World History Review
Dao
"Way"; the correct or divine way
Christos
"anointed one"
sultan
"holder of power"; the military and political head of state under the Seljuk Turks and the Ottomans
wergild
"money for a man"; the value of a person in money, depending on social status; in Germanic society, a find paid by a wrongdoer to the family of the person he or she had injured or killed
Hieroglyphics
"priest-carvings" or "sacred writings," a complex system of writing that used both pictures and more abstract forms; used by the ancient Egyptians and Mayans
Satrap
"protector of the Kingdom"; the governor of a province (satrapy) of the Persian Empire under Darius
jihad
"struggle in the way of God"
democracy
"the rule of many"; government by the people, either directly or through their elected representatives
Oligarchy
"the rule of the few"; a form of government in which a select group of people exercises control
cuneiform
"wedge-shaped," a system of writing developed by the Sumerians using a reed stylus to create wedge shaped impressions on a clay tablet
homo sapiens sapiens
"wise, wise, human"
pope
successor to Peter
Daoism
system of ideas based on Laozi's teachings
Buddha
the "Enlightened One"
Magna Carta
the "Great Charter" of rights, which King John was forced to sign by the English nobles at Runnymede in 1215
scattered Israelite tribes
the "ten lost tribes" were
did not prevent expansion of the city
the Appenine Mountains
iron
the Assyrians had the first large armies who carried weapons made of
realistic tragedies that portrayed war as barbaric
the Athenian dramatist Euripides wrote
England
the Battle of Hastings determined the language and ruling class of _______ in the High Middle Ages
varnas
the Brahmins, Kshatriyans, Vaisyas, and Sudras were four divisions of ancient Indian society known as
Shang dynasty
the Chinese had developed a simple script with a form that was mainly pictographic and idographic by the time of the
almost anything that can go wrong is addressed by one law or another
the Code of Hammurabi paints of portrait of a society in which
the movements of the moon and the star Sirius
the Egyptians developed an accurate 365-day calendar by basing their year on
do work that uplifts our being
the Eightfold Path includes the idea that we must
true
the Etruscans, from whom the Romans borrowed their style of dress, heavily influenced early Romans
using proportions and mathematical ratios, the idea human form could be produced
the Greek sculptor Polyclitus believed that
protecting trade and promoting the economy in Northern Europe
the Hanseatic League was instrumental in
true
the Hippodrome was a large amphitheater where chariot races were held
use iron weapons
the Hittites were the first Indo-Europeans to
epic poems
the Iliad and the Odyssey are examples of _____
the revelations received by Muhammad
the Islamic religion was created as a direct result of
the Greek alphabet
the Kushans adapted
keep order
the Legalists believed that a strong ruler was needed to
Olmec
the Maya adapted a ceremonial ball game played on a stone court, worship of a jaguar-like god, a calendar, and a numeric system from the
a far-ranging sea-empire based on trade
the Minoans established
Bronze Age
the Neolithic Revolution was followed by the
systematic agriculture
the Neolithic Revolution was the shift from hunting and gathering to _______ in various parts of the world
epic poem
the Odyssey, as a type of literature
period of peace and prosperity
the Pax Romana was a
true
the Persian leader who presented the greates threat to the Greek empire was named Xerxes
lumber
the Phoenicians produced a number of goods for foreign markets, including purple dye, glass, and
had strong central governments
the Qin and Han dynasties both
patricians
the Roman Senate was a select group of
Abbasid rulers
the Umayyad dynasty was replaced by
the Frankish policy of settling them and converting them to Christianity
the Vikings were made part of European civilization by
Macedonian
the _______ dynasty ruled by the Byzantine Empire in the tenth and eleventh centuries
Berbers
the _______ were a pastoral people in North Africa who were conquered and converted to Islam by the Arabs
Zealots
the ___________ were a group of Jews who called for a violent overthrow of Roman rule
could give up nomadic ways of life and begin to live in settled communities
the ability to acquire food on a regular basis meant that humans
civil service
the administrative service of a government, not including the armed forces, in which appointments are determined by competitive examination
Hellenistic Era
the age of Alexander the Great; period when the Greek language and ideas were carried to the non-Greek world
false; Athenians
the alliance formed by Sparta to help defend Greece from the Persians were called the Delian League
necessary to the well-being of the state
the ancient Greeks considered religion
excellence
the ancient Greeks strove for a kind of ______ that they called arete
Fertile Crescent
the arc of rich soil between the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf
the Earth was round, and calculated its circumference, coming within 185 miles of the actual figure
the astronomer Eratosthenes determined that
family
the basic economic and social unit in ancient China was the
false; did not carry over
the belief that all Muslims were equal in the eyes of Allah led to a classless society in the Arab world
nomads
the best way to describe Paleolithic peoples and their way of life is by calling them
Tutankhamun
the boy pharaoh who restored worship of the old gods in the New Kingdom was named
Monte Alban
the center of the Zapotec civilization
change in the method of obtaining food
the change that led to all other changes in the Neolithic Revolution was the
Constantinople
the city of ________ was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire and a "New Rome"
struggle of the orders
the conflict between the plebeians and the patricians was known as the
Hellenistic era, during which the Greek language and Greek ideas spread to the non-Greek world
the conquests of Alexander the Great gave rise to the
Indus Valley
the cradle of Indian civilization, which enjoyed a moderate climate in ancient times
muezzin
the crier who calls the Muslim faithful to prayer from the minaret of a mosque
was an Arab practice
the custom of requiring women to cover virtually all parts of their bodies in public
the Nile River
the development of Egyptian civilization was influenced most powerfully by
Filial Piety
the duty of family members to subordinate their needs and desires to those of the male head of the family
filial piety
the duty of members of a family to subordinate their needs and desires to those of the male head of the family
Vedas
the earliest known Indian literature, which contain religious chants and stories that were originally passed down orally from generation to generation and then recorded in Sanskrit after writing developed
acropolis
the early Greek city-sates, a fortified gathering place at the top of a hill that was sometimes the site of temples and public buildings
polis
the early Greek city-state, consisting of a city or town and its surrounding countryside
Persia
the empire ruled by Cyrus the Great
Naram-Sin
the empire that Sargon established was contributed by his grandson _____ but fell less than 100 years after his grandson's death
Mycenae
the first Greek civilization
river valleys
the first civilizations developed in ______
the Akkadian empire
the first empire in world history was
Sanskrit
the first writing system of the Aryans, developed around 1000 B.C.
Mesopotamia
the flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates and the ability to control flooding were the main factors that led to civilization in
Analects
the followers of Confucius recorded his sayings in the ______
Legalism and adopted Confucianism
the founder of the Han dynasty was
Himalaya
the geographic feature that isolated China from India
Apollo
the god associated with the most famous oracle in ancient Greece was
Gupta Empire
the golden age of Indian culture occured under the
ruled by a small number of people
the government of Sparta was an oligarchy, which means that it was
cuneiform
the greatest new development made by Sumerians was; the Sumerian writing system
Virgil
the greatest poet of the Augustan age was _______, author of the Aeneid
Asoka
the greatest ruler in Indian history
Aryans
the group that gave up their nomadic lifestyle for farming in the process of settling in India
patriarch
the head of the Eastern Orthodox Church, originally appointed by the Byzantine emperor
pater familias
the heart of Roman society was the family, which was headed by the ____
Himalaya
the highest mountains in the world, found in the far north of India
Quaran
the holy scriptures of the religion of Islam
Mesomericans
the inhabitants of what are now Mexico and Central America were
the development of fore-and-aft rigging and rudders on ships
the invention that led to major expansion of trade in the Han period was
Hijrah
the journey of Muhammad and his followers to Madinah in 622, which became year 1 of the official calendar of Islam
male supremacy
the key to China's social system
Nebuchadnezzar II
the king of the Chaldeans who rebuilt Babylon was
Sargon
the leader who established the world's first empire
Nile
the longest river in the world, the annual flooding of which left a rich deposit of mud that enriched the soil and allowed Egyptian farmers to grow a surplus of food
Zhou
the longest-lasting Chinese dynasty, which ruled for almost 800 years and claimed it possessed the Mandate of Heaven to rule
required military service
the lord-vassal relationship
the Untouchables
the lowest level of Ancient Indian society who were given tasks seen as menial and degrading, such as collecting trash and handling dead bodies, were the
Hinduism
the major Indian religious system, which had its origins in the religious beliefs of the Aryans who settled India after 1500 B.C.
Olympus
the major gods and goddesses of the Greeks were believed to live on
false; algebra
the mathematical discipline of geometry was first developed by an Arab mathematician
Socratic Method
the method of teaching used by the Greek philosopher Socrates; it employs a question-and-answer format to lead pupils to see things for themselves by using their own reason
bourgeoise
the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
bourgeoisie
the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
Pharaoh
the most common of the various titles for ancient Egyptian monarchs; the term originally meant "great house" or "palace"
a complex culture in which a large number of humans share elements in common
the most complete definition of a civilization
Parthenon
the most famous building on the Acropolis in Athens is the
a piece of land
the most important gift a lord could give to a vassal was
temple
the most important physical structure in a Sumerian city-state was the
varnas
the name given by Aryans in ancient India to a group of people in what was believed to be an ideal social structure of four groups
Nubia
the name of Kush while it was still a part of the Egyptian Empire
caliphate
the office or dominion of a caliph
false; Greek
the official language of the Byzantine Empire was Latin
Greek/Christianity
the official language of the Eastern Roman Empire was ________ and the official religion was ______
Olmec
the oldest known Mesoamerican civilization, which appeared around 1200 B.C.
Caral
the oldest major city in the Americas which appeared around 2500 B.C.
Age of Pericles
the period between 461 B.C. and 429 B.C. when Pericles dominated Athenian politics and Athens reached the height of its power
Old Kingdom
the period during which the Great Pyramid of King Khufu at Giza was constructed, showing the power of the Egyptian pharaohs
Amenhotep IV
the pharaoh who later changed his name to Akhenaten
Hyksos
the phoraoh Ahmose I was able to drive the _______________ out of Egypt around 1550 B.C. and establish the New Kingdom
Homer
the poet who wrote the Iliad was named _____
the Brahmins
the priestly class of Ancient Indian society were
humans had free choice
the prophet Zoroaster taught that
Reincarnation
the rebirth of an individual's soul in a different form after death
laid the foundations of democracy
the reforms of Cleisthenes
5 constant
the relationships between parents and children, husbands and wives, siblings, friends, and rulers and their subjects are the ________ Relationships
the split of Islam into two separate groups
the revolt led by Hussein during the early Umayyad period led to
satrap
the ruler of a province in the Persian empire
sheikh
the ruler of an Arabic tribe, chosen from one of the leading families by a council of elders
Stoicism
the school of thought developed by the teacher Zeno in Hellenistic Athens; it says that happiness can be achieved only when people gain inner peace by living in harmony with the will of God and that people should bear whatever life offers
Shang
the second Chinese dynasty, which was mostly a farming society but was also concerned with warfare
anthropology
the study of human life and culture
archaeology
the study of past societies through analysis of what people left behind
Confucianism
the system of political and ethical ideas formulated by the Chinese philosopher Confucius toward the end of the Zhou dynasty; it was intended to help restore order to a society that was in a state of confusion
the Great Wall of China
the system of walls lined by Qin Shihuangdi became
the values of courage, honor, and excellence
the teachings of Homer promoted
tetrarchy
the term _____ means "rule by four"
an empire
the term for a large political unit or state, usually under a single leader, controlling many peoples or territories is
minaret
the tower of a mosque from which the muezzin calls the faithful to prayer five times a day
rulers who seized power by force
the tyrants of ancient Greece were
aristocracy
the upper class in Shang society whose wealth was land-based and who passed power from one generation to the next
new level of human control over the environment and its resources
the use of metal tools marked the end of the Neolithic Age and a
Kshatriyas
the warrior class in Indian society
culture
the way of life a people follows
highly self-disciplined
the word spartan has come to mean
Daoism
the words "the universe is sacred. you cannot improve it. if you try to change it, you will ruin it" reflect the beliefs of which philosophy
idolatry
the worship of religious images
false; often conflict
there was little conflict between the plebeians and the patricians, the two main social and political groups in Rome
were able to read the works of Aristotle and other Greek philosophers
through the achievements of Muslim scholars, Europeans
pharaoh
title of Egyptian monarch who possessed absolute power
true
to make each terra-cotta soldier unique, 10 different head shapes were used and then finished by hand
Phoenicians
traders who lived in a narrow strip of land along the eastern Mediterranean coast and devised an alphabet with 22 different characters representing sounds
Aeolians and Dorians
two major groups that settled within Greece itself were the
invasions from northern peoples and internal division
two problems facing western European after the death of Charlemagne
stupa
type of religious structure originally meant to house relics of the Buddha
nirvana
ultimate reality, or the end of the self and a reunion with the Great World Soul
fief
under feudalism, a grant of land made to a vassal; the vassal held political authority within his fief
vassal
under feudalism, a man who served a lord in a military capacity
knight
under feudalism, a member of the heavily armored cavalry
feudal contract
under feudalism, the unwritten rules that determined the relationship between a lord and vassal
false; helped Rome expand
unlike Greece, Italy's limited farmland prevented Rome from expanding
could not claim they alone knew the will of God, because the Jewish teachings were written down for anyone to read
unlike other religions of the time, political leaders in Israel
Qin
used the principles of Legalism to govern
paper
was not made in Europe until the twelfth century
mummification
way in which dead bodies of wealthy Egyptians were preserved from the time of the Old Kingdom
access to the sea
what advantage did Rome's location on the Tiber River provide
concrete
what allowed Romans to construct massive, though stable, buildings
during battle, he made a promise that if he won the battle, he would convert
what caused Clovis to convert to Christianity
he divided the empire into four units, called prefectures
what change did Diocletian make to the governmental structure of the Roman Empire
well-maintained roads and way stations to provide food, shelter, and fresh horses for traveling officials
what contributed to the efficient system of communications that was crucial to sustaining the Persian Empire
he, a German king, was crowned emperor of the Romans by the Pope
what did Charlemagne do that merged Roman, Christian, and German elements in his kingdom
Christianity would be officially tolerated
what did the Edict of Milan proclaim
the sundial
what did the Sumerians invent
they kept the Roman structure of government but excluded Romans from holding power
what happened to the Roman structure of government when the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths took over Roman territories in Italy and Spain
Bishop of Rome
what is another title for the pope
Hatshepsut was a woman
what is most unusual about the pharaoh Hatshepsut?
governors were to be chosen by emperors
what is one of Augustus's reforms
they are primarily concerned with the material world and social stability
what is true about Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism
it was codification of Roman law, written in Latin
what is true about The Body of Civil Law
monks provided schools for the young and hospitals for the sick
what is true about monasticism
schism with the Roman Catholic Church in the west and the advance of the Seljuk Turks
what issues did the Byzantine Empire face in the eleventh century
the domestication of the camel
what led directly to Arabs populating more of the desert in the first millennium B.C.
less dependence on agriculture for survival
what may have enabled people to move bake into cities
parts of Central Asia
what territories were added to the empire during the Han dynasty
Romans worshiped gods and goddesses
what was a key feature of Rome's official state religion
instability and the assassination of Tiberius and Gaius
what was a product of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus's attempted reforms
granting citizenship to all free people
what was an action taken by Emperor Caracalla
to treat prisoners with respect and dignity
what was an expectation of knights under the chivalric code
Roman law, as codified by Justinian
what was the basis for imperial law in the Eastern Roman Empire
a general increase in economic prosperity
what was the effect of the technical advancements in the Han dynasty
concentration of land in the hands of the wealthy
what was the effect of the technical advancements in the Han dynasty
the family
what was the most important social institution in Germanic custom
Greek language, art, architecture, and literature spread throughout Southeast Asia
what was the result of Alexander the Great's conquests
people acquiring rights and freedoms from local lords
what was the result of the growth of trade and cities in the Middle Ages
after a series of invasions by Visiogoths and Vandals, it was becoming a collection of smaller Germanic kingdoms
what was the situation in the western half of the Roman Empire in the mid-fifth century
conflicts over by should rule resulted in several assassinations
when Abu Bakr died
Umayyad
when General Mu'awiyah made the position of caliph hereditary, he established the _________ dynasty
civilization
when humans first settled in farming villages, their _________ became more complex
Kushites
when the _______ were driven out of Egypt, they returned to their original lands to the south and built a successful trading empire
Africa
where do scientists believe that homo sapiens sapiens first appeared between 15,000 and 200,000 years ago
Sophocles
which Greek playwright wrote Oedipus Rex
Pontius Pilate
which Roman official ordered the execution of Jesus
Theodosis the Great
which emperor made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire
the Gupta Empire
which empire traded with China, Southeast Asia, and the Mediterranean
Macedonia, Syria, Pergamum, and Egypt
which four kingdoms emerged following Alexander the Great's death
population decline due to plague and lack of a workable political system
which of the following may have contributed to the decline and fall of the Roman Empire
Chivalry
which of the following was a code of ethics knights were to uphold
donkey carts
while the Hyksos attacked the Egyptians from horse-drawn chariots, the Egyptian soldiers were limited to
respected many local customs
while the emperors created a sense of unity throughout the empire, they also
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
who attempted to redistribute land to the poor with disastrous results
Siddhartha Gautama
who believed that the physical surroundings of humans--the material world--were simply illusions
Socrates
who said that "the unexamined life is not worth living"?
the general who led Justinian's army and defeated the Ostrogoths in Italy
who was Belisarius
founder of Buddhism
who was Siddhartha Gautama
homo spiens
who were the first hominids to learn to make fires deliberately
vassals
who would directly serve both lords and kings
they were seeking a home that was less overpopulated and where they would find fertile farmland
why did large numbers of Greek establish colonies in distant lands between 750 B.C. and 550 B.C.
the mountains in the territory isolated people from one another and prevented different communities from coming togther
why did so many different communities with independent ways independent ways of life develop in ancient Greece
Pericles knew they were not strong enough to defeat the Spartan army, but he thought the walls could keep them out
why did the Athenians stay within their walled city during the Peloponnesian Wars
they accepted many gods, and did not like the idea of rejecting or destroying them to worship only one god
why did the Egyptians resist Akhenaten's religious reforms?
they believed people were not capable of being good
why did the Legalists advocate harsh laws and stiff punishments
Christians refused to worship the state gods and emperors
why did the Romans persecute Christians during the reign of Nero
centralized power was lost in the face of invasion
why was feudalism developed
he had experienced a breakthrough in his studies of specific gravity while he was taking a bath
why, according to legend, did Archimedes run through town shouting "Eureka"
William of Normandy
won the Battle of Hastings
scriptorium
writing room
Ban Gu
wrote biographies that combined political and social history
mountains and seacoast
Greek history was influenced by Greece's
religious trade
Gupta rulers earned large profits from
true
Hammurabi established his imperial capital in Babylon
establishing a collection of laws for Mesopotamian society
Hammurabi is remembered for
true
Hammurabi's Code protected people against false accusations. If someone brought a charge but then failed to prove it, the accuser would be punished.
a belief in divine assistance
Harrappan rules based their power on
real history in Western civilization
Herodotus wrote what is considered to be the first
Magyars
Hungarians
false; kept the ruler
In establishing his empire, Sargon executed the ruler of every Sumerian city-state he conqured
Candra Gupta II
India's golden age of culture flourished under this monarch
Aryans
Indo-speaking nomadic peoples with a strong warrior tradition who at first settled in northern India but later controlled all of India
Rubicon
Julius Caesar sparked a civil war that led to his dictatorship by crossing the
false; icons
Leo III outlawed crucifixes as idolatry
recruiting the landless poor
Marius changed Rome's military recruitment system by
he was troubled by the gap between the generosity of most people and the greed of the wealthy-elite
Muhammad began to meditate in the hills because
Serbs
Orthodox Christianity became the chief religion for the
large-scale building programs
Pax Romana, a long period of peace, ushered in
true
Pericles spoke about his hopes and ideals for Athens during a public funeral held early in the Peloponnesian War to honor those who had been killed in combat
Zoroastrianism
Persian religion
Royal Road
Persian route from Lydia to Susa
caste system
Portuguese name given to a rigid social structure in Indian society that said every individual is born into a social group defined by occupation and family lineage
true
Qin Shihuangdi created a single currency in his empire
false; from the north
Qin Shihuangdi initiated the building of the Wall of Ten Thousand Li to block invaders from the south
false; according to Legalism
Qin Shihuangdi ruled according to the principles of Confucianism
insulae
Roman apartment blocks constructed of concrete with wooden-beam floors
Marius
Roman general who created a new recruitment
Greek
Romans adopted many aspects of the _____ style of art
Visigoths; Vandals
Rome was invaded by the ______ in 410 and by the ____ in 455
Augustus
Rome's first emperor
false; made it relatively safe from pirates
Rome's location and its distance from the sea encouraged attacks by pirates
the Four Noble Truths
Siddhartha Gautama's message about suffering and desire
Plato
Socrates' most famous student was named
a new military recruitment system
Sulla's seizure of Rome in 82 B.C. was partly the legacy of
obsidian
Teotihuacan was a busy trade center known for objects made of
false; by the parents
The Code of Hammurabi reveals that in ancient Babylon a marriage was decided upon by the two young people who wanted to wed
trade
_______ brought new civilizations in contact with one another
Amenhotep IV
_________ tried to force the Egyptians to worship a single god, Aten
Zapotec
a Mesoamerica civilization whose center at Monte Alban contained temples and pyramids atop a 1,200 foot high mountain
Olmec
a Mesoamerican civilization that pre-dated the Maya
Shia
a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of Muhammed's son-in-law Ali as the true rulers of Islam
Sumi
a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of the Umayyads as the true rulers of Islam
Catalhüyük
a Neolithic farming villiage
Chavin
a South American civilization that built an impressive solar observatory made up of thirteen stone towers on a hillside north of Lima, Peru
cuneiform
a Sumerian innovation used for recordkeeping
bronze
a Sumerian innovation used to create finely crafted metalwork
the Mandate of Heaven
a basic principle of the Chinese government, which allows a revolution to overthrow and replace a corrupt ruler, is called
ritual
a ceremony or a rite
consul
a chief executive officer of the Roman Republic; two were elected each year to run the government and to lead the army into battle
Meroe
a city in Kush
Minoan civilizations
a civilization in the Eastern Mediterranean that built structures similar to the labyrinth of King Minos was the
humans can merge with a single universal force
a common belief shared by Hindus and Buddhists is that
civilization
a complex culture in which large numbers of people share a number of common elements such as a social structure, religion, and art
bazaar
a covered market in Islamic cities
bazaar
a crucial part of every Muslim city or town was the _____, which was a covered market
Obsidian
a dark natural glass stone formed by lava
a calendar
a distinct feature of the Kushan Empire was the development of
Israelites
a distinct group organized in tribes that established the religion of Judaism, which later influenced both Christianity and Islam
revelation
a divine truth revealed to Muhammad
Dynasty
a family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within the family
tragedy
a form of drama that portrays a conflict between the protagonist and a superior force and having a protagonist who is brought to ruin or extreme sorrow, especially as a result of a fatal flaw
republic
a form of government in which the leader is not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote
dowry
a gift of money or property paid at the time of marriage, either by the bride's parents to her husband or, in Islamic societies, by a husband to his wife
theocracy
a government by divine authority
triumvirate
a government by three people with equal power
regime
a government in power
bishopric
a group of Christian communities, or parishes, under the authority of a bishop
carruca
a heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare
vizier
a high government official in ancient Egypt or in Muslim countries
hominid
a human-like creature that walked upright
expedition
a journey taken for a specific purpose
monarch
a king or queen
Empire
a large political unit or state, usually under a single leader, that controls many peoples or territories
empire
a large political unit, usually with a single leader, that controls many territories
shari'ah
a law code drawn up by Muslim scholars after Muhammad's death; it provided believers with a set of practical laws to regulate their daily lives
the Ramayana
a literary work about the fictional ruler Rama
epic poem
a long poem that tells the deeds of a great hero, such as the Illiad and the Odyssey of Homer
art
a main characteristic of civilization is
monk
a man who separates himself from ordinary human society in order to dedicate himself to God; monks live in monasteries headed by abbots
ziggurat
a massive stepped tower on which was built a temple dedicated to the chief god or goddess of a Sumerian city
ordeal
a means of determining guilt in Germanic law, based on the idea of divine intervention; if the person accused was unharmed after a physical trial, he or she was presumed innocent
yoga
a method of training developed by the Hindus that is supposed to lead to oneness with Brahman
bedouin
a nomadic Arab who lives in the Arabian, Syrian, or North African deserts
Assyrians
a people known for using terror as an instrument of warfare
Marcus Aureles
a period of civil war followed the death of ______, the last of the five good emperors, in A.D. 180
missionary
a person sent out to carry a religious message
Muslim
a person who believes in Islam
pastoral nomads
a person who domesticates animals for food and clothing and moves along regular migratory routes to provide a steady source of nourishment for those animals
pilgrim
a person who travels to a shrine or another holy place
beliefs about religious purity
a person's caste was difficult to escape because it was based on
haji
a pilgrimage to Makkah, one of the requirements of the Five Pillars of Islam
Legalism
a popular philosophy developed in China toward the end of the Zhou dynasty; it proposes that human beings are evil by nature and can only be brought to the correct path by harsh laws
inflation
a rapid increase in prices
domestication
a reliable source of meat, milk, and wool resulted from the ______ of animals
ziggurat
a religious and political power center of the city-state; a massive stepped tower
Buddhism
a religious doctrine introduced in northern India in the sixth century B.C. by Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, or "Enlightened One"
Minoans
a rich civilization that built an enormous palace at Knossos on the island of Crete
Silk Road
a route between the Roman Empire and China, so called because silk was China's most valuable product
tyrant
a ruler who seized power by force from the aristocrats, gained support from the newly rich and the poor, and maintained power by using hired soldiers and fighting tactics
monsoon
a seasonal wind pattern in southern Asia that blows warm, moist air from the southwest during the summer, bringing heavy rains, and cold, dry air from the northeast during the winter
caste system
a set of rigid social categories in ancient India that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society based partly on skin color
artisan
a skilled worker
artisans
a skilled worker who makes products such as weapons and jewelry
patrician
a social class of wealthy, powerful landowners, they formed the ruling class in the Roman Republic
estate
a social or political class
city-state
a state with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside
caliph
a successor of Muhammad as spiritual and temporal leader of the Muslims
Direct Democracy
a system of government in which the people participate directly in government decision making through mass meetings
Daoism
a system of ideas based on the teachings of Laozi; teaches that the will of Heaven is best followed through inaction so that nature is allowed to take its course
Chariot
a two-wheeled horse-drawn battle cart, also used in processions and races
common law
a uniform system of law that developed in England based on court decisions and on customs and usage rather than on written law codes; replaced law codes that varied from place to place
phalanx
a wall of shields created by foot soldiers marching shoulder to shoulder in a rectangular formation
patrician
a wealthy, powerful landowner
nun
a woman who separates herself from ordinary human society in order to dedicate herself to God; nuns live in convents headed by abbesses
Menander
a writer of comedies during the Hellenistic era
mountains
about 80 percent of the geography of Greece is
the duty of children to revere their parents
according to Confucius, what is the "foundation, whence all other virtues spring"
Gabriel
according to Islamic teaching, Muhammad received messages from
lives in a just and rational state
according to Plato, a good life can only be achieved if a person
a man named Pheidipiddes ran all way from the battlefield to Athens
according to legend, how did the people in Athens find out what had happened at the battle of Marathon
either carrying his shield or being carried on it
according to one story, a young Spartan warrior was told by his mother to return from the war
happiness is the goal of life and can be achieved through the pursuit of pleasure
according to the philosophy of Epicurus
Five Pillars of Islam
acts of worship every Muslim must perform; this includes belief, prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage
Han Wudi
added the territory south of the Chang Jiang to the empire into what is now Vietnam
bureaucracy
administrative organization with officials and regular procedures that helped run the government
a code that provides believers with practical laws to regulate their daily lives
after Muhammad's death, Muslim scholars drew up the shari'ah, which is
abandoned their city
after losing the battle of Thermopylae to the Persians, the Athenians
Rome
after the Egyptian Empire fell, it became a part of the empire of ________
Octavian
after the Second Triumvirate, with whom did Antony war for control of Rome
Kushans
after the collapse of the Mauryan Empire, the people who spread over northern India as far as the central Ganges Valley into modern-day Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia were the
false; the Carthaginians
after the conquest of the Italian peninsula, Rome fought the Etruscans for control of the Mediterranean
false; the empire fell
after the death of Qin Shihuangdi, his son ruled the empire
the Hellenistic Era
age that began with Alexander the Great's conquests
conditions for the poor were terrible
although the city of Rome was magnificent and wealthy
the Sea People
although the pharaoh Ramses II tried to maintain the Egyptian Empire's strength, he failed because he was unable to hold out against
dictator
an absolute ruler
Bureaucracy
an administrative organization that relies on nonelective officials and regular procedures
plague
an epidemic disease
buildings made of mud brick
an impact of geography on Mesopotamian culture
the Confucian belief that the government should be open to all men of superior talent
an important concept that became a crucial part of Chinese history was
Ganges
an important river in India, with a valley that was cultivated for its rich farmland after the invention of the iron plow made it possible to clear the dense growth along its banks
artifact
an object made by humans that sheds light on the past
praetor
an official of the Roman Republic in charge of enforcing civil law
Aristocracy
an upper class whose wealth is based on land and whose power is passed on from one generation to another
astronomy
ancient Indians excelled in the science of
Olmec
another name for the "rubber people" who grew rubber trees along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico south of Veracruz was the
the many Hindu gods
another way that Buddhism differed from Hinduism was that Buddhists rejected
Peter
apostle who is considered to be the first pope
knights
armed cavalry
Sargon
around 2340 B.C., the large Sumerian city-states were conquered by the Akkadians under their leader
Peru and Ecuador
around 900 B.C., the Chavin people built a temple surrounded by two pyramids and stone figures depicting different gods in the coastal regions of what is now
false; more
as a result of trade, the Arab Empire was less urbanized than most of the rest of the world
had to pay special taxes
as the Arab Empire grew, people who were not Muslims or did not convert to Islam in the conquered territories
Pakistan
at its height, Alexander's empire extended as far east as
decreased by 40 million since A.D. 2
at the end of the Han dynasty in A.D. 221, the population of China had
vassalage, which meant warriors swore loyalty to a lord, who in turn took care of their needs
at the heart of feudalism was
the transfer of new technology often occurred
because trade brought new civilizations into contact with one another...
nomads
before the trade routes were established, Arabs were primarily
Pax Romana
beginning in the second century and lasting for nearly 200 years, the ______ represented a period of stability and many public works projects
reincarnation
belief that the soul is reborn after death
polytheistic
believing in many gods
Monotheistic
believing in one god
true
both paleolithic men and women had to find and acquire food; therefore, it is likely that there was equality between them
Qin Shihuangdi
built "the Wall of Ten Thousand Li"
Germans
by the fifth century, the western part of the Roman Empire was controlled mainly by
the Persian Empire
by the time the Umayyad dynasty was established, the Arab Empire had already conquered
Harrapa and Mohenjo-daro
carefully planned ancient cities of the Indus River valley that flourished for hundreds of years
ideographs
characters in Chinese in which picture or character symbols are combined to represent ideas-for example, showing the sun rising behind the trees to represent "east"
pictographs
characters or picture symbols in the Chinese language that represent an object, like a mountain of the Sun
clergy
church leaders
imperator
commander in chief; the Latin origin of the word emperor
hieroglyphics
complex system of writing, meaning "sacred writings," that is made up of pictures and more abstract forms
Mongols
conquered Russia in the thirteenth century
tournament
contest where knights could show their fighting skills
Cyril
converted the Eastern Slavs to Orthodox Christianity
Philip IV
created the first French parliament
Romulus Augustus
deposed emperor of the Western Roman Empire
Dravidians
descendants of the Indus Valley people
caste
determined the type of job people could have, whom they could marry, and what groups they could socialize with
drinking wine
devout Muslims are prohibited from
Julius Caesar
dictator who rose to power in 47 B.C.; defeated Pompey
Kushan
different cultures shaped this empire because a section of the Silk Road passed through it
pater familias
dominant male head of family
set up hospitals for people and animals
during his reign, Asoka
a vizier
during the Abbasid dynasty, the council that advised the caliph was led by a prime minister known as
true
during the Age of Pericles, the governing assembly of Athens met every ten days on a hillside east of the Acropolis
in Ionia, part of Asia Minor
during the Dark Age, some Greeks settled
the pharaohs constructed huge, magnificent temples and statues in their own honor
during the New Kingdom, the Egyptian Empire reached its peak. what was one way it showed its power?
aristocrats
during the Shang dynasty, the class of people that owned the land and wages war were the
Phoenician alphabet
during the eight century B.C. the Greeks adopted a new system of writing based on the
humanity
duty and _____ are two elements of the Confucian view of the Dao
Madinah
early cliphs ruled their empire from the city of _______
bedouins
early converts to Islam who lived in the desert
Middle Path
eight steps that Buddhists follow on the path to enlightenment
ephors
elected members of Sparta's oligarchy
Aryabhata
famous Indian mathematician and one of the first scientists known to have used algebra
Constantine
first Christian emperor
Domesday Book
first census in Europe since Roman times
Teotihuacan
first major city in Mesoamerica, located about 30 miles northeast of present day Mexico City
Hinduism
followers of this religion believe in a single, universal force called Brahman
a scared stone
for early Arabs, Allah was symbolized by
Zeno
founder of Stoicism
Etruscans
from which group did the Romans borrow their style of dress
Magna Carta
gave written recognition to the mutual rights and obligations between kings and vassals
arabesques
geometric patterns repeated over and over to completely cover a surface with decoration
Monarchy
government by a sovereign ruler such as a king or queen
First Triumvirate
group composed of Caesar, Crassus, an Pompey
Sunni
group that accepts only Umayyads as the true rulers of Islam
persecution
harassing to cause suffering
Daoism
harmony with nature and the universal order are beliefs of
how to make bronze weapons and showed them the advantages of horse-drawn war chariots
having been conquered by the Hyksos was not all bad for the Egyptians because the Hyksos taught the Egyptians
abbess
head of a convent
hoplites
heavily armed foot soldiers
rudder
helped enable Chinese trade in Southeast Asia and India
for business transactions, record keeping, and the general needs of daily life
hieratic script, a simplified version of Egyptian hieroglyphic writing was used
Quran
holy scriptures of Islam
Macedonia
home of Alexander the Great
true
homo habilisis called "handy human" because this early human may have used stone tools
he established the Frankish kingdom and converted to Christianity
how did Clovis lay the groundwork for the Carolingian Empire
he took control of Rome and surrounding territories, which gave the papacy a source of political power
how did Gregory the Great strengthen the papacy
he seized the estates of wealthy landowners and gave the land to the peasants; he then taxed the peasants
how did Qin Shihuangdi eliminate rivals and gain an important tax base
through missionary activites
how did monks and nuns help to spread Christianity throughout Europe
Christian churches had been established in most of the major cities of the eastern part of the Roman Empire, mainly attracting members from the Jewish and Greek-speaking populations
how far had Christianity spread one hundred years after the death of Jesus
there were 3 division: civil , military, and censorate
how was the central bureaucracy of the Qin dynasty organized
by a competitive examination
how were government official chosen in the Han dynasty
Hellenistic
imitating the Greeks
Byzantium
important Greek colony city on the Bosporus strait
an army of terra-cotta warriors
in 1974 farmers digging a well about 35 miles east of Xian discovered
Antony and Cleopatra
in 31 B.C., Octavian defeated the army and navy of
Crassus
in 53B B.C., the First Triumvirate ended with the death of
the Byzantine army
in 636, the Arab army took advantage of a dust storm army to defeat
a revolt in Iraq led by the son of Muhammad's son-in-law
in 680, what event led Islam to split into two conflicting groups
was eligible to vote on major issues
in Athens, during the Age of Pericles, every male citizen
Nirvana
in Buddhism ultimate reality the end of the self and a reunion with the Great World Soul
give an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth
in Hammurabi's code, punishments generally followed the principle of retaliation, or the idea that one must...
dharma
in Hinduism, the divine law that rules karma; it requires all people to do their duty based on their status in society
karma
in Hinduism, the force generated by a person's actions that determines how the person will be reborn in the next life
ostracism
in ancient Athens, the process for temporarily banning ambitious politicians from the city by popular vote
oracle
in ancient Greece, a sacred shrine where a god or goddess was said to reveal the future through a priest or priestess
helot
in ancient Sparta, a captive person who was forced to work for the conqueror
arete
in early Greece, the qualities of excellence that a hero strives to win in a struggle or contest
agora
in early Greek city-states, an open area that served as a gathering place and as a market
priests
in early urban civilizations, important and powerful people who supervised rituals aimed at pleasing gods and goddesses
serf
in medieval Europe, a peasant legally bound to the land who had to provide labor services, pay rents, and be subject to the lord's control
manor
in medieval Europe, an agricultural estate that a lord ran and peasants worked
initiated a series of trade fairs in the chief town of the territory
in order to encourage trade between Flanders and Italy, the counts of Champagne
crowned Roman emperor
in return for protecting the pope, Otto I was
chivalry
in the Middle Ages, the ideal of civilized behavior that developed among the nobility; it was a code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold
procurator
in the Roman Empire, an official in charge of a province
plebeian
in the Roman Republic, a social class made up of minor landowners, craftspeople, merchants, and small farmers
paterfamilias
in the Roman social structure, the dominate male head of the household, which also includes his wife, sons and their wives and children, unmarried daughters, and slaves
excluded from
in the kingdoms of the Ostrogoths and Visigoths, Romans were ______ power
Mongolians
in the northern frontier regions of ancient China, conflicts arose between the Chinese and the
a labor shortage
in the third century, plague outbreaks led to
Parliament
in thirteenth-century England, the representative government that emerged; it was composed of two knights from every county, two people from every town, and all the nobles and bishops throughout England
Zapotec
in which ancient Mesoamercain civilization did about 20,000 people live in terraces cut into the sides of a mountain?
Sea Peoples
invaders who attacked the Egyptian Empire during its final days of power
Zhou dynasty
it was believed that the king was the link between Heaven and Earth during the
systematic agriculture
keeping animals and growing food on a regular basis
Philip II
king who conquered the Greeks
Darius
king who extended the Persian Empire to India
Uruk
large city-state in Mesopotamia
iron casting
led to the invention of steel
1) Octavian Caesar - Julius Caesar's heir & grand-nephew; becomes Augustus Caesar 2) Marc Antony - Julius Caesar's best friend & assistant; committed suicide with Cleopatra VII 3) Lepidus - commander of cavalry; not a factor
list the 3 men of the Second Triumvirate and their fate (essay)
parishes
local Christian communities led by a priest were called
Mahabharata
longest poem in any written language
Gracchus brothers
men who tried to return land to small farmers
missi dominci
messengers of the lord king
pastoral nomads
migrating groups who domesticated animals for food, shelter, and clothing and who also helped spread language, goods, and technology
Benedict
monk who established the basic form of monastic life in the west
Islam
monotheistic religion that emerged in the Arabian Peninsula during the seventh century
farmers
most of the people in the Mesoamerica city of Teotihuacan were
Vikings, then Mongols
native peoples in Russia and Ukraine were conquered by
Leoba
nun who founded the first convent in Germany
insulae
often dangerous apartments for the poor
mountains and deserts
on their northern and western frontiers, the Chinese people were isolated from people in other parts of Asia by
their system of carrying messages quickly, which involved a network of staging posts and relays of horses
one example of the Assyrians' efficiency and effectiveness as administrators was
Satrapy
one of the 20 provinces into which Darius divided the Persian Empire
a pilgrimage to Makkah
one of the Five Pillars of Islam, the hajj, is
ephor
one of the five men elected each year in ancient Sparta who were responsible for the education of youth and the conduct of all citizens
Alexandria
one of the four great cities with powerful bishops
ethcis
one of the subjects that Aristotle wrote about was ______, or the study of moral principles
the invention of water mills for grinding grain
one of the technological advances of the Han dynasty was
human-like gods in Hinduism
Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver, and Shiva the Destroyer are the three chief
Shiva the Destroyer
one of the three chief human-like gods in the Hindu religion
people should be responsible for their own lives
one way that Buddhism differed from Hinduism was Buddhists believed that
false; small groups of 20 to 30
paleolithic peoples probably lived in small, nuclear family units
Han
papermaking was invented during this dynasty
pyramids
part of a large complex of buildings dedicated to the dead
censorate
part of the Chinese bureaucracy that made sure government officials were doing their jobs
serfs
peasants legally bound to the land who had to provide labor service, pay rents, and be subject to the lord's control
helots
people captured by the Spartans and forced to work as serfs
missionaries
people sent out to carry a religious message in hopes of converting them are called
prehistory
period before writing was developed
following the Middle Path, known as the Eightfold Path
Buddhists believe that it is possible to reach enlightenment by
false; loose
C-14 dating helps reveal the age of an object because living things slowly gain radioactive carbon over time
choosing the leaders of those provinces
Caesar Augustus changed the way the provinces were ruled by
Hannibal
Carthaginian general
Carolingian
Charlemagne created the _______ Empire
icons
pictures of religious images
Franks
Clovis established the kingdom of the _____
ATHENS: -education -built with philosophy -navy -13-14 girls got married (population) -democracy SPARTA: -militaristic -built with conquest -army -17-18 girls got married (military) -oligarchy (2 kings)
Compare Spartan society to Athenians (essay)
the Five Constant Relationships
Confucius believed that people should be governed by
Zhou dynasty
Confucius believed that the early ________ was a golden age, when "the world was shared by all alike"
it was a strategic location for protecting the eastern frontier of the Roman Empire
Constantine established a "New Rome" at the site of the Greek city of Byzantium because
everyone accepted him as ruler
Cyrus the Great showed such wisdom and compassion when he conquered Babylon that
showed wisdom and compassion
Cyrus was called "the Great" because he
human behavior
Daoism sets forth proper forms of ________
whenever a soldier was killed, he was immediately replaced
Darius's elite cavalry and infantry forces were known as the Immortals because
-metal could be turned into liquid -liquid metal could be molded into tools and weapons -more control over the environment -bronze was made from tin & copper -Iron Age -complex and wealthier societies -development of cities
Describe the importance of the Neolithic Revolution (essay)
inflation
Diocletion tried to set wage and price controls for the empire in order to fight ____
Feudalism
political and social order that developed during the Middle Ages when royal governments were no longer able to defend their subjects; nobles offered protection and land in return for service
Gregory I
pope who extended papal power over the Christian church in the west
monasticism
practice of living the life of a monk
polytheism
pre-Islamic belief in multiple gods
China
prosperity in the Early Empire led to much trade, including trade with ______, which provided the empire with silk goods
Gupta
prosperous cities rose along the main trade routs throughout India during this empire
Otto I
protected the Pope and assumed the title that had belonged to Charlemagne
an organized government
public wells for supplying water to city residents, an advanced drainage system, and a system of garbage disposal in the Indus Valley cities are indications of
laity
regular church members
belief that the individual soul is reborn in a different form
reincarnation is the Hindu
martial
relating to, or suited for, war or a warrior
feudalism
relationship between lords and vassals
Patriarchal
Dominated by men
Byzantine missionaries
Eastern Slavic people were converted to Christianity by
Orthodox, Christianity; Cyril
Eastern Slavs converted to _______, and _________ helped them become literate
Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms
Egyptian history is divided into three major periods, known as the
a pyramid
Egyptian society, with the god-king at the top, was organized like
Normandy; Philip II Augustus
French territories, including _______ and Maine, were reclaimed from the English by ___________
Vikings
Germanic warriors from Scandinavia
Harappa
religion and political power were closely linked in early Indian civilization, as is indicated by the combination of the royal palace and the holy temple in the citadel, or fortress, at
earthly forms of the sun god Re
religion provided the Egyptians with a sense of security, and Egyptian rulers were viewed as
Buddhism
religion that claims all people can achieve nirvana
Hinduism
religion that revers the cow as sacred and whose goal is to achieve ultimate reality with a single universal force
prophets
religious teachers whose words became a source of ideals for social justice as they condemned the rich for causing the poor to suffer
"out-of-Africa" theory
replacing populations in Europe and Asia
silt
rich soil deposited by rivers during a flood
the annual flooding of the Indus River
rich soil to grow wheat, parley, and peas in the Indus Valley resulted from...
the sacking of Troy by Mycenaeans under the leadership of King Agamemnon
scholars continue to debate whether Homer's account of _________ is based on historical fact
Epicureanism
school of thought developed by the philosopher Epicurus in Hellenistic Athens; it held that happiness is the chief goal in life, and the means to achieve happiness was the pursuit of pleasure
Ibn Sina
scientist who wrote a medical encyclopedia stressing the contagious nature of disease
New Testament
second part of the Christian Bible
asceticism
self-denial as a method to achieve an understanding of ultimate reality
Kievan Rus
settled by Oleg the Viking in the tenth century
Oleg
settled in Kiev and began trade with Byzantines
Indo-Europeans
significant nomadic peoples who spoke a language derived from a single parent tongue were the
true
silk production was an important industry in the Byzantine Empire
Hieratic Script
simplified version of hieroglyphics used in ancient Egypt for business transactions, record keeping, and the general needs of daily life
father-in-law
since Muhammad had named no successor before he died, his followers chose Abu Bakr, Muhammad's adviser and _______, to be their religious and political leader
Chaeronea
site of an early battle between the Greeks and the Macedonians
Nineveh
site of one of the world's first libraries
Babylon
site of the Hanging Garden
Olduvai Gorge
site of the discovery of a 1.8 million year old hominid
true
slavery was widespread in the Islamic world
suppressing political and religious uprisings
Abu Bakr unified the Muslim world by
1) defend the Catholic Church 2) treat captives as honored guests 3) treat aristocratic women with tenderness & respect
According to the Code of Chivalry, how were knights supposed to act? (essay)
false; Marathon
According to the legend, the messenger Pheidippides began his twenty-six-mile run in Athens
false; 358
After the fall of the Akkadian empire, only a few decades passed before the Babylonian empire arose
true
An archaeologist might analyze animal remains on stone weapons to learn about prehistoric hunting
astrolabe
An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets
philosophy
An organized system of thought, from the Greek for "love of wisdom"
Tours
Arab extension in Western Europe was halted when Arab armies were defeated at the Battle of _______
from Morocco to beyond the Caspian Sea
Arab trade routes extended
Allah
Arabic for "God"; the supreme god of Islam
Solon
Athenian reformer who came to power in 594 B.C.
the Jews are monotheistic, believing in one god; others are polytheistic
What made the religion in Israel unique among the religions of Western Arabia & Egypt? (essay)
1) Invasions from outside 2) Civil War 3) Plague 4) Shortages of food/labor because of invasions, civil war, & plague 5) Slavery 6) Christianity
3 reasons historians believed that caused the decline/fall of the Roman Empire (essay)
1) Life is full of suffering 2) Caused by desire to satisfy yourself 3) See others as extension of self 4) Follow the Middle Path
4 Noble Truths (essay)
1) Belief - Allah is the only god Muhammad is his prophet 2) Prayer - at least 5 times a day, facing east morning, noon, afternoon, evening, night Friday noon should be at a mosque with Iman leading 3) Charity - give to the needy and poor 4) Fasting - during the month of Ramadan, no eating/drinking during the daylight hours 5) Pilgrimage - to Mecca at least once in your lifetime if you can afford it
5 Pillars of Islam and a brief explanation (essay)
