northern India as far as the central Ganges Valley into modern-day Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia were the

false; the Carthaginians

after the conquest of the Italian peninsula, Rome fought the Etruscans for control of the Mediterranean

false; the empire fell

after the death of Qin Shihuangdi, his son ruled the empire

the Hellenistic Era

age that began with Alexander the Great's conquests

conditions for the poor were terrible

although the city of Rome was magnificent and wealthy

the Sea People

although the pharaoh Ramses II tried to maintain the Egyptian Empire's strength, he failed because he was unable to hold out against

dictator

an absolute ruler

Bureaucracy

an administrative organization that relies on nonelective officials and regular procedures

plague

an epidemic disease

buildings made of mud brick

an impact of geography on Mesopotamian culture

the Confucian belief that the government should be open to all men of superior talent

an important concept that became a crucial part of Chinese history was

Ganges

an important river in India, with a valley that was cultivated for its rich farmland after the invention of the iron plow made it possible to clear the dense growth along its banks

artifact

an object made by humans that sheds light on the past

praetor

an official of the Roman Republic in charge of enforcing civil law

Aristocracy

an upper class whose wealth is based on land and whose power is passed on from one generation to another

astronomy

ancient Indians excelled in the science of

Olmec

another name for the "rubber people" who grew rubber trees along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico south of Veracruz was the

the many Hindu gods

another way that Buddhism differed from Hinduism was that Buddhists rejected

Peter

apostle who is considered to be the first pope

knights

armed cavalry

Sargon

around 2340 B.C., the large Sumerian city-states were conquered by the Akkadians under their leader

Peru and Ecuador

around 900 B.C., the Chavin people built a temple surrounded by two pyramids and stone figures depicting different gods in the coastal regions of what is now

false; more

as a result of trade, the Arab Empire was less urbanized than most of the rest of the world

had to pay special taxes

as the Arab Empire grew, people who were not Muslims or did not convert to Islam in the conquered territories

Pakistan

at its height, Alexander's empire extended as far east as

decreased by 40 million since A.D. 2

at the end of the Han dynasty in A.D. 221, the population of China had

vassalage, which meant warriors swore loyalty to a lord, who in turn took care of their needs

at the heart of feudalism was

the transfer of new technology often occurred

because trade brought new civilizations into contact with one another...

nomads

before the trade routes were established, Arabs were primarily

Pax Romana

beginning in the second century and lasting for nearly 200 years, the ______ represented a period of stability and many public works projects

reincarnation

belief that the soul is reborn after death

polytheistic

believing in many gods

Monotheistic

believing in one god

true

both paleolithic men and women had to find and acquire food; therefore, it is likely that there was equality between them

Qin Shihuangdi

built "the Wall of Ten Thousand Li"

Germans

by the fifth century, the western part of the Roman Empire was controlled mainly by

the Persian Empire

by the time the Umayyad dynasty was established, the Arab Empire had already conquered

Harrapa and Mohenjo-daro

carefully planned ancient cities of the Indus River valley that flourished for hundreds of years

ideographs

characters in Chinese in which picture or character symbols are combined to represent ideas-for example, showing the sun rising behind the trees to represent "east"

pictographs

characters or picture symbols in the Chinese language that represent an object, like a mountain of the Sun

clergy

church leaders

imperator

commander in chief; the Latin origin of the word emperor

hieroglyphics

complex system of writing, meaning "sacred writings," that is made up of pictures and more abstract forms

Mongols

conquered Russia in the thirteenth century

tournament

contest where knights could show their fighting skills

Cyril

converted the Eastern Slavs to Orthodox Christianity

Philip IV

created the first French parliament

Romulus Augustus

deposed emperor of the Western Roman Empire

Dravidians

descendants of the Indus Valley people

caste

determined the type of job people could have, whom they could marry, and what groups they could socialize with

drinking wine

devout Muslims are prohibited from

Julius Caesar

dictator who rose to power in 47 B.C.; defeated Pompey

Kushan

different cultures shaped this empire because a section of the Silk Road passed through it

pater familias

dominant male head of family

set up hospitals for people and animals

during his reign, Asoka

a vizier

during the Abbasid dynasty, the council that advised the caliph was led by a prime minister known as

true

during the Age of Pericles, the governing assembly of Athens met every ten days on a hillside east of the Acropolis

in Ionia, part of Asia Minor

during the Dark Age, some Greeks settled

the pharaohs constructed huge, magnificent temples and statues in their own honor

during the New Kingdom, the Egyptian Empire reached its peak. what was one way it showed its power?

aristocrats

during the Shang dynasty, the class of people that owned the land and wages war were the

Phoenician alphabet

during the eight century B.C. the Greeks adopted a new system of writing based on the

humanity

duty and _____ are two elements of the Confucian view of the Dao

Madinah

early cliphs ruled their empire from the city of _______

bedouins

early converts to Islam who lived in the desert

Middle Path

eight steps that Buddhists follow on the path to enlightenment

ephors

elected members of Sparta's oligarchy

Aryabhata

famous Indian mathematician and one of the first scientists known to have used algebra

Constantine

first Christian emperor

Domesday Book

first census in Europe since Roman times

Teotihuacan

first major city in Mesoamerica, located about 30 miles northeast of present day Mexico City

Hinduism

followers of this religion believe in a single, universal force called Brahman

a scared stone

for early Arabs, Allah was symbolized by

Zeno

founder of Stoicism

Etruscans

from which group did the Romans borrow their style of dress

Magna Carta

gave written recognition to the mutual rights and obligations between kings and vassals

arabesques

geometric patterns repeated over and over to completely cover a surface with decoration

Monarchy

government by a sovereign ruler such as a king or queen

First Triumvirate

group composed of Caesar, Crassus, an Pompey

Sunni

group that accepts only Umayyads as the true rulers of Islam

persecution

harassing to cause suffering

Daoism

harmony with nature and the universal order are beliefs of

how to make bronze weapons and showed them the advantages of horse-drawn war chariots

having been conquered by the Hyksos was not all bad for the Egyptians because the Hyksos taught the Egyptians

abbess

head of a convent

hoplites

heavily armed foot soldiers

rudder

helped enable Chinese trade in Southeast Asia and India

for business transactions, record keeping, and the general needs of daily life

hieratic script, a simplified version of Egyptian hieroglyphic writing was used

Quran

holy scriptures of Islam

Macedonia

home of Alexander the Great

true

homo habilisis called "handy human" because this early human may have used stone tools

he established the Frankish kingdom and converted to Christianity

how did Clovis lay the groundwork for the Carolingian Empire

he took control of Rome and surrounding territories, which gave the papacy a source of political power

how did Gregory the Great strengthen the papacy

he seized the estates of wealthy landowners and gave the land to the peasants; he then taxed the peasants

how did Qin Shihuangdi eliminate rivals and gain an important tax base

through missionary activites

how did monks and nuns help to spread Christianity throughout Europe

Christian churches had been established in most of the major cities of the eastern part of the Roman Empire, mainly attracting members from the Jewish and Greek-speaking populations

how far had Christianity spread one hundred years after the death of Jesus

there were 3 division: civil , military, and censorate

how was the central bureaucracy of the Qin dynasty organized

by a competitive examination

how were government official chosen in the Han dynasty

Hellenistic

imitating the Greeks

Byzantium

important Greek colony city on the Bosporus strait

an army of terra-cotta warriors

in 1974 farmers digging a well about 35 miles east of Xian discovered

Antony and Cleopatra

in 31 B.C., Octavian defeated the army and navy of

Crassus

in 53B B.C., the First Triumvirate ended with the death of

the Byzantine army

in 636, the Arab army took advantage of a dust storm army to defeat

a revolt in Iraq led by the son of Muhammad's son-in-law

in 680, what event led Islam to split into two conflicting groups

was eligible to vote on major issues

in Athens, during the Age of Pericles, every male citizen

Nirvana

in Buddhism ultimate reality the end of the self and a reunion with the Great World Soul

give an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth

in Hammurabi's code, punishments generally followed the principle of retaliation, or the idea that one must...

dharma

in Hinduism, the divine law that rules karma; it requires all people to do their duty based on their status in society

karma

in Hinduism, the force generated by a person's actions that determines how the person will be reborn in the next life

ostracism

in ancient Athens, the process for temporarily banning ambitious politicians from the city by popular vote

oracle

in ancient Greece, a sacred shrine where a god or goddess was said to reveal the future through a priest or priestess

helot

in ancient Sparta, a captive person who was forced to work for the conqueror

arete

in early Greece, the qualities of excellence that a hero strives to win in a struggle or contest

agora

in early Greek city-states, an open area that served as a gathering place and as a market

priests

in early urban civilizations, important and powerful people who supervised rituals aimed at pleasing gods and goddesses

serf

in medieval Europe, a peasant legally bound to the land who had to provide labor services, pay rents, and be subject to the lord's control

manor

in medieval Europe, an agricultural estate that a lord ran and peasants worked

initiated a series of trade fairs in the chief town of the territory

in order to encourage trade between Flanders and Italy, the counts of Champagne

crowned Roman emperor

in return for protecting the pope, Otto I was

chivalry

in the Middle Ages, the ideal of civilized behavior that developed among the nobility; it was a code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold

procurator

in the Roman Empire, an official in charge of a province

plebeian

in the Roman Republic, a social class made up of minor landowners, craftspeople, merchants, and small farmers

paterfamilias

in the Roman social structure, the dominate male head of the household, which also includes his wife, sons and their wives and children, unmarried daughters, and slaves

excluded from

in the kingdoms of the Ostrogoths and Visigoths, Romans were ______ power

Mongolians

in the northern frontier regions of ancient China, conflicts arose between the Chinese and the

a labor shortage

in the third century, plague outbreaks led to

Parliament

in thirteenth-century England, the representative government that emerged; it was composed of two knights from every county, two people from every town, and all the nobles and bishops throughout England

Zapotec

in which ancient Mesoamercain civilization did about 20,000 people live in terraces cut into the sides of a mountain?

Sea Peoples

invaders who attacked the Egyptian Empire during its final days of power

Zhou dynasty

it was believed that the king was the link between Heaven and Earth during the

systematic agriculture

keeping animals and growing food on a regular basis

Philip II

king who conquered the Greeks

Darius

king who extended the Persian Empire to India

Uruk

large city-state in Mesopotamia

iron casting

led to the invention of steel

1) Octavian Caesar - Julius Caesar's heir & grand-nephew; becomes Augustus Caesar 2) Marc Antony - Julius Caesar's best friend & assistant; committed suicide with Cleopatra VII 3) Lepidus - commander of cavalry; not a factor

list the 3 men of the Second Triumvirate and their fate (essay)

parishes

local Christian communities led by a priest were called

Mahabharata

longest poem in any written language

Gracchus brothers

men who tried to return land to small farmers

missi dominci

messengers of the lord king

pastoral nomads

migrating groups who domesticated animals for food, shelter, and clothing and who also helped spread language, goods, and technology

Benedict

monk who established the basic form of monastic life in the west

Islam

monotheistic religion that emerged in the Arabian Peninsula during the seventh century

farmers

most of the people in the Mesoamerica city of Teotihuacan were

Vikings, then Mongols

native peoples in Russia and Ukraine were conquered by

Leoba

nun who founded the first convent in Germany

insulae

often dangerous apartments for the poor

mountains and deserts

on their northern and western frontiers, the Chinese people were isolated from people in other parts of Asia by

their system of carrying messages quickly, which involved a network of staging posts and relays of horses

one example of the Assyrians' efficiency and effectiveness as administrators was

Satrapy

one of the 20 provinces into which Darius divided the Persian Empire

a pilgrimage to Makkah

one of the Five Pillars of Islam, the hajj, is

ephor

one of the five men elected each year in ancient Sparta who were responsible for the education of youth and the conduct of all citizens

Alexandria

one of the four great cities with powerful bishops

ethcis

one of the subjects that Aristotle wrote about was ______, or the study of moral principles

the invention of water mills for grinding grain

one of the technological advances of the Han dynasty was

human-like gods in Hinduism

Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver, and Shiva the Destroyer are the three chief

Shiva the Destroyer

one of the three chief human-like gods in the Hindu religion

people should be responsible for their own lives

one way that Buddhism differed from Hinduism was Buddhists believed that

false; small groups of 20 to 30

paleolithic peoples probably lived in small, nuclear family units

Han

papermaking was invented during this dynasty

pyramids

part of a large complex of buildings dedicated to the dead

censorate

part of the Chinese bureaucracy that made sure government officials were doing their jobs

serfs

peasants legally bound to the land who had to provide labor service, pay rents, and be subject to the lord's control

helots

people captured by the Spartans and forced to work as serfs

missionaries

people sent out to carry a religious message in hopes of converting them are called

prehistory

period before writing was developed

following the Middle Path, known as the Eightfold Path

Buddhists believe that it is possible to reach enlightenment by

false; loose

C-14 dating helps reveal the age of an object because living things slowly gain radioactive carbon over time

choosing the leaders of those provinces

Caesar Augustus changed the way the provinces were ruled by

Hannibal

Carthaginian general

Carolingian

Charlemagne created the _______ Empire

icons

pictures of religious images

Franks

Clovis established the kingdom of the _____

ATHENS: -education -built with philosophy -navy -13-14 girls got married (population) -democracy SPARTA: -militaristic -built with conquest -army -17-18 girls got married (military) -oligarchy (2 kings)

Compare Spartan society to Athenians (essay)

the Five Constant Relationships

Confucius believed that people should be governed by

Zhou dynasty

Confucius believed that the early ________ was a golden age, when "the world was shared by all alike"

it was a strategic location for protecting the eastern frontier of the Roman Empire

Constantine established a "New Rome" at the site of the Greek city of Byzantium because

everyone accepted him as ruler

Cyrus the Great showed such wisdom and compassion when he conquered Babylon that

showed wisdom and compassion

Cyrus was called "the Great" because he

human behavior

Daoism sets forth proper forms of ________

whenever a soldier was killed, he was immediately replaced

Darius's elite cavalry and infantry forces were known as the Immortals because

-metal could be turned into liquid -liquid metal could be molded into tools and weapons -more control over the environment -bronze was made from tin & copper -Iron Age -complex and wealthier societies -development of cities

Describe the importance of the Neolithic Revolution (essay)

inflation

Diocletion tried to set wage and price controls for the empire in order to fight ____

Feudalism

political and social order that developed during the Middle Ages when royal governments were no longer able to defend their subjects; nobles offered protection and land in return for service

Gregory I

pope who extended papal power over the Christian church in the west

monasticism

practice of living the life of a monk

polytheism

pre-Islamic belief in multiple gods

China

prosperity in the Early Empire led to much trade, including trade with ______, which provided the empire with silk goods

Gupta

prosperous cities rose along the main trade routs throughout India during this empire

Otto I

protected the Pope and assumed the title that had belonged to Charlemagne

an organized government

public wells for supplying water to city residents, an advanced drainage system, and a system of garbage disposal in the Indus Valley cities are indications of

laity

regular church members

belief that the individual soul is reborn in a different form

reincarnation is the Hindu

martial

relating to, or suited for, war or a warrior

feudalism

relationship between lords and vassals

Patriarchal

Dominated by men

Byzantine missionaries

Eastern Slavic people were converted to Christianity by

Orthodox, Christianity; Cyril

Eastern Slavs converted to _______, and _________ helped them become literate

Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms

Egyptian history is divided into three major periods, known as the

a pyramid

Egyptian society, with the god-king at the top, was organized like

Normandy; Philip II Augustus

French territories, including _______ and Maine, were reclaimed from the English by ___________

Vikings

Germanic warriors from Scandinavia

Harappa

religion and political power were closely linked in early Indian civilization, as is indicated by the combination of the royal palace and the holy temple in the citadel, or fortress, at

earthly forms of the sun god Re

religion provided the Egyptians with a sense of security, and Egyptian rulers were viewed as

Buddhism

religion that claims all people can achieve nirvana

Hinduism

religion that revers the cow as sacred and whose goal is to achieve ultimate reality with a single universal force

prophets

religious teachers whose words became a source of ideals for social justice as they condemned the rich for causing the poor to suffer

"out-of-Africa" theory

replacing populations in Europe and Asia

silt

rich soil deposited by rivers during a flood

the annual flooding of the Indus River

rich soil to grow wheat, parley, and peas in the Indus Valley resulted from...

the sacking of Troy by Mycenaeans under the leadership of King Agamemnon

scholars continue to debate whether Homer's account of _________ is based on historical fact

Epicureanism

school of thought developed by the philosopher Epicurus in Hellenistic Athens; it held that happiness is the chief goal in life, and the means to achieve happiness was the pursuit of pleasure

Ibn Sina

scientist who wrote a medical encyclopedia stressing the contagious nature of disease

New Testament

second part of the Christian Bible

asceticism

self-denial as a method to achieve an understanding of ultimate reality

Kievan Rus

settled by Oleg the Viking in the tenth century

Oleg

settled in Kiev and began trade with Byzantines

Indo-Europeans

significant nomadic peoples who spoke a language derived from a single parent tongue were the

true

silk production was an important industry in the Byzantine Empire

Hieratic Script

simplified version of hieroglyphics used in ancient Egypt for business transactions, record keeping, and the general needs of daily life

father-in-law

since Muhammad had named no successor before he died, his followers chose Abu Bakr, Muhammad's adviser and _______, to be their religious and political leader

Chaeronea

site of an early battle between the Greeks and the Macedonians

Nineveh

site of one of the world's first libraries

Babylon

site of the Hanging Garden

Olduvai Gorge

site of the discovery of a 1.8 million year old hominid

true

slavery was widespread in the Islamic world

suppressing political and religious uprisings

Abu Bakr unified the Muslim world by

1) defend the Catholic Church 2) treat captives as honored guests 3) treat aristocratic women with tenderness & respect

According to the Code of Chivalry, how were knights supposed to act? (essay)

false; Marathon

According to the legend, the messenger Pheidippides began his twenty-six-mile run in Athens

false; 358

After the fall of the Akkadian empire, only a few decades passed before the Babylonian empire arose

true

An archaeologist might analyze animal remains on stone weapons to learn about prehistoric hunting

astrolabe

An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets

philosophy

An organized system of thought, from the Greek for "love of wisdom"

Tours

Arab extension in Western Europe was halted when Arab armies were defeated at the Battle of _______

from Morocco to beyond the Caspian Sea

Arab trade routes extended

Allah

Arabic for "God"; the supreme god of Islam

Solon

Athenian reformer who came to power in 594 B.C.

the Jews are monotheistic, believing in one god; others are polytheistic

What made the religion in Israel unique among the religions of Western Arabia & Egypt? (essay)

1) Invasions from outside 2) Civil War 3) Plague 4) Shortages of food/labor because of invasions, civil war, & plague 5) Slavery 6) Christianity

3 reasons historians believed that caused the decline/fall of the Roman Empire (essay)

1) Life is full of suffering 2) Caused by desire to satisfy yourself 3) See others as extension of self 4) Follow the Middle Path

4 Noble Truths (essay)

1) Belief - Allah is the only god Muhammad is his prophet 2) Prayer - at least 5 times a day, facing east morning, noon, afternoon, evening, night Friday noon should be at a mosque with Iman leading 3) Charity - give to the needy and poor 4) Fasting - during the month of Ramadan, no eating/drinking during the daylight hours 5) Pilgrimage - to Mecca at least once in your lifetime if you can afford it

5 Pillars of Islam and a brief explanation (essay)