World History Semester 1

What did the Dance of Death paintings show?

"Death" leading people to their grave. They had four people from different station in life in the form of skeletons.

What mid-14th century painting shows a number of elements that indicate how the Medieval City was changing with the changing economy?

"Effects of Good Government in the City" by Ambrogio Lorenzetti.

What happened in the late 1300s?

"The Canterbury Tales" was wrote in Middle English. Geoffrey Chaucer used a framing device in which thirty pilgrims agreed to tell each other stories while on a journey. The bulk of the work consists of 24 humorous, and often crude, stories told by the pilgrims. It was one of the first poems written in the English language. They still have relevance today. They provide a realistic yet humorous view of a cross section of people living during the Middle Ages. No group of people was spared. He shed light on the ugly truths about virtuous people during this time.

What does the name Timbuktu mean?

"The ends of the earth" or "The farthest away a person could ever get."

What are Islam's 5 pillars?

1 - Declaring one God 2 - Ritual prayer daily 3 - 2.5% saving to poor 4 - fasting during holy month 5 - pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime

According to the Magna Carta, _________?

1. The King could no longer collect taxes from the English people unless the Great Council agreed. 2. Any free man who was brought to trial for a crime had the right to be judged by his equals, rather than the king or his officials; this is what we know as the jury. 3. Legal decisions were also now influenced by the judges' interpretation of previous court decisions; this made rulings more consistent so that the same crime couldn't be punished in two different ways. 4. The king himself now had to obey the laws of England; this was a brand new idea: that even the king was not above obeying the law.

How many followers does Islam have? Where are the main locations?

1.524,000,000; 22% of the world in North Africa, West and Central Asia, and Indoniesia.

How many Muslims were killed during the first Crusade?

10,000-20,000 Muslims.

When was Britain last successfully invaded by a place?

1066 by William Duke of Normandy later known as William the Conqueror.

When did the first crusade take place?

1096-1099.

When was the Second Crusade?

1147-1149

When did the 3rd Crusade take place?

1187-1192.

When was the Kamakura Period?

1192-1333 CE

At what age would men leave their homes to learn from a skilled artisan?

12.

When did the fourth crusade take place?

1202-1204

When did Genghis Khan begin his campaign to take over the world?

1206 CE.

When were the final crusades?

1217-1272.

When did the Polos return home?

1295.

When did agriculture return to some normality?

1325.

When did the Hundred Years' War take place?

1337-1453.

When was the Great or Western Schism?

1378-1417.

When was the Ashikaga Period?

1392-1573 CE.

When did the Songhai Empire last from?

1450 to 1591 CE.

Judaism followers? Main locations?

15,000,000; <25% in Israel and North America

How long did the Polos spend in the empire of Kublai Khan before starting their return journey?

17 years

How many followers does Christianity have? Where are the main locations?

2,286,000,000; 33% of the world in North and South America, Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Australia.

What did the Tokugawa period bring to Japan?

200 years of stability and peace.

How long did Moctezuma I rule for the Aztecs?

28 years.

For how long did the Olmec society thrive until?

400 BCE. They no longer dominated the region.

What did the Mali empire control?

400 cities, towns, and villages, and 20 million people.

Buddhism followers? Main locations?

484,000,000; 7% in Mongolia, China, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Korea, and Japan

What dates did the Middle Ages run?

500 to 1500 CE.

How long did Pacal rule?

67 years.

Where does Italy stretch?

700 miles from the Alps to the Mediterranean Sea.

When did Emperor Kammu gain the throne?

782-806 CE.

From what centuries did Muhammad's teachings spread through conquest and trade?

7th to 17th centuries.

How many Crusades do most historians account for?

8. But most action took place in the first 4.

When was the Medieval Warm Period?

900-1300 CE.

Hinduism followers? Main locations?

901,000,000; 13% in South Asia.

Who was Joan of Arc?

A 17-year-old girl that united the French. She was captured by a French traitor. He sold her to the English and she was sent to prison. She was convicted on 12 charges, including witchcraft and committing blasphemy by saying that God was on the side of the French people. In 1431, she was burned at the stake in the market square of Rouen, France. She became a saint of the Catholic Church for her martyrdom.

What happened in 1096?

A French monk named Peter the Hermit got a disorganized army of peasants and soldiers using his fiery sermons.

What now seperates Siberia and Alaska?

A body of water called the Bering Strait.

What is the Decameron?

A book of stories written between 1348 and 1358 by Boccaccio, an Italian writer.

What happened in the third crusade after Saladin took Jerusalem?

A call went out across Europe to launch another Crusade.

What did lands of lords and vassals in both Europe and Japan center on?

A castle and its surrounding area.

What did each of the kingdoms have?

A castle in which the daimyo's army of samurai lived.

What did Djenne become?

A center of Islamic learning, much like another great African city Timbuktu.

What is Florence known as?

A center of banking and of trade in woolen cloth.

What led to the Medieval Warm Period?

A change in an air current over the Arctic.

What is a glyph?

A character, usually engraved in stone, that represents a word. They may have been the Olmec writing system, but they are difficult to decipher. They provide us with new information about the Olmecs. It was one believed that the Olmecs were monotheistic. At least 10 seperate gods were found in the carvings, we now believe the Olmecs were a polytheistic society, which means they worshipped many gods.

Who formed another league in the north?

A collection of German communes formed the Hanseatic League along the Baltic Sea.

What was Italy in the 15th century?

A collection of smaller city-states.

What did the Moche have?

A complex system of irrigation, which allowed them to grow enough beans, maize.

What did the aqueduct provide to the Aztecs?

A constant supply of fresh water to the city of Tenochtitlan.

What are motifs?

A decorative design or pattern, such as people, birds, cats, crocodiles, and serpents. The temple shows that the Chavin understood drainage. To prevent the temple from flooding, it was built with complex drains that kept the temple dry.

What did Pop gain by crowning Charlemagne?

A defender of Italy and someone that put the Church in a superior position.

What is a barter system?

A direct exchange of goods and services.

What led to the fracture of the church?

A dispute over taxes between the French king and the pope in Rome. King Philip of France, established in Avignon, France, named Clement V as pope. There was also a pope named Boniface in Rome. There were now two rival popes: a pope and an anti-pope. This occurred for most of the 14th century and divided the church. Some believe that this angered God and he sent the plague as punishment. This period divided the Church along national lines.

What was China ruled by at the time of the Tang dynasty?

A divine monarch who sat atop an enormous government bureaucracy. In Tang China, a high-class aristocracy ruled from a central capital city.

What is St. Peter's Basilica?

A dome in Vatican City that is a square structure with Greek columns and pediment. It also has a large dome coming out of the center.

What would a girl's parents offer to attract a good husband?

A dowry. It usually consisted of money or property. When she married, the husband received the dowry. She couldn't inherit it from her parents.

What do the Arthurian Legends include?

A famous love triangle between King Arthur, his beloved wife Guinevere, and the loyal knight Sir Lancelot.

What did Japan become when the central monarchy lost control?

A feudal nation of antagonistic warlords.

What did Japan lay the basis for?

A feudal system.

What did Italy begin to develop in the 12th century?

A form of democratic government called the commune.

What is the French Book of Hours?

A great example of an illuminated manuscript. It is overwhelmed by an elaborate border, a detailed illustration, and an enormous initial letter.

What is the Great Council?

A group of 25 barons that the king was supposed to consult when he made a decision. It was a result of the Magna Carta.

What is a guild?

A group of people with common interests and goals who unite for their mutual benefit.

What happened to the Incas after the bad omens?

A horrible disease struck them and killed thousands of people, including Huayna.

What did the Incas form?

A huge empire, a complex government, and a communication system.

What was the Aztec religion like?

A huge number of gods were worshipped, but at small altars in the home and in elaborate ceremonies at festivals. The Aztecs' several ritual calendars were filled with ceremonies for each god. They were also a source of fun and entertainment for the population, like the feast days of Catholic saints in modern Mexico. Priests would draw their own blood, and prisoners of war were sacrificed.

What happened in response to Pope Urban II's call to arms?

A huge wave of religious enthusiasm swept across Europe. However, European lords and knights didn't move as quickly as others.

What appeared between what is now Siberia and Alaska?

A land bridge called Beringia.

What did the smallpox also wipe out in the late 15th and early 16th centuries?

A large percentage of the Native American population when Europeans and Native American cultures first collided in the Americas.

What is the Piazza del Duemo?

A large, towering, and ornate building. There are decorative spires and large windows. This is one of Milan's most famous buildings.

What did Tokugawa mistrust of non-Japanese influence resulted in?

A law, dated 1635 CE, prohibiting any Japanese from leaving Japan. Any Japanese citizen who did leave would be forever denied re-entry.

What were the Dyula?

A local merchant class who were all Muslims.

What did Japan's feudal system involve?

A lord granting a person control or management of land in return for loyalty and service.

Despite the 3 religions' common roots, what did their differences lead to?

A lot of conflict.

What was Noh theater?

A major performance art at this time. Noh (means skill) is one of the oldest forms of theater in the world. Actors were masked. Their movements are highly constrained, but each movement is prescribed and precise.

Who does the legend of the origin of the Soninke people start with?

A man named Dinga.

What was Timbuktu?

A market city and important in the trans-Saharan trade.

How was the earliest musical notation written?

A memory aid written in symbols above the words.

What did each boy claim to have received?

A message from God to continue the fight to retake Jerusale.

What began to replace the barter economy in the High Middle Ages?

A money economy.

What did the city-states help to develop?

A more democratic system of government.

Where are the Andes?

A mountain range in modern Peru. There have always been abundant natural resources.

What was a typical samurai of the time?

A mounted warrior highly skilled in archery.

What did Italy's location make it?

A natural travel route between Europe, northern Africa, and the Far East.

What did Charlemagne come to view himself as?

A new Roman Emperor.

What happened shortly after Djenne-Djeno after it was abandoned?

A new city called Djenne was started nearby.

As monks taught these skills to lay people, what arose?

A new class of artisans.

What did specialization and organization give way to?

A new division of labor, so people in the loser class could change their position.

What did the city-states open up?

A new era of support for the arts and an appreciation for the ancient cultures of Greece and Rome.

What did this system of apprenticeship bring?

A new type of opportunity and education to the medieval world.

What did the Central African civilization emerge from?

A number of ethnic African traditions.

What did the Great Council plant the seeds of?

A parliamentary government where the power was shared between the ruling monarch and the people.

What did people of the upper Nile area blend?

A pastoral and an agricultural life style. Some farmed, and others herded livestock. They also became traders.

What did Europe become under feudalism?

A patchwork of kingdoms defined by land ownership and vassalage.

What did a regular army require?

A payment.

What was Europe emerging from as the Middle Ages drew to a close?

A period of economic and cultural decline.

What is a Hermit?

A person who has withdrawn from society and lives in solitude.

For protecting a lord or a vassal, what did a knight often receive?

A piece of land.

What was Italy now the place for?

A place that was ripe for prosperity and change.

What didn't Muhammad leave?

A plan to how Arabia should be ruled.

Where did the goods go that were produced by the Japanese peasants?

A portion of these goods was sent to the shogun. A small amount was left to keep the Japanese peasants alive.

What was the Byzantine Empire very successful at keeping?

A powerful army that traveled long distances.

Who were the Zapotec?

A pre-Columbian Mesoamerican civilization. Their descendants still live in Oaxaca today. They were influenced by the Olmec.

What is the Moche civilization?

A pre-Columbian civilization that followed the Chavin and Nazca, who flourished from 400 BCE to 800 CE. We don't know much about their political structure. They were possibly unified empire, or a handful of independent groups who shared an elite class. Most of the elite class were taller than average. They were better fed than average, too.

What led to the rise of Shona?

A prince from Great Zimbabwe who came in search of salt resources.

What did each vassal have?

A private army of samurai.

What is Mesoamerica?

A region that is defined by the cultural similarities of its indigenous populations; it extends from central Mexico through most of Central America, including Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica is a region that is defined by the cultural similarities of its indigenous populations.

What kind of alter did Aztecs use for human sacrifices?

A sacrificial stones. They were circular and covered in intricate carvings.

What happened in the 1300s?

A series of famines struck Europe, then the Bubonic plague, A.K.A. Black death, hit. The highly contaigeous disease struck again and again during second half of the 1300s. It killed about a fourth of Europe's population. The population of Europe did not reach pre-plague numbers until the 1500s.

Where was Venice built? What did it lack?

A series of small island that had no farmland.

Who ruled Florence?

A series of strong families, the most famous was the de Medici family.

What can all be found at La Venta?

A series of tombs, pavements, and monuments are all that remain of the city that was built in alignment with a constellation or star. The Olmec had an interest in and knowledge of astronomy.

What is one of the most enduring narrative contributions of the early Middle Age?

A set of tales known as the Arthurian Legends. Little is known about their origin. We don't even know if they were based on a historical figure.

What does Zen Buddhism play down the role of?

A set theoretical knowledge and encourages the practitioner to attain enlightenment through the personal meditation. It fit neatly with the customs and traditions of the Samurai in Japan.

What helped unify the Empire politically and economically?

A single currency, universal banking system, and common language (Arabic).

What did England still control a small part of before 1337?

A small part of southwest France.

What did Djenne-Djeno grow from?

A small settlement founded around 200 BCE to a major city by 850 CE.

What did the symbols for music eventually become?

A structured musical notation that musicians can read today.

Who was allowed to hold court in the capital?

A symbolic monarch.

What did citizens who formed these city-states agree to do?

A system of mutual defense. They pledged to protect one another.

What is "Hunter's Picnic"?

A tapestry showing peasants eating from their laps and drinking from circular containers: the men dressed in red and the women in blue. More men and women are wearing light brown clothing. It was created during the late 1400s. This art form dates back to around 1500 BCE. They were often produced by workshops. They depicted scenes from the Bible, history, or mythology, or daily life. They had a practical purpose. They were made of wool, and served as a type of insulation for castles and churches.

What did Incas demand from conquered populations?

A tax of labor.

What happened as a result of the disaster?

A terrible famine devastated the empire, killing thousands of people.

What is a golden age?

A time of great achievements in a civilization.

What saved the Japanese from total annihilation?

A timely typhoon that struck the bay and forced the Mongols to retreat back to Korea.

What did Muhammad's successors establish?

A vast Arab Empire, but the Arab Empire was not alone.

What did the Islamic Abbasid Empire control?

A vast region that stretched from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to Damascus and Iraq in the east.

Where did the Incan empire cover?

A vast territory including parts of today's Colombia, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, and Ecuador.

What did the middle class now given?

A voice in society. Noble birthright was no longer the only criteria for an individual's importance.

What general led Kammu's army?

A warrior commander, a role and title that would evolve into that of shogun.

What did merchants find themselves needing as the use of coins increased?

A way to keep track of and use their growing wealth.

What did the Papal States cover?

A wide band of territory stretching across the middle section of Italy from Tyrrhenian to the Adriatic Sea.

What did shoemakers make?

A.K.A. Cobblers. Footwear of the day, generally from leather.

What did the Islamic Law and Spread of Arabic do?

Abbasid armies spread the borders. More groups of people came under Islamic control. Islamic law was universal throughout the empire.

What happened in 750 CE?

Abbasids overthrow Umayyad caliphate and begin Abbasid Caliphate.

What were the leaders of convents called?

Abbesses.

What building was built in the 12th century in the Romanesque style?

Abbey of Sant'Antimo in Siena, Italy.

What were the leaders of monasteries called?

Abbots.

What happened by 1582 CE?

About 150,000 Japanese (2% of the popoulation) had become Christians and about 200 churches were built.

How many people did each young man rally toward the cause?

About 30,000.

Where was Kamakura?

About 300 miles away from the imperial capital of Kyoto.

Judaism started from one person. But which two are the debate of this?

Abraham and Moses. Abraham made first covenant with God (Yahweh) while Moses renewed it.

The 3 faiths are also known as what? Because of what?

Abrahamic because of the common roots.

How did Pacal become king?

Ac Kan's daughter ruled until her son, Pacal, reached an age old enough to assume the throne.

What were Western countries struggling to find?

Accept different religions. This explores diffusion (spread) of Islams.

Why was there less of an uproar when sailors turned up on the shores of Japan?

Acceptance of mroe open trade with China overcame Japan's natural isolationist instinct.

Where was hte Last Christendom Stronghold during the final Crusades?

Acre, the HOly Land.

How far did the Mayas stretch in the Classic Period?

Across southern Mexico, Guatemala, and northern Belize.

Since Venice had no farmland, what did they need?

Additional territory on land in order to grow the food supply it needed.

What were outsiders more interested in?

Africa's resources. They did not value Africa's rich past, people, and its cultural achievements.

What are the Yoruba?

African people of southwestern Nigeria and Benin, who still practice traditional African religions.

When did the Empire begin falling apart?

After Akbar's death. Rulers enacted unpopular taxes, wasted money, and forced conversion of Hindus. Hindus revolted and the empire fell.

What happened from June 1350 to December 1350?

After three years, almost all of Europe was affected.

What helped certain groups amass wealth and power?

Agriculture and trade.

What did the region's economy rely on?

Agriculture, even though the farmland was poor.

What did the first communities form around?

Agriculture, fishing, and local crafts, including pottery and mining.

What is the wet season beneficial to?

Agriculture, the many rivers are fertile, and fish are plentiful.

Who proved to be a tolerant ruler after Babur?

Akbar, Babur's successor.

Who drove the Danes out of England in 836 CE?

Alfred the Great

What happened in 661 CE?

Ali, final of caliphs, was assassinated and Umayyad's took control.

What happened by 1097?

All four armies reached Constantinople, forming a combined fighting force that numbered nearly 30,000.

What happened by the 1100s?

All members were samurai in the warrior class.

What was it in the 500s?

All of South-East Europe, Italian Peninsula, Southeast Spain, and African Mediterranean coast.

What did William claim to own?

All of the land in England.

Where did the Japanese emperor preside?

All over Japan.

Where did the European kings preside?

All over. One king did not reign over all of Europe. Rather, there were many kings in Europe.

What happened in 1800 BCE?

All three in Jerusalem; they traced their beginnings to a common patriarch

What do Muslims call God?

Allah

What does fealty mean?

Allegiance.

Where did the Nok culture develop?

Along the Niger River near where the Niger is joined by the Benue River in what is now Nigeria.

What did il Moro create?

Ambitious building plans for canals and irrigation and encouraged farmers to grow new crops such as rice.

What did Mansa Musa bring back from his Mecca pilgrimage?

An Arab architect named Abu Ishaq al-Sahili.

What did the Republic give way to?

An Empire that dominated the entire Mediterranean region.

Who is Giotto?

An Italian painter. He is famous for is religious art. He created paintings that were a precursor to the Renaissance. He believed to have painted frescoes in chapels all over Italy. IN Giotto's work, humans are the central subject unlike everyone else's. His people are full of emotion and drama. His work has long been considered the Father of Modern European painting.

What was the Byzantine lyra?

An ancestor of the modern violin.

Where did most of the trans-Saharan trade routes begin or end in?

An area that became the core of the kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai.

What did Venice not have?

An army of their own.

What was the Estates-General?

An assembly of noblemen, clergy, and townspeople that was also used in uniting France under one national identity.

What did Huayna and his subjects see soon after they heard of the bearded men?

An eagle being killed by six hawks during the festival. Another bad omen.

Feudal Japan had what ruling over the land?

An emperor.

What did the Bunyoro-Kitara grow into?

An empire in part because of a rich source of salt, a valuable trade item in Africa-Lake Albert.

What is a disease that is confined to a limited location called?

An epidemic.

How many people did the Spanish Flu kill?

An estimated one-fifth of the world's population, 20-40 million people.

What also happened around 2000 BCE with an even larger migration?

An even larger migration occurred, that of the Bantu-speaking peoples based in the forested lands near the Niger and Benue Rivers.

What was another huge construction feat by the Incas?

An extensive road system that connected the empire.

What did the High Middle Ages also witness as?

An impressive movement in the building of castles, fortresses, cathedrals, churches, monasteries, and convents.

What did more travel mean?

An increased need for more inns and taverns and places to stop on journeys, as well as more protection of roads, which encourage more people to get out and about.

What kind of city is Tenochtitlan?

An island city. It was also once a spectacular urban center.

What was constructed in Tumibamda?

An opulent palance.

Who gained the throne at times when a family member didn't?

An outsider.

What happened some time between the 700s and 1000s?

An unknown author (or authors) wrote the epic poem "Beowulf" in the language of Old English. The story describes a Scandinavian hero named Beowulf and his killing of the monster Grendel and Grendel's mother. It is considered one of the most important works of the English language.

The general Pompey took control of what places?

Anatolia, Judea ,and Syria.

How was most medieval music composed?

Anonymously.

What eventually drove Go-Daigo from power?

Another civil war that lasted from 1336-1392 CE.

What came to power with Hideyoshi gone?

Another post-Ashikaga era warlord came to power. He was Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616 CE)

Who did Crusaders capture at a long siege in the first crusade?

Antioch.

What happened when Christianity was defeated utterly?

Any remaining missionaries were kicked out or executed. A new edict required that every Japanese citizen had to register at a temple as either a Buddhist or a believer in Shinto.

What did caravans buy from market towns in the Sahel?

Anything that they wanted.

What was the first step of becoming a craftsman? What were the characteristics and the process?

Apprentice. He would spend several years working for a master artisan in exchange received training but no pay. The family would generally have to pay a fee for the master to take him on, but the master boarded the youth during the apprenticeship. The apprentice had to demonstrate his skill, usually through a series of tests approved by the guild and judged by the master, to advance to the next level. An apprentice could not marry or leave the master's household.

How many independent cities did the Arabs found along the Swahili coast? What were some of the most notable?

Approximately 12. Mogadishu, Malindi, Mobasa, and Kilwa.

What happened within the eighth century?

Arab Muslims retake Arabia, push into Africa, and conquer Axum. The people of Axum migrate south into what would become Ethiopia and help build a new kingdom there. Meanwhile, Arab traders continued to push south along the Red Sea and the Indian Coast.

Who carried religion and shared with the people they met from the time of Muhammad?

Arab merchants. They traveled even farther beyond lands conquered by Muslim armies.

What happened within the 11th century?

Arab traders found Mombasa in what is now Kenya. This coastal city would become the most prosperous trade city of the Swahili Coast. It would become a fiercely contested prize among Africans, Arabs, Persians, and Portuguese.

Where did Arabia sit and why was this interesting?

Arabia sat at cross road of civilizations, connecting Europe, Asia, and Africa. For this reason, wars with other people in the region for control of resources and trade routes were common.

What was the official language?

Arabic

Who attended Noh performances?

Aristocats. They knew the "story" behind the performance.

Why were women vital to the blossoming of japan's literary arts?

Aristocratic Japanese women were taught to read and write Japanese.

What equipment did knights have to purchase themselves?

Armor, a horse, a sword, a helmet, and a shield. This was very expensive, prohibiting men of lower classes from becoming full knights.

What happened four months after August 1096?

Army #1 reached the seat of the Byzantine Empire on the Black Sea.

When did the Group of Latins found Rome?

Around 1000 BCE.

When did the Kush break free of Egyptian rule?

Around 1000 BCE.

Where did many medieval towns form?

Around cathedrals and other religious institutions.

When did scholars begin understanding some of these glyphs?

Around the 20th century.

When did the Incas form an empire? Where?

Around the time of the Aztecs in South America.

What was Florence the center for?

Art, culture, and banking.

Why were artisans ranked next?

Artisans created products that people used.

What were journeymen?

Artisans who had learned their trades well enough to work for pay.

What were these people that specialized in certain goods called?

Artisans, or craftspeople.

What did Rome become a center for?

Artists and scholars.

Where did the Islamic Empire stretch to?

As far north as Armania, west as Morocco, and east as Pakistan.

Who became leader after Go-Daigo?

Ashikaga, the rebellion's leading shogun.

Who was Sunni Ali's successor?

Askia Muhammad.

What did multiple merchants that banded together begin forming?

Associations that became the first medieval guilds.

Where did the Incas establish their capital?

At Cuzco in Peru in the 12th century CE.

How could one become a knight?

At the age of 8, one enters training as a page, assisting his father or other knights. In adolescence, a boy becomes a squire, bearing weapons for a professional knight. When he has proven himself and funded money for equipment, he would be knighted. This sometimes involved great ceremony. One common method was accolade, when a lord taps the new knight on the shoulder with the flat of the sword.

Where does the Inland Delta lie?

At the middle point of the Niger River.

What two cities served as the most important in the kingdom?

Axum and Adulis

What happened within the sixth century?

Axum extended its power west into Nubia, along the Nile River, as well as east and south along the coast into modern Ethiopia and across the Red Sea into the Arab Peninsula.

What happened to Axum by the sixth century CE?

Axum had declined.

What happened to Meroe in the fourth century CE?

Axum overshadowed then destroyed Meroe.

What did the Spanish record a great deal of?

Aztec information both before and after the conquest.

Why were the conversions short lived?

Bakufu could not tolerate the outside inflence.

What did Minamoto Yoritomo establish?

Bakufu, the rule of the warrior, as the main administrative authority in Japan.

On Godfrey's death, what did Baldwin do?

Baldwin left Edessa and became the first king of the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem.

What did these areas influenced by the Bantu adopt?

Bantu farming, their language, and other lifeways.

From 2000 BCE and onward, what spread throughout Central and Southern Africa?

Bantu, blending with local inhabitants.

What did coopers make?

Barrels, buckets, tubs, casks, kegs, butter churns and other vessels, generally from wood.

Where do Christian and Muslim armies meet again after Crusades?

Battle of Hatin near Acre.

What happened to Japan in the mid-12th century?

Battles, officially called disturbances, arose. Some were between one or more warrior clans and the central government. Others were over power between warrior clans, or among factions of the royal family.

What did Huayna hear about during his reign?

Bearded men with pale skin.

What is Florence still known for?

Beautiful art.

What is the Nok culture known for?

Beautiful figurines made out of clay.

Why did the city-states rise to greatness?

Because of their locations. Being close to the Mediterranean, they could access the Byzantine and Muslim worlds of the east and served as a passage for both trade and ideas to Europe.

Since people had more time on their hands, what did some start doing?

Becoming devoted to the arts. Arts and literature began to flourish. They developed Romanesque and Gothic architecture, new types of music, and great literary works.

Who was an important Benedictine monk who lived during the 600s?

Bede, or Saint Bede the Venerable. He is best known for his historical, "The Ecclestial History of the English People", which record the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons. His work is a valuable contribution to early history.

Before Muhammad, tribes of what peoples competed for land, trade, and resources on the Arabian Peninsula?

Bedouin peoples.

What does monotheistic mean?

Believe in 1 God.

What happened in the late 400s and early 500s?

Benedict of Nursia became the most influential monk of his era.

What are temperatures in the Sahel?

Between 77 and 86 degrees throught the year.

When did the Dark Ages take place?

Between the 5th and 15th centuries.

Christian's sacred text?

Bible

How did people get the Bubonic Plauge?

Black rats caught bubonic plague from other species fo rats that were infested with plague-carrying fleas.

Where does Istanbul, Turkey sit?

Both Asia and Europe.

What did many of the Songhai people practice?

Both Islam and traditional spiritual beliefs. The kings, however, were Muslims.

Where did the Roman empire continue to expand into?

Britain and North Africa

What did the rise of guild lead to?

Broader change sin the European economic system.

What did the Japanese monarchy try to force upon reluctant Japanese people?

Buddhism. Many Japanese continued to cling to their native Shinto religion.

What did Charlemagne use his power to do?

Build schools, sponsor artistic and literary works, issue money, encourage trade, and spread the Christian faith. He also levied many religious reforms meant to bring public behavior more in line with the Church's teachings.

What did Alfonso support?

Building, the arts, and education. He founded a university and a school for Greek studies.

What did Pacal's son do after Pacal's death?

Built a large tomb called the Temple of Inscriptions.

What kingdom arose?

Bunyoro-Kitara and controlled much of the region, buy smaller kingdoms, such as Buganda and Rwanda, grew along its periphery.

What did members of merchant guilds in German communes become known as?

Burghers. They enjoyed a special status as respected citizens.

What did the Kushites do at the height of their power?

Buried their kings and queens in pyramids like their Egyptian forebears.

What code of behavior did the samurai and knights follow?

Bushido for samurai and chivalry for knights.

What happened from December 1349 to June 1350?

By 1350, it had taken over almost all of Europe including most of Scandinavia.

What happened from June 1349 to December 1349?

By December it had taken over Denmark and reached into modern Poland and Scandinavia.

What happened from December 1348 to June 1349?

By June, it had reached Ireland and part of Germany and Austria.

How was the prosperity of ancient Ghana explained?

By a myth.

How did the Mali Kingdom soon grow?

By conquering areas to the west and north.

When did the first Americans arrive on their new continent?

By foot more than ten thousand years before the first Europeans arrived in America by ship.

How was music learned in the very early Middle Ages?

By the ear.

What was the Eastern Empire eventually known as?

Byzantine Empire.

What happened in 740 CE?

Byzantines defeat Syrian army in Anatolia.

What happened in 44 CE?

Caesar was assassinated, causing a civil war.

Who took control and established an empire in 44 BCE?

Caesar's grandnephew, Augustus

What happened in about 300 CE?

Camels were becoming more common in the Sahara.

What does Judaism believe in?

Can't eat certain foods

What happened in 63 BCE?

Canaan was ruled by the Romans.

Where did Abraham start a family 4,000 years ago?

Canaan.

What was Syracuse, Sicily?

Capital of the island.

What were the powerful positions for educated men, generall born into nobility?

Cardinals, archbishops, and bishops.

What did Venetian ships do during the Crusades?

Carried Crusaders east and brought back riches from those countries.

Who did Rome defeat during domination of the Mediterranean Region?

Carthage (rival sea power) conquering islands of Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, and the city of Carthage.

What was the stone of buildings decorated with?

Carved glyphs, or characters representing the Mayan language.

What happened in 1469?

Castile and Aragon united through the marriage of Prince Ferdinand of Aragon and Princess Isabella of Castile. They began to create one country.

These were produced in large quantities during the time of war.

Castles

What was become a large commercial power to rival the Italian city-states?

Catalonia.

What did the people of Great Zimbabwe rely on besides trade?

Cattle herding and agriculture.

What influences occured in Ireland and Britain?

Celtic, like the use of detailed braiding. They brought designs from metalworking into painting and illumination, creating the Book of Kells, for instance.

Where did towns form around?

Centers of government, ports, markets, cathedrals, and monasteries.

What did Henry II use the law to do?

Centralize his power by setting up a central royal court and establishing a set of common laws that applied to everyone no matter where in England they lived. These laws took control of criminal proceeding out of the hands of local lords.

What did armourers make?

Chainmail and other types of armor for medieval knights and soldiers.

What happened in 768?

Charlemagne decided to follow Charles Martel's example.

What happened in Europe during the late 700s?

Charlemagne unified a large part of Western Europe under his rule. Yoritomo in Japan also gained control of large areas. Both of these realms eventually splintered.

What happened in 732?

Charles Martel (military leader among Franks) played a large role in briefly reuniting Franks to fend off Muslim invaders moving north from Spain at the Battle of Poitiers. He made it possible for his grandson, Charlemagne, called 'Charles the Great', to begin the Empire.

Who had a huge influence on early Japan?

China.

What farming process did the Aztecs use? How did it work?

Chinampa. Since they had a lot of water and marsh, they converted most of the lake into farmland.

What happened by the late 13th and early 14th centuries?

Chinese copper coins were common in Japan.

Who did the large bureaucracy that was created in China employ?

Chinese men who passed difficult civil service exams that tested their knowledge of the teachings of Confucius.

What happened in Spain from the 9th century?

Christian kingdoms like Aragon, Leon, and Castile gained territory and expanded southward.

Saladin opens the Church of Holy Sepulchre's dorrs to whom?

Christian pilgrims.

What happened in 33 CE?

Christianity in Bethlehem

What happened in 1640?

Christianity was suppressed throughout the country and all missionaries were expelled from Japan.

What are the three monotheistic religions?

Christianity, Judaism, and Islam

What happened in 1492?

Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas on ships provided by the crown of Castile, and Christian armies conquered Granada. Spain was now not only united under a single religion, but it had large numbers of conquering soldiers with nothing left to conquer in Spain.

What were built to last?

Churches and cathedrals.

What proved the church's wealth?

Churches and monasteries that were built.

Which type of buildings does medieval architecture refer to?

Churches. The Catholic Church and monarchs poured huge amounts of money into building massive cathedrals and basilicas, which took hundreds of years of labor by common people. They help thousands of worshipers. They can be found in practically every major city in Europe.

What started in 400 CE?

Cities began to appear.

What does Medina mean?

City of prophet

What happened when Go-Daigo tried to undermine the bakufu system?

Civil war erupted. People joined forces to overthrow the monarch.

What did the fights over succession lead to?

Civil wars and a large part of the reason why the Mali Empire declined.

What did those people develop?

Civilizations that gave rise to religions that have spent centuries competing.

What were the Soninkan people divided into?

Clans, and the king's clan was the most powerful.

What did potters make?

Clay to shape bowls, pots, vases, and other ceramic vessels.

What led to the downfall of the Ghanaian Kingdom?

Climate change and struggles with Berber groups in the Sahara.

What did tailors make?

Clothing using finished cloth and stitched it together.

Who was the most notable Merovingian ruler?

Clovis I. He united most of the Franks under his rule in the late 5th century, shortly after the collapse of Rome. His plan failed when he tried to make a unified kingdom. When he died, his four sons each took a part.

What did people start to use to buy and sell goods and pay taxes?

Coin money.

What did dyers make?

Colored fibers and textiles using plants, berries, arks, leaves, and roots.

Details of the Bible?

Combines old testament (Hebrew Bible) and history and teachings of Jesus as recorded by his disciples in 27 books of the New Testament.

What were the semi-independent guild towns called?

Communes.

What are zen gardens?

Complex landscapes made up of elaborately combed sand, strategically placed rocks, and trimmed bushes and trees. The viewer is expected to meditate on the forms and placement of the forms in the garden. Contemplation of their simple, perfect shape and placement allows the viewer's mind to enter a state of meditative peace.

How did Zen Buddhism have an impact on Japanese culture?

Concentrated awareness was the primary ingredient in much of Japanese culture and arts. Samurai practiced swordplay as a form of Zen meditation. The tea ceremony, adapted earlier from China, became an art, a simple act that revealed a deep Zen awareness and grace.

What weakened the Byzantine empire?

Conflict over Roman leaders and Barbarian invasions.

What was the Onin war caused by?

Conflicts among daimyo.

What conflict soon raged?

Conflicts between vassal warlords and the shogun and the vassals loyal to him.

What were the first guilds called?

Confraternities, because they were considered brotherhoods. Notice they word fraternity in it.

What teachings did Tokugawa society use to maintain social order?

Confucian teachings.

What was Hideyoshi's greatest ambition?

Conquer CHina.

What does Saldin step forward to do?

Conquer and unify as much of the Muslim Middle East as he can.

What did the disputers finally decide?

Conquered land should have a single ruler.

Who constantly threatened Ethiopia?

Constant threats from its Muslim neighbors as well as from the Portuguese, but largely managed to resist both.

What happened in 306 CE?

Constantine I became the ruler of the West.

What happened in 324 CE?

Constantine defeated the east ruler who led the whole empire.

What did it used to be called?

Constantinople

What did the East half center on?

Constantinople.

What did Venice have its own of?

Constitutional republic. It was ruled by a group of wealthy merchants, a group of citizens limited to about 200 families whose names were written in the Golden Book, or Libro d'Oro. It had a head of state called the doge, but he was only for appearances. The real power was a senate and a group called the Council of Ten. It was ruthless in dealing with anyone who threatened Venice's economy, since it was the foundation of their republic.

What did the two factions constantly struggle over?

Control of the city's government.

What did merchant and craft guilds often have to do?

Coordinate to determine prices and rules of trade.

What did merchants of the Chinese Sung dynasty trade with Japan?

Copper and other metals for Japanese agricultural products and manufactured goods.

What did the early people of Djenne-Djeno trade for?

Copper, gold, and bronze.

What happened in 10th Century?

Cordoba, Spain was bustling. The population was 200,000 and served as a cultural center (like today's New York City).

What did the bushido of the samurai stress?

Courage in battle, loyalty to a lord, kindness, and mercy. They took loyalty to an extreme and did hara-kiri, a suicide act where, if a samurai failed his lords in battle, he was to cut his abdomen and an assistant wold cut off his head. They did not have o protect women. A samurai should be aducated and support the arts. The samurai did not have to defend religion.

What did the samurai represent?

Courage, battle skills, and loyalty. They are the emblems of Japan.

What did some samurai help to develop?

Crafts among their peasants. Pottery, paper-making, and metalworking became important industries.

Where did the two important battles featuring Edward III and his troops take place?

Crecy and Poiters.

How did some daimyo improve their land?

Crop rotation, road building, and terrace farming.

What were caravans able to do?

Cross the desert.

What is Tumbiamda currently named?

Cuenca.

What happened in 11th century CE?

Cultural differences and powerful disagreements over which political center had authority split between east and west.

What are mother cultures?

Cultures that had a direct influence on later civilizations in the region that greatly influenced all neighboring and succeeding cultures in the area.

What were most building structures made out of?

Cut stone.

What happened about 300 BCE?

D'mt lost control over port cities that had begun to amass their own wealth and power.

What were these lords called?

Daimyo.

Where did Crusaders turn their sights to in the second Crusade, leading to a poorly organized attack and failure?

Damascus instead of Edessa.

What art was produced for the bubonic plague?

Danse Macabre, also known as the Dance of Death. They were prompted by the plague.

What author wrote "Diving Comedy" around 1308?

Dante Aligheri. It is an epic poem that deals with life after death and has Dante himself as the main character. It is derived into three parts: Inferno (Hell), Purgatorio (Purgatory), and Paradiso (Paradise). He called the entire work a comedy because it ends happily.

What did brothers of the king often try to do?

Depose him. Some kings tried to protect themselves by killing all their brothers.

Who made their homes by the lakes?

Descendants of migrant Bantu tribes such as the Hutus.

Who still lives in Mexico?

Descendents of the Aztecs. The Aztes and the Spaniards mixed significantly, so most Mexicans have both Aztec and Spanish ancestry. They are known as mestizos. Some people still are Aztec of Mexican, and speak languages related to Nahuatl.

Who still comprise half the population of Peru today?

Descendents of the Incas, speaking Quechua and practicing an Incan-flavored version of Catholicism.

What does the Sahel consist of?

Desert and semi-arid land.

What did stonemasons usually do?

Designed and built cathedrals, castles, and other buildings of the era. They moved from town to town to work on different projects. Master masons generally oversaw all the work on a construction project.

What is the largest muslim population in the U.S.?

Detroit metro is first; Wahington D.C. 2nd.

Where is the world's largest Masonic temple located?

Detroit, Michigan.

What came along with the decline of the Roman Empire regarding urban areas in Europe?

Deurbanization. Former Roman ports and trading hubs became less important. Without the Romans, urban hubs became vulnerable to attacks by Vikings, Magyars, and marauolers.

What had Venice already done by 1000 CE?

Developed a strong economy by carrying goods by ship between Europe and the Byzantine Empire.

Info from where blended in the empire?

Different cultures blended in the empire.

What has the ancient myth survived?

Different forms throughout the Sahel region.

What divided the empire?

Diocletian. Different ruler per side.

What did Hugh Capet use to increase the French territory governed from the central location in Paris?

Diplomatic maneuvering and strategic alliances.

What were medieval cities like?

Dirty, overcrowded places where disease spread rapidly.

Where did disputes break out? Over what?

Disputes broke out among Muhammad's former companions. Some thought there should be Unified State; Others each tribe should have their own leader.

What kind of people were in the Islamic Empire?

Diverse groups; Berbers, Persians. Many weren't Muslims.

What did Huayna do before his death?

Divided the empire between his two sons.

What was a lot of salt used for?

Drying river fish for trade.

When were the muslims in great conflict over succession?

During the '4 Rightly Guided Caliphs' ruling.

When did the Dyula merchants rise to their height of power?

During the Mali Empire.

When was stained glass first used?

During the early Middle Ages.

What may have contributed to the end of this society?

Earthquake, drought, or changing weather patterns. There is no record of their departure from Moche Valley.

Where did powerful city-states and then kingdoms arise?

East, Central, and South Africa.

What have empires always controlled?

Eastern Mediterranean. Before Roman Empire, Persian Alex the Great conqueredd it in 327 BCE. Romans gained control then became part of Byzantine Empire.

What were farmers doing by 1316?

Eating their seed grain just to stay alive, even though they would have no seed to plant the following year.

Where was the capital moved to?

Edo (today's Tokyo).

Where did the shogun and the center of power move to?

Edo, today's Tokyo.

What was Alexandria?

Egypt's religious center. Their Christian leader influenced the Empire.

How was bakufu modified?

Elements of non-military administration were added.

What animals can survive in the Sahel?

Elephants, giraffes, and certain cattle.

What did Pope Innocent III desire in the fourth crusade in 1198?

Elevate papacy in response to events in the Holy Land.

What happened in 1095?

Emperor Alexius I Comnenus appealed to Pope Urban II for help defending the Byzantine Empire, and the Pope saw opportunity.

Who rebuilt Byzantine to resemble Old Rome?

Emperor Constantine the Great rebuilt it. The new center was known as New Rome.

What three kings came forward for the third crusade?

Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, King Phillip II of France, and King Richard , later known as Richard the Lionheart, of England.

What did the imperial government of Japan want to do during the 700s CE?

Encourage land reclamation projects by draining swamps and clearing forests.

What did Christian pilgrims help do?

Encourage the growth of trade and cities.

From whom did William face resistance from?

English elite.

What happened in 1337?

English king Edward II declared himself king of France.

What did William and his successors proceed to dispose of?

English landowners of their property. Just 20 years after the conquest, only a small amount of land in England was still under English ownership.

What did the African Agew people rule? When?

Ethiopia as the Zaqwe Dynasty in the 12th and 13th century.

Where are Muslims now making up large majorities in?

Europe and North America.

What happened around the year 800?

Europe began to slowly rebuild its societies. Europeans started to reclaim some of the learning of the ancient Greeks and Romans.

Where did the fervor of the Crusades reach the highest level during the 2nd Crusade?

Europe.

What did the growth in trade launch?

European interest in foreign land and encouraged finding sea routes to East Asia.

What were characteristics of the Gothic style?

Even higher ceilings, huge panes of stained glass, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and carved gargoyles.

What did every fief represent?

Every fief represented a contract between individuals with inconsistencies and exceptions.

When does this area almost always flood?

Every year during its wet season.

What did a polulation decline of that magnitude effect?

Everyday life and the European economy. For those who survived, effects were economiccally beneficial.

What did Pacal do during his 67 years?

Expand Palenque's power in the western Maya states, started a program that built many great buildings around the capital (every new building displayed texts stating Pacal's royal ancestry as well as his image).

What did the lack of feudalism allow cities to do?

Expand into the areas surrounding them, taking lands away from nobles.

What did the warlord who had the greatest number of skilled and loyal samurai?

Expanded his landholdings.

What did the Commercial Revolution center on?

Expanding trade among multiple continents.

What happened in the 1300s?

Expanding trade brought the Black Death to Europe, probably through rats on board merchant vessels.

What did Venice hire to create an army?

Expensive mercenaries.

Who controlled estates in Japan and fiefs in Europe?

Families.

What are most of the Zapotec peoples still today?

Farmers or craftsmen. They have practiced Roman Catholicism, but their original myths and traditions survive as well.

What were the Bantu, primarily?

Farmers.

What were the monasteries financed by?

Farming and charitable contributions.

What did the Kush depend on?

Farming and iron mining.

What did the region continue to rely on?

Farming and trade, especially with Egypt.

What did Bantu people carry around as they spread?

Farming.

What did the Bantu bring?

Farming.

What is a major source of income for the people of Sahel?

Farming. Many crops can grow there. So can chickpeas, Pharsalus beans, and green grams.

Where did the kingdom of Mali start?

Farther east and farther south than the Kingdom of Ghana, closer to the border between present-day Mali and Guinea.

Where did the Oromo bgin pushing? For what?

Farther north and west into the more fertile lands ruled by the Zagwe and then the Solomonids.

Who got married in the late 15th century?

Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile.

Who established strong domains, providing more security?

Feudal lords and their knights.

Where did they obtain charters from?

Feudal lords that granted them rights to regulate trade in a specific urban center or to start their own urban center in which to conduct business.

What did society organize itself into?

Feudalism's principles.

What began to leave during the late Middle Ages?

Feudalism.

What had never been firmly established in Italy?

Feudalism.

Why were crops so much more expensive?

Few crops could be salvaged or imported from southern Europe. Wheat prices increased more than 30%.

What were there very few of since Africans did not build temples or tombs?

Few written histories or large monuments to reveal the great deeds of the ancient African kings.

What were largely closed economies in the early medieval period?

Fiefdoms and their manorial estates.

What are fiefs?

Fiefs are tracts of land powerful people leased to the less powerful.

When did the Oromos win a great deal of territory by?

Fierce warriors, they got a lot of territory by the 17th century.

What did the daimyo begin to do for more land and power?

Fight each other.

What became common between lords?

Fighting

What happened in Antioch in the early 500s?

Fires and earthquakes weakened the city.

What does the Inland Delta provide?

Fishing, water to grow crops, and land for animals to graze.

What connected the two continents? For how long?

Five thousand years, with grasslands connecting them.

What city states existed in central and southern Italy?

Florence, Rome, and Naples.

What city-state was to the north of Rome?

Florence.

What did caravans need if they wanted to continue their journey farther south?

Food and water.

In Japan, why did nobles fight wars?

For power and wealth, which was also a motivation for European nobles.

What did Naples become a foothold for?

Foreign powers in Italy.

What did families in control often do?

Fought with each other over land and wealth.

How many different caliphs ruled over the next 3 decades? What were they called?

Four. They were known as the "4 Rightly Guided Caliphs." They were close advisers to first leader, chosen members of Muslim community. They oversaw a swift and massive expansion of Arab Islamic influence.

Who died along in the way in the third crusade?

Frederick Barbarossa

Who led the 6th Crusade?

Frederick II of the Holy Roman Empire.

Who was under nobles in the Songhai class structure?

Freemen, the citizens of the empire. They could be Muslim clerics, craftspeople griots, and artists.

Who was the fourth Crusade largely led by?

French Knights.

What happened in 732 CE?

French repel advancing Muslim army at Poitier.

What did friars do?

Friars traveled Europe and preached the faith.

When was the Mayan Classic Period?

From 250 to 900 CE.

How long did this settlement flourish?

From 300 to 900 CE. It was the most important enter in Mesoamerica.

When did the Nok culture exist?

From 900 BCE to 200 CE.

What is the first known pre-Columbian Andean civilization?

From 900 to 200 BCE, the Chavin flourished.

In Western Europe, when was feudalism occurring?

From during the 400s and lasted until the early 1400s. A lot longer than in Japan.

How did some daimyo gain great wealth?

From the crops and goods produced by their serf-like peasants.

How can we make good guesses about Olmec life?

From the monuments, pyramids, and pottery that have been found at their major sites in San Lorenzo and La Venta. Also the history recorded by later civilizations, like the Aztecs.

Artisans sold their products directly from where?

From their workshops- increasingly for money rather than barter.

What did Alfonso try to use his position to do?

Further the interests of merchants from Catalonia in his home kingdom.

What did Huayna want to do with lands?

Gain his own.

What did reorganizing the government do to Monctezuma?

Gave him more power to deal with future disasters.

Who was the leader of the Mongolian army?

Genghis Khan.

What happened in the fall of 1274?

Genghis' son, Kublai Khan, had assembled an army of 40,000 Mongol and Korean soldiers to invade Japan.

What city-states broke away to form their own republics later in the medieval period?

Genoa and Venice.

What is the most enduring narrative to come out in the late Middle Ages in Britain?

Geoffrey Chaucer's "The Canterbury Tales."

After the fall of Rome, who claimed former Roman lands?

Germanic kingdoms

What happened after the collapse of the Roman Empire?

Germanic lord warred for control of lands and set up small, competing kingdoms defined by tribal loyalties.

What did monarchs start to do as feudalism began to unravel?

Gobble up the small feudal towns and provinces into larger kingdoms. More and meant more power.

What do Christians call God?

God

What was believed about God and the Pope?

God spoke through the Pope. The Pope's words were thus greater than the King's.

Who led the first Crusade?

Godfrey of Bouillon and other French lords.

Who stopped to set up the 1st Crusader at Edessa?

Godfrey's brother Baldwin.

What did goods from the south include?

Gold, ivory, kola nuts, and slaves.

What did trade provide?

Goods from south of the Sahara to the people of North Africa, the Mediterranean, and, later, Europe.

How was the transition from the late Middle Ages to the Renaissance?

Gradual. The depopulation caused by the plague contributed to the rise of the Renaissance in southern Europe and subsequently in northern Europe.

What did the imperial government do?

Granted tax exemptions and decreased the amount of taxes due for people who funded these projects.

Where did the Kingdom of Ghana start?

Grasslands north of the Niger River.

What happened within the 15th century?

Great Zimbabwe and Kilwa go into decline as the gold trade shifts to Mutapa. It also drew the Portuguese, who expand trade not only in gold but also in African slaves. Explorer Vasco de Gama lands in Mombasa in 1498. The pastoral peoples of the Lower Nile River Valley, including the Massai, migrated south to Central Africa. The Luo also moved south and established the kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara along Lake Albert. The warrior Kongolo was uniting territories to the south to form the kingdom of Lunda, making Mwibele its capital.

What were written by the Timbuktu scholars?

Great histories of the Songhai people.

What did the Christian King and other monarchs spend some of their wealth doing?

Great public works such as the megalithic standing stones and obelisks used to mark their tombs.

What was included in the Byzantine empire in the beginning?

Greece, Anatolia, Levant (Israel and Palestine), and Egypt.

Who was the City of Rome founded by?

Group of Latins.

What were Archdioceses?

Groups of dioceses and their bishops under the leadership of one archbishop.

What were dioceses?

Groups of parishes under the guidance of one bishop.

Artisans were a ___________ population.

Growing

What did the city-states do while Italy was moving away from feudalism?

Growing and flourishing

What did gunsmiths make?

Guns towards the end of the Middle Ages.

What became the most popular form of poetry?

Haiku.

What were both knights and samurai skilled at?

Handling a variety of weapons and often wore elaborate armor.

What did hatters make?

Hats from leather and other fibers.

Who was Pacal the Great?

He became king of the Mayan city of Palenque.

What did Charlemagne begin using?

He began using land grants and oaths of fealty to build an army and government to hold the kingdom together.

How did Monctezuma prevent flooding?

He built a ten-mile dam around Tenochtitlan.

What did the Pope do when the Emperor consulted him?

He called together the Council of Clermont in France.

How did Abu Ishaq al-Sahili change the way people lived?

He changed the way Mali built their homes. Al-Sahili built Mansa Musa a rectangular home, with a domed roof. The palace was covered in plaster and painted with beautiful designs.

How did Moctezuma increase the human sacrifice count?

He conquered more territory to gain sacrificial victims.

What did Polo do while he was captured?

He dictated the story of his many adventures to a fellow prisoner who recorded them in a book now known as "The Travels of Marco Polo".

As champion of the Church, what did Charlemagne do?

He expanded Christian influence as he expanded the empire.

What did Moctezuma have to form due to the fact that the wars of conquest didn't provide enough human sacrifices?

He formed a Triple Alliance with cities in the Valley of Puebla-Tlascala.

Why did Emperor Kammu bring a period of relative peace and a flowering of the arts?

He had devout Buddhism.

Why did their god cause disasters?

He had not received enough blood.

What did Hideyoshi do in 1598 CE?

He invaded Korea again, but he died.

What happened involving Moses in 1300 BCE?

He led the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt. They proceeded to wander for 40 years in the desert. On Mt. Sinai, God promised Canaan to them and gave Moses the 10 commandments.

Who was Pope Gregory I and what did he do?

He led the church from 590-604. He was a Benedictine. He emphasized devotion and missionary work. He also sent missions to Anglo-Saxon England and succeeded in converting the island's pagans. His missionaries went to Germany and the Netherlands. He had reforms that solidified the division between the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox Church. Pope Gregory I also elevated the Roman papacy in Western Europe. He worked to make peace with and among Germanic kingdoms.

What did Pacal believe as a result of the throne passing to him through a female?

He must legitimize his claim to the throne to add stability to his region.

What did Keita do to fight a rival, the Soso kingdom?

He organized many of the Mande chiefs.

What did Pope Nicholas V support and promote?

He promoted learning and the arts and the influence of Greek and Roman culture. He supported the rediscovery of these ancient cultures through writings and art, and the repair of the crumbling relics of ancient Rome.

What happened to Phillip in the third crusade?

He returned to Europe after the capture of Acre in 1191.

What did Saladin do when Richard got sick?

He sent him fruit and water.

For the next 30 years, what did Charlemagne do?

He set about establishing his rule over large areas of Europe. He also continued traditions begun by Clotis I and Charles Martel. He worked to create an effective central government and build a large, standing army.

Where did Yoritomo set up a separate government?

He set up a military government in Kamakura.

What did Jesuit Francis Xavier do in Japan?

He spent two years converting some of the Japanese to Christianity. He enticed potential converts with offers of European trade goods. Another tactic was to forbid European trading ships to dock at ports whose controlling daimyo was not Christian. Some daimyo did convert buy for reasons of trade.

What did Alfred do when he drove the Danes out of England?

He strengthened the army built a navy, and constructed fortresses all over England.

What did the Ashikaga shogunate do with the government?

He stripped it of its remaining power.

When the King of Lombards died, what did Charlemagne do?

He took control of the land that the king owned.

How did Huayna take the news about the bearded men?

He took it as a bad omen.

What did Marco Polo do in 1271?

He traveled with his father and uncle along the Silk Road across the Asian continent to the Mongol courts of China.

What happened to Muhammad when he was 40 years old?

He visioned Gabriel.

Why was Charlemagne's military success important?

He was almost constantly at war with barbarian tribes.

Where was the pope in Rome?

He was at Vatican in Rome.

What happened to Polo soon after his arrival?

He was captured and imprisoned by the rulers of the rival merchant city of Genoa.

What happened after William the Conqueror defeated the English army?

He was crowned King William I.

What was the Pope eager to do?

He was eager to secure his own power over the church and unite quarrelsome lords of Europe. He called for a military expedition to retake the Holy Land from the Turks, whom he called infidels.

What was Charlemagne known for in relation to his military expeditions?

He was known for his meticulous planning of military expeditions across Europe.

What does Christianity believe about King David?

He was the conquered king that united Israel. He is also important to all three religions. The Messiah was to be like David.

What about Ishmael?

He was the son of Abraham. Hagar was his mother. From Ishmael, Bedouin people were born.

What did King Edward do with Great Council?

He went even further and formalized it into an actual Parliament. People had an even greater say in running the country.

What do all three faiths say about Isaac?

He went on to "father" the Jewish race.

Who was Dante Alighieri?

He wrote "Divine Comedy", an epic poem that used Italian dialects and Latin. Today he is known as "The Father of the Italian Language" and "The Supreme Poet".

What did Kammu move his capital to?

Heian, today's Kyoto, where it remained for nearly a millennium.

What did Monctezuma realize his government failed to do?

Help the Aztecs during the famine.

What does the town of Djenne do?

Helps people to have the resources to survive.

Who was William's great grandson?

Henry II.

What were the Oromo, primarily?

Herders.

Who took the ninth Aztec emperor and threw him in prison?

Hernan Cortex took Moctezuma II, Moctezuma II died in prison.

Where was Machu Picchu?

High in the Peruvian Andes, making it a great feat of engineering.

What allowed the Aztecs to farm every inch of their land?

Highly sophisticated irrigation and agricultural techniques.

Whose work is known in medieval music of the 1100s?

Hildegard of Bingen. She was a German mystic, abbess, and composer. From childhood, Hildegard experienced mystical visions, and when she was a middle-aged nun, the Church gave its approval to these visions. She founded a new convent with her followers. She began recording her prophecies and her music.

What happened in 1592 CE?

His army of 200,000 soldiers swept into Korea, then a Chir vassal state. His forces were crushed by the combined might of the Korean-Chinese army. During peace talks, the Chinese scoffed.

Who did Dinga want to hand over his power to?

His oldest son Khine.

Who was King John succeeded by?

His son, Henry III, who was only nine years old at the time.

Why didn't Charlemagne's empire last long?

His son, Louis the Pius, inherited the throne.

What happened when Louis died?

His sons continued the earlier tradition of dividing up the territory amongst themselves.

What happened after Muhammad returned to Mecca?

His teachings spread beyond the Arabian Peninsula into Africa, Europe, and Asia.

Who was Muhammad raised by?

His trading uncle.

Which son ended up attaining Dinga's power?

His younger son, Diabe Cisse. He tricked his father.

Who were the first people to describe Medieval land use as feudalism?

Historians in the 16th and 17th centuries. They developed the concept and applied it to the Middle Ages after they happened.

What did Pacal use to claim the throne?

History and religion. He pointed out that Ac Kan had succeeded his mother as ruler, thereby establishing a precedent for the rule to pass through a female.

Where do some historians believe iron smelting technology came from?

Hittites in Anatolia and ultimately reached the Nok people. Others claim that iron smelting was developed independently in Africa.

Back in Europe during the second crusade, what began to arise?

Holy Orders.

How was most sacred music in the early Middle Ages?

Homophonic, all the voices sing together without harmony.

At some point, what were introduced into the area?

Horses.

Who was the eleventh ruler of the Inca Empire? When?

Huayna Capac in 1493 CE.

What did small estates eventually consolidate to?

Huge estates under the control of a powerful military lord.

What French king is credited with beginning the consolidation that would result in the formation of modern nation of France?

Hugh Capet.

What were the sacrificial stones used to give?

Human sacrifice offerings to the gods.

When did the Aztecs form an empire? Where?

Hundreds of years later, just north of the Mayan region.

For how long did the Mayans dominate Mesoamerica?

Hundreds of years.

How many years did some of the churches take to build?

Hundreds. And they were extremely expensive.

What do Aztec myths say that the people previously were?

Hunter-gatherers in northern Mexico.

What did people come together as?

Hunter-gatherers, herders, farmers, and eventually traders.

What happened when worldwide people all mingled in Venice?

Ideas and influences from many cultures made their way into Europe and helped to fuel the Renaissance.

Though there was no middle class, what could happen within other social classes?

If someone got enough money and/or power, they could move to a higher class. This was very unlikely to happen.

What were minstrels?

Important entertainers for people of the Middle Ages. They were musicians, usually instrumentalists, who traveled from town to town. They would perform wherever they could find a patron who would pay for their performance. They usually could not read or write, so they often learned their music orally. Little of their work survives today.

When was Tenochtitlan founded?

In 1325 CE.

When was the Peace of Lodi signed? By whom?

In 1454 CE by Sforza and de Medici. It established their borders.

When was the Beringia submerged?

In 1492.

When did the Maya begin to rise?

In 250 CE.

Their largest numbers are where?

In Asia, Oceania, and Africa.

Where was the beauty of Noh?

In its power as a cultural and historical metaphor.

How did traders travel?

In large camel caravans along established trade routes.

How do modern Maya live?

In small agricultural communities and practice of version of Catholicism that is fit to the traditional Mayan rituals and gods.

When did the Olmec flourished?

In southern Mexico from 1200 to 400 BCE.

Who was Thomas Aquinas?

In the 13th century, Dominican priest St. Thomas Aquinas began applying reason to questions of religion. He used logic and scientific study to defend faith. One of many monks who contributed to the scholarship of period, stained glass windows and artwork in medieval monasteries, cathedrals, and churches retold stories of the Christian faith and honored important historical figures like St. Thomas.

Where do many Maya still live?

In the Yucatan, where over 70 Mayan languages are spoken.

Where did Saladin place the key to the Church of Holy Sepulchre?

In the hands of two Muslim families. Descendants remain gatekeepers to this day.

When did the settlement become less important?

In the last centuries before the Spanish conquest when it was inhabited by the Mixtec, whose culture merged with that of the Zapotec.

When did knights start fading in importance?

In the late Middle Ages when longer Crusades and foreign wars required extended terms of service.

Where did they all begin?

In the modern nation states of Israel, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia. Back then Canaa, Judea, and Arabia.

What did Moctezuma do to appease their god?

Increase the number of human sacrifices.

Where were the merchants that carried beliefs into places like Malaysia and Indonesia from?

India

What type of poetry evolved in Japan?

Indigenous forms (waka). Tanka is like the haiku, has a rigid form, with a set number of syllables making up each of its fine to seven lines. It was the main poetic form during this period. (5, 7, 5, 7, 7)

Like the Olmec, what did the Chavin do?

Influenced groups all across the region. Their characteristic art and engineering innovations can be found in distant settlements.

In feudal Japan, how was the society divided?

Into seven levels. The emperor, shogun who was the military ruler of Japan, daimyo who served as vassals to the shogun, then the samurai (the shogun, daimyo, and samurai made up the warrior class which was Japan's nobility), then the common people, including peasants, artisans, and merchants.

When did the Kongo dominate the region?

Into the 17th century.

IN feudal England, how was the government divided?

Into the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

Where did Sakura expand the empire?

Into the land of the Songhai and their Kingdom of Gao.

What weaked it?

Invasions, inner conflicts, and poor rulers.

What were the names of Abraham's two sons?

Isaac and Ishmael.

What about Muhammad?

Ishmael gave rise to Arabian peninsula. At the start of the 7th century, Bedouins live din groups and were polytheists. In 570, Muhammad was born in Mecca. He saw many problems. In 610 he recieved a revelation from Angel Gabriel while praying on the mountains. Gabriel tol dhim to obey and praise God ONLY.

What did the Dyula help to spread?

Islam as well as trade throughout the region.

What happened by the ninth and tenth centuries CE?

Islam had become the predominant faith in the coastal city-states.

What happened in 622 CE?

Islam in Mecca

What factor made Islam's golden age possible?

Islam's holy book, Muhammad, and the Islamic Law and Spread of Arabic.

What empires didn't last?

Islamic Indian Empires.

Who was in a religious conflict for over 1000 years?

Israel and Palestine.

At the same time of the Bubonic plague, what was occurring in the Catholic church?

It became worldly and was in need of reform. During the 1300s, 2 possibly 3 men claimed to be the "true" pope, causing many disputes over the truth.

What is the timeline if you receive the plague?

It begins with a fever. After one or two days, lymph glands swell. The fever rises and the swellings, buboes, get huge and start to turn black. This is terrible pain. The brain becomes affected and the person becomes delirious and disoriented. Death usually arrives after about five days.

What happened with the imperial government?

It continued to exit but had no real power.

What did the high level of production mean for Tenochtitlan?

It could be a densely populated urban center.

When did Islam emerge and where?

It emerged on the Arabian Peninsula in the early seventh century CE. Muhammad had been preaching revelation from Gabriel in Mecca. Emphasized belief and submission of a single God. This brand of monotheism angered pagans.

What happened to the territory?

It expanded and contracted many times.

How did the Arab Empire expand?

It expanded by conquering other peoples and new non-Arab groups came to power.

Why was the Roman Empire difficult for one central ruler to control?

It expanded that much.

What happened to Axum by the third century?

It extended its power over the region and grown into a kingdom that set about conquering neighboring lands.

When did Islam first come to Indian subcontinents?

It first came to Indian subcontinent with Arab merchants and conquerors in the 11th century. It didn't gain a foothold until Malmuks gained power.

What happened with central authority during some periods?

It gained more control.

What was the role of Antioch, Syria?

It governed the far eastern empire. Also got importance from olive farms.

Why was there threatened security in Rome?

It had conflicting political parties.

What happened with the west?

It had invasions, a declining economy, and poor leadership.

What happened from June 1348 to December 1348?

It had taken over most of Western Europe and the British Isles.

What is the Silk Road?

It has been a major artery of trade within Asia for centuries. During the Late Middle Ages, it helped carry Asia and goods to Europe and vice versa.

What does the Taj Mahal show us?

It has impressive architecture, follies of late Mughal emperors. It was built for the wife of Shah Jahan's tomb in mid-17th century. Represents excess that led to the empire's fall.

Where did Islam reach/impact?

It impacted he Mediterranean area, middle east, India, and parts of Southeast Asia.

A fief was not just land. What else did it include?

It included a manor or castle in the center, smaller homes for laborers, land for farming, woods, and streams for fishing. It was like a small village. They were similar to plantations during the times of the slaves.

Where did trade increase to?

It increased throughout the caliphate and beyond.

Importance of Jerusalem?

It is a holy site sacred to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It contains Jewish synagogues, Christian churches, and Muslim mosques.

Where is the Sahara Desert?

It is an immense, dry region that stretches across African and separates North Africa from the rest of the continent.

What is Temple Mount

It is in Old jerusalem and a meeting place for all three religions. It is the site of 2 former Jewish temples.

What is the SHinto religion?

It is indigenous to Japan. It is less of a religion in the traditional sense than it is a collection of folklore, history, and mythology. Followers of Shinto hold that Japan was created by two gods: one male and one female. They were given a spear that they used to create the island of Japan. The link between the beauty of nature and people of Japan is very strong in Shinto.

How big is Africa?

It is larger than Europe, the United States, and China combined.

Why is Machu Picchu one of the most famous Incan cities and the most famous archaeological site sin the world?

It is one of the few ancient cities that survived the Spanish conquest intact.

What are characteristics of the Niger river?

It is strangely shaped, does not flow in a relatively straight line like the Nile or the Mississippi, but curves and changes direction.

Where is Israel located?

It is technically part of Asia, but it is straddled in a strip of land where Europe, Asia, and Africa meets. It also sits at the border of the Mediterranean.

What is so interesting about the Sahara Desert?

It is the largest, hottest, and driest deserts in the world, reaching 136 degrees Fahrenheit.

What is the significance of Hattin?

It is where Saladin established himself as a military genius.

Though the Empire was fleeting, what was a positive regarding Charlemagne's rule?

It laid groundwork for political and economic patterns that would dominate the rest of Europe's medieval period.

What is bushido?

It means "Way of the Warrior-Knight". It was an integral part of the Samurai life. The code developed, with influence of both Shinto and Buddhism, between the 9th and 12th centuries.

What is bakufu?

It means tent government. It derives from field headquarters used by warrior generals during times of conflict.

What happened to the disease's bacteria?

It mutated.

What happened to the West?

It never reunified.

Like the Ghana kingdom, what did succession among the early Malinke also seem to have gone to?

It seems to have gone to the son of a sister of a king, at least some of the time.

What happened by 920 CE?

It shrunk.

What did an increase in pilgrimages lead to?

It spurred travel, trade, and the building of inns and taverns.

How long did feudalism last in Japan?

It started around the 1100s and lasted until 1600 CE.

What did all of the work Europe was doing do?

It stimulated the economy and promoted urbanization.

What does Islam's holy book do?

It teaches respect for all knowledge and people of faith. It also encourages Muslims to strive to learn as much as possible. They did not seek to destroy people and property they conquered.

What was this ancient Ghana myth?

It tells the story of Bida, a serpent to whom the people sacrificed a virgin each year. As long as Bida received his sacrifices, the country flowed with gold. One year, the girl scheduled for sacrifice was rescued by the hero Mamadou Sarolle, who slew the serpent. With the death of Bida, gold mining became less successful. He also exacted revenge by bringing a drought, and the fortunes of the kingom declined.

What happened with the Byzantine Empire in the East?

It thrived.

What did Olmec mean?

It was Aztec for "rubber people". Olmecs used latex from rubber trees to create rubber. They were technologically advanced.

Charlemagne's ability to run an organized and efficient empire lead to what?

It was a good part of military successes.

What did the Hundred Years' War do?

It was a series of conflicts and battles separated by periods of peace. It was particularly hard on France. Not only did France have to fight a long and difficult war, but it was also suffering from the bubonic plague and struggling with a series of civil wars where powerful families fought to control various French territories. France was weakened at a time when it most needed to be strong.

What was Zen Buddhism?

It was a simpler and more direct teaching than Buddhism. It focused on personal experience. It teaches that enlightenment can be realized by anyone who makes the effort to achieve perfect concentration and awareness that is detached form worldly distractions. It opened a new type of "salvation".

What was the Kamakura period?

It was a time of exception cultural innovation. Increased trade with China brought new wealth and new materials and products.

What was the impact of paper on the economy?

It was an important result of trade. It was Chinese paper making. It was much faster than preparing parchment or papyrus, making written work more accessible. Paper use spread quickly throughout the empire. It began with government offices then into society. Shops began to sell paper and books. Businesses now conducted using a form of credit that is similar to modern day checks.

What had Venice done by the 15th century CE?

It was at the peak of its powers, wealthy, and stretched from its own lagoon and island to the Byzantine city of Constantinople. It was the greatest trading center in Europe. Its gold coin, the ducat, was valued everywhere because of its reliable worth. Aristocrats looked after the city and the general public was taken care of.

What did the victory over the Mongols do in Japan?

It was celebrated. But the economic impact caused chaos. The Kamakura bakufu lost power as many warlords fell into bankruptcy. The traditional loyalty between shogun, daimyo, and samurai was strained and broken. Kamakura society was broken down.

What happened to Naples in 1442 CE?

It was conquered by Alfonso of Aragon, from the Spanish royal family.

What was the Aztec social structure?

It was divided by social class, with a different diet, dress, and lifestyle for each class. The elites, for instances, lived in large stone homes and regularly ate food imported from other parts of the empire. An individual could rise in social class through personal success. At the bottom were indentured servants and slaves. Although many people were farmers in rural areas, cities and villages allowed for craft specialization. Most people in Tenochtitlan were craftsmen, priests, warriors, administrators, or merchants. Craft and merchant guilds were common and complex.

What was the impact of the House of Wisdom?

It was founded by Al-Ma'mun. It was built in Baghdad. It attracted scholars from surrounding continents. The main purpose was to translate great amounts of literature and knowledge into Arabic. It preserved literature and works of history by copying and translating works by Aristotle, Euclid, and other important thinkers of Persia, Greece, and Rome. It also sought to understand in for and organize it into the teachings of Islam.

Following the fall of Rome, what happened to their land?

It was grabbed up by surrounding groups in the region.

What is Monasticism?

It was introduced during the Middle Ages, and a system where religious figures take special vows and live together in monasteries. It took hold in Europe throughout the High Middle Ages.

What were characteristics about Army #1?

It was led by French lord Godfrey the Bouillon, Duke of Lower Lorraine, then part of the Holy Roman Empire.

What was Naples less of in compare to northern city-states?

It was less urban.

Where was the city of Djenne-Djeno located?

It was located in the Inland Delta in what is now Mali.

What was the main rural medieval population?

It was mainly made up of serfs.

Why was Spain not created like England and France?

It was not unified under a single religion at this time.

What was another early civilization?

It was one located in the city of Djenne-Djeno (also spelled Jenne-Jeno).

Why were Japanese women not taught Chinese?

It was reserved for political leaders who were all men.

What was Revenna?

It was the center of government for empire's land in Italy.

What happened from 1060-1492?

It was the period of reconquest. Spain had changed from a country of the three religions to just Christian. It unified Spain and helped give it its own national identity. It also led to some extreme acts of cruelty. Jews and Muslims who had lived more or less peacefully with the Christians were now persecuted. Those who didn't convert were tried, tortured, and sometimes executed.

What was salt so valuable?

It was used as currency, but also became a major source of political power.

What was the problem with draining swamps and clearing forests?

It was very expensive.

What was the Incan social class like?

It was very strict. At the top was the emperor, A.K.A. the Sapa Inca. At the bottom were farmers. The lower classes paid taxes and did the physical work to build the empire.

During the High Middle Ages, what was different about Europe's climate?

It was warmer than usual. Agriculture benefited and people became better fed and healthier.

What happened to the central monarchy as battles raged on?

It was weakened and lost control over Japan.

What did the shogun decide that the imperial court should do to bring stability to Japan?

It would be shared by two rival groups: the Southern Court and Northern Court. When one group's emperor died, the other group's most senior member would become monarch.

What did Charlemagne understand about splitting his father's land?

It would diminish power.

What would the Niger do to the inland Delta?

It would flood it and leave behind rich silt, much like the Nile in Egypt.

What happened by the mid-1300s?

Italian writers, artists, and architects began producing great works that marked the beginning of the Renaissance, a new era of rebirth in European history.

What did the kingdom become known for?

Its distinctive stone architecture and pottery.

What is the Tale of Genji known for?

Its intricate plotting and intriguing characters and situations. It offers a revealing glimpse into the mindset of the Japanese aristocracy of the time.

What was Venice most concerned with?

Its own affairs.

What was the source of Axum's greatness?

Its position among African, Mediterranean, and Asian trade networks.

What was Venice only concerned about at first?

Its trading and sea routes.

What leader formed alliances with neighboring groups and establish a strong and broad empire?

Itzcoatl in the 15th century. He did this through trade and war.

What did the kingdom of Axum trade?

Ivory, gold, glass, and agricultural and metal goods for textiles, spices, oils, and dyes from the Roman Empire, Egypt, Arabia, and India.

Why was maintaining a lavish imperial court and huge bureaucracy hard for Japan?

Japan lacked China's large population and abundant resources, crippling the Japanese peasants who had to support both.

What happened 10 years after the laws banning Christianity came into effect?

Japanese law encouraged the active persecution of missionaries and Japanese Christians.

Who did Japan send to learn China's ways of governing and the wisdom embodied in Confucianism?

Japanese scholars.

Canaan was centered on what is now...?

Jerusalem and the land that lay between Jordan River and the Mediterranean.

What had happened to Jerusalem by August 1098?

Jerusalem had come under the rule of Muslim Arabs known as Fatimids who ruled from Egypt.

What happened after 1244?

Jerusalem would never fall under Christian rule again.

What place did Saladin's forces take in the third crusade?

Jerusalem.

What happened in 1549?

Jesuit Francis Xavier arrived.

What does Judaism believe?

Jesus is false.

What happened in 2 BCE?

Jesus was born to Mary. Joseph was her husband. Jesus was a carpenter that grew up in Nazareth and became a Jewish preacher, the Messiah. He was crucified by Pontious Pilate then resurrected again in three days.

What does Christianity believe in?

Jesus' resurrection; Believes in sacraments as preparing to join God; Sacraments;

Examples of Mystic groups?

Jewish Kabbalah or Islamic Sufis have unusual ideas or practices. Islamic Whirlings ritual dance to honor God.

Who did many Europeans come to resent?

Jewish bankers and moneylenders. This antisemitism eventually turned violent and would pose an ongoing problem for European Jews in later centuries.

Who rose to become professional moneylenders because they were not bound by Church law?

Jewish people.

What religion(s) see their religion from Isaac?

Jews and Christians. Moses and Jesus are the founders of Judaism and Christianity.

Who is the city of Hebron important to?

Jews. Burial place of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and their wives.

What was the second step of becoming a craftsman? What were the characteristics and the process?

Journeyman. It was a professional artisan who worked for his master in exchange for a salary. He was often given his own tasks and projects to complete independent of the master. He usually continued to live in the master's workshop. The journeyman had to complete his own masterpiece, a work that would demonstrate his mastery of the craft. Both the master and the guild had to approve the journeyman's masterpiece for him to advance.

What happened in 1300 BCE?

Judaism in Sinai Peninsula

What happened from 58 BCE to 51 BCE?

Julius Caesar swept across Gaul (present-day France, Belgium, and Switzerland).

Even though ancient African societies and civilizations did not have written records, what are historians now beginning to discover?

Just how advanced these civilizations really were.

Under whose rule did the Byzantine empire reach power and when?

Justinian I's rule from 527-565 CE.

What was the Noh theater challenged by?

Kabuki theater as the entertainment of choice for upper-class Japanese.

What three women thrived at court during the late 10th and early 11th centuries?

Kagero nikkki (The Gossamer Years), whose author was known as "The Mother of Michitsuna." Another work "Makura no soshi" (The Pillow Book) was written by Sei Shonagon. They were stories of romance and courtly life.

What did the Funj have a difficult time keeping?

Keeping their power over the next two centuries. They were never as stable as other kingdoms in the area.

What did locksmiths make?

Keys and locks.

What did Saladin not do to Christians?

Kill them. he was actually full of courage and wisdom.

What happened in 612 CE?

King Ac Kan died without leaving behind a male heir.

Who led the 5th Crusade?

King Andrew II of Hungary.

Who was Henry III's successor?

King Edward.

What happened in 320 CE?

King Ezama of Axum becomes the first Christian Africa king. He converts following contact with Byzantine missionaries.

What happened in 320 CE?

King Ezana became the first known Christian king in Africa.

Who led more Crusades?

King Louis IX of France. He failed to make any territorial gain.

Which two monarchs pledge to the cause of the second crusade and led armies to the Holy Land?

King Louis VII of France and Emperor Conrad IV of Germany.

What was Alfred eventually seen as?

King of all of England.

What was the order in which the classes stood?

King, Nobles, Knights, then Peasants.

What were the upsides of being a king in the Middle Ages?

Kings had ultimate control over land. They could also grant land to others.

Who taxed items sold to traders?

Kings in the area.

Who held the highest rank in the European feudal system?

Kings, and like the Japanese emperors, often had little power.

Feudal Europe had what ruling over the land?

Kings.

By the 16th and 17th centuries, what was already seen as the past?

Knighthood.

Who were in the European warrior class?

Knights and vassals. They were granted land from their lord and in return pledged to serve and protect him this way, the vassal and lord relationship was similar to the shogun and daimyo relationship. The samurai never owned land as knights did; instead, they often lived in the castle of their shogun or daimyo.

What were the up and downsides of being a knight in the Middle Ages?

Knights battled for their lord. They were the warrior class. They were sometimes rewarded with land of their own.

What did the Incas encode messages with?

Knotted lengths of string called quipu.

What did monasteries house a great deal of?

Knowledge in the form of literature.

What city did Diabe Cisse choose to be the capitol of his kingdom?

Kumbi Saleh.

What was no longer a good endpoint for the trans-Saharan trade?

Kumbi Saleh.

What city was home of the most powerful warlord?

Kyoto.

What did their trade eventually have to expand to?

Land into the rest of Italy.

Who resisted the increasing power of the king?

Land-owning nobles.

In a Christian hierarchy, what did a king hold as a vassal to God?

Land.

What were the daiyo granted from the shogun?

Land.

What did the Caliphs begin building?

Large governing bureaucracy.

What did cities that the popolo and grandi inhabited start becoming?

Larger and wealthier and more independent until they became city-states, running themselves.

What did Huayna do to gain his own lands?

Launched campaigns against tribes to the east and north of the empire.

What happened by 1587 CE?

Laws were passed prohibiting proselytizing and practicing Christianity.

What did the Shi'a Muslims believe?

Leadership should pass through descendants of Muhammad or his blood relative. 10% of today's Muslims are Shi'a.

What did the Sunni Muslims believe?

Leadership should pass to people accepted by the Muslim community, not necessarily Muhammad's relative. About 90% of today's Muslims are Sunni.

What traveled back from the Byzantine and Muslim world with men who had returned there from the Crusades?

Learning and culture.

What was Timbuktu the center of?

Learning.

Who did Lodovico il Moro support?

Leonardo da Vinci for almost 20 years.

What united Japan as a nation?

Leyasu's victories over the last of the rebellious daimyo virtually united Japan.

In the wake of the Crusades, global trade came back, causing what regarding language?

Lingua franca, a common language for international business.

What did artisans generally do?

Lived and worked in the same building. Their homes doubled as workshops.

What did people bring to the city?

Livestock like sheep, goats, and pigs, and crops directly from the farms to sell or trade.

What did a central government require?

Local officials to rule parts of the kingdom.

What did scholars fail to do?

Look beneath the surface and excavate the remains of earlier civilizations. They didn't take notice of significant cultural icons like the Great Mosque in Timbuktu.

What did craft guilds do like the merchants?

Looked after their members and their families, paying for medical care, providing funerary services, and giving aid to those in need.

What happened around 1390 CE?

Lukeni Iua Nimi united several territories under one rule and became the first manikongo (king).

What were plucked string instruments?

Lutes and dulcimer

Where did the Great Famine affect?

Mainly northern Europe.

What kind of role does it play throughout history?

Major role

What did furriers do?

Make animal furs into clothing, rugs, hats, and shoes.

What did artisans in a certain trade have to do?

Make goods in a specific way and use particular materials and tools. They also had to stay in a certain price range hwne charging customers to make sure that no one had an unfair advantage.

What did most artisans do in the Middle Ages to make goods?

Make them by hand.

What is urbanization?

Making rural areas into towns.

What happened in the late 12th century?

Mamluks overthrew Abbasids in North Africa and Southwest Asia. They then pushed north and east into Asia where they fought Mongols, who dominated much of Asia at the time.

Under what system did landlords lease out land for loyalty, causing peasant farmers to get strips of land?

Manorialism system.

What was one of the most famous kings in Mali?

Mansa Musa.

Who was a ruler of the Mali in the 14th century?

Mansa Musa.

What happened by the 15th century?

Many African peoples and kingdoms had left their mark on East, Central, and South Africa.

What do historians debate about the causes of Bantu migrations?

Many attribute it to overpopulation.

Like the Mali Empire, what did the Songhai Empire also suffer from?

Many battles over succession.

What did people gain access to by expanding the Aztec boundaries?

Many goods, such as fruits, cocoa, and seashells.

What does the Temple of Inscriptions have?

Many hieroglyphic engravings. Under the temple is a crypt which held the remains of what is believed to be Pacal the Great.

What happened between the 900s and 1400s?

Many merchant communes in northern Italy had grown into powerful city-states.

Who ahd been defeated during the war?

Many of the most powerful daimyo.

Who adopted Islam?

Many people in lands once subject to Arab.

What did the Mayans establish during those hundreds of years?

Many powerful city-states, a complex religion, and a writing and mathematical system.

What had the feudalism system created in the late Middle Ages?

Many small towns clustered around castles or other places of local authority across Europe.

How did noble families in both regions form alliances?

Marriage.

What was the final step of becoming a craftsman? What were the characteristics and the process?

Master. When an artisan's masterpiece had been accepted, the journeyman would be invited to join the craft guild and become a master. As a master, the artisan enjoyed the benefits and responsibilities of a guild membership. He could open his own shop and he and his family enjoyed a higher level of status within the town and community.

What were the rules of succession in the kingdom of Ghana?

Matrilineal, meaning the new king was the son of the old king's sister.

What are codices?

Mayan paper books.

What was the Book of Kells?

Medieval scribes, often monks, created beautifully hand-written and illustrated texts called illuminated manuscripts. One of the most famous, the Book of Kells records Gospels of the Bible's New Testament. The monks of Abbey of Kells, in Ireland, made the manuscript in the 9th century.

What were knights a major part of?

Medieval society.

Who handled most of the finance and commerce of Naples?

Men from cities in Florence, so Naples did not have the professional middle class that the other places did.

Who became priests?

Men of more modest backgrounds.

What did some daimyo become a type of?

Merchant class.

Who were craft guilds not as powerful as?

Merchant guilds, but they were still a great deal of influence.

Where did the early banks in Northern Italy advance their money to?

Merchants and farmers to pay for plowing, seeding, and harvesting of crops and for the overland trade caravans.

What did many peddlers become?

Merchants that traded goods with foreign lands.

What was happening in Europe's urban centers?

Merchants weren't the only ones forming medieval guilds. Other social and economic changes were occurring.

What kind of Venetians became very rich?

Merchants.

What did blacksmiths make?

Metal goods, such as chains, nails, pots, and even weapons.

What were coins make of?

Metals.

Where did the first music, or notation, come from?

Middle Ages in Europe.

What were there NOT in the feudal structure?

Middle class

What were the people of the western Sahel considered?

Middlemen who controlled the trade.

What happened in the 14th and 15th centuries?

Migrants from the north, including the Tutsi and the Maasai came to the region.

What led to a population explosion in Europe during the Warm Period?

Mild weather, plentiful rainfall, and record-breaking crop yields.

What are Holy Orders?

Military orders to support and defend Christian land and pilgrims.

What could the tax of labor be paid with?

Military service, construction work, or agriculture work.

What did the new daimyo often set up?

Mini-kingdoms that were completely independent from the shogun government.

What happened in the fourth centuy?

Missionaries brought Christianity to Axum.

Who brought Christianity to the region?

Missionaries from the Byzantine Empire.

Who often did the good work of collecting information about Aztecs that wasn't Spanish bias?

Missionaries who learned the Aztec language, Nahuatl.

Who joined caravans to teach distant peoples about Islam?

Missionaries.

Who became the fifth emperor of the Aztecs? When?

Moctezuma I in 1440 Ce.

What was the 13th century the beginning of?

Modern banking.

What did the manorial system turn into as cities began to grow?

Modern capitalism.

What did villages grow into?

Modest cities.

Who copied ancient and Christian texts by hand in the early medieval period?

Monastic scribes. They also painted colorful decorations on the margins of the pages to create beautiful illuminated manuscripts. They helped the writings survive the modern era.

Who, instead of pawnbrokers, also made loans to people in exchange for interest?

Moneylenders.

What happened in 1526?

Mongol Babur established new Muslim Indian empire. Mughal empire.

Where were warlike and power-hungry people streaming out of?

Mongolia.

What happened in the 16th century?

Mongols to north overwhelmed Delhi Sultanate.

What groups lived in monasteries and convents?

Monks and nuns.

As the empire expanded, what happened with Arabic?

More and more people learned Arabic, making it easier to communicate.

What had feudal service become?

More burdensome, as peasant serfs were forced to pay their overlords for protection.

The larger an empire became, what did the king get?

More land and resources that he could control, more slaves, more people available to serve in the army, more admiration from conquering kings, and more trade routes to tax.

What did Alfonso want to acquire?

More territory along the Italian coast as a way to compete with cities like Venice and Florence.

How long did the Byzantine Empire last?

More than 1000 years.

What percentage of the world follows the three religions?

More than 50%

For how many years did the Christians kep a weak hold on the Holy Land?

More than 80 years.

How long did the two families fight before one came victorious?

More than a decade.

What had happened by 1317?

More than a million people had died.

How long did Crusaders lay siege to Jerusalem during the First Crusade?

More than a month before the keepers surrendered.

What was the overall tone of the new government?

More toward military.

What did Islamic art influence?

Mosaics and calligraphy.

What did the rest of India convert to besides Islam?

Most followed the Hindu religion as well.

Where did much of Western Europe go to?

Most fragmented off Germanic and other kingdoms such as the Franks, who conquered one area, the Visigoths, Ostrogoths, and Angles and Saxons who controlled over regions. Vandals took over the Italian Peninsula and displaced what remained. Muslim Arabs from north Africa pushed into the Iberian Peninsula.

What did most women have to do to change or maintain a social standing?

Most had to marry someone with either the same or a higher rank in society.

What did Milan conquer since they were such a strong military force

Most of northern Italy. They nearly conquered Florence, too.

What was Muhammad in relation to the other prophets?

Most recent in the line.

What was one of the three gunpowder empires and why?

Moughal Empire. They used Chinese Gunpowder for cannons and firearms.

What would nobles do if their land was taken away?

Move into the cities and become part of life there.

Where did Constantine move the capital to and why?

Moved it to Constantinople. The Empire could be more easily governed. The East also had a denser population and economic activity, making it more important than the West.

What could merchants often be seen in?

Moving in caravans, or groups, through the streets with goods loaded onto pack animals and into carts and wagons.

What happened in 1021?

Mrasaki Shikibu wrote the first novel, "Genji monogatari", or "Tale of Genji" in English.

What happened by 1429?

Much of France was now in the hands of the English.

What did the Byzantine Empire control?

Much of the Eastern Mediterranean region.

What did the Bantu come to dominate?

Much of the region by the early centuries CE.

What did the African Agew unite?

Much of the region.

What happened in 632 CE?

Muhammad announces about kindness and respect.

What happened in 630 CE?

Muhammad conquered Mecca itself.

What happened in 632 CE?

Muhammad dies.

What does both Judaism and Christianity believe?

Muhammad is false.

What does Islam believe in?

Muhammad prophet

What happened in 570 BCE?

Muhammad was born in Mecca.

What happened in 622 CE?

Muhammad was forced to flee with followers from Mecca and Yathrib (Medina).

What happened in 624 CE?

Muhammad won victory with followers over Mecca forces at Badr.

Where did the U.S.'s and Europe's huge rise in immigrants come from?

Muslim countries.

What religion(s) sees it from Ishmael?

Muslims because Muhammad came from Ishmael.

What were kings that ruled the region known as?

Mwene Mutapa. The kingdom became this name.

Each religion has smaller groups called...?

Mystics.

Which city-state was the farthest south?

Naples, the fifth city-states.

What did the church foster a feeling of?

National identity in people rather than a shared identity based on their religious faith.

Where was Niani?

Near the Bure gold fields, on the present-day border between Mali and Guinea.

Where did Dinga finally settle down?

Near the Niger River.

Where were these people located?

Near the great civilizations of North Africa and Southwest Asia.

For how many years did the Europeans fight for control of Israel?

Nearly 1,000.

For how many centuries were Vikings a powerful force?

Nearly 3 centuries.

What was the possible pre-conquest population of Tenochtitlan?

Nearly 400,000, making it the largest city in Mesoamerican history.

How many people did the Black Death wipe out in the 1300s?

Nearly a third of Europe's population.

What did the People's Crusade result in?

Nearly all of the Crusaders were killed by Turks.

Three clans had daimyo whose power equaled what?

Nearly that of the shogun.

Who was greatly influenced by the Olmec?

Neighboring and later cultures.

What did the Oromo begin raiding?

Neighboring lands looking for more promising resources int he 13th century.

What did advancements in science and math lead to?

New forms of medical treatment and a richer understanding of the natural world.

What ushered a new era in Europe?

New ideas that flowed through Italy.

What did Norman kings levy on the English landowners?

New taxes.

What was the capital of the Mali Empire?

Niani.

When did Sunni Ali lead the Songhai in conquering the cities of Mema and Timbuktu?

Ninety years after the successful rebellion against Mali.

What was France in the late 10th century?

No more than a collection of small feudal territories.

Did the CHildren's Crusade ever reach the Holy Land?

No. Nicholas led is group to Rome where Pope Innocent III praised the efforts and released the Crusaders form their vow. Many who survived the dangerous journey over the Alps turned around and went home. Others continued on to the port city of Genoa, where they expected the Waters of the Mediterranean Sea to part for them. Many stayed and made their homes in Genoa. Stephen led his group first to Paris, where he delivered an appeal to the French king, which was ignored. Stephen and his followers continued to Marseilles where they ended up in the slave markets of North Africa.

What three kingdoms arose in the sixth century CE?

Nobatia, Maqurrah, and Alwah had arisen along the upper (southern) stretches of the Nile River, an area known as Nuba.

Under the feudal system, what did noblemen give other people?

Noblemen who controlled land exchanged protection for labor and military service of subjects.

Who was under the king in the Songhai class structure?

Nobles, who comprised of the local nobility, who held lesser positions in the government.

What barrier does this desert form?

North Africa developed differently from the rest of the continent. Its languages, cultures, and ethnicities are more closely linked to Arabia and the Mediterranean than to the rest of Africa.

Where did trade extend to?

North Africa to South Europe.

Through land and sea trade, where did Islam reach into?

North, Sub-Saharan, and East Africa, and across Southwest and Central Asia.

Where were the semi-independent guild towns mainly located?

Northern Italy, where they would grow into city-states, but also in France, Germany, England, and other European kingdoms.

What did Milan conquer much of?

Northern Italy.

What did the kings not do during the 1st Crusade?

Not one king rode in it.

What did the waters within and around Africa make possible?

Not only human migration and farming but also trade. They served as major arteries that connected African with others. Through seafaring trade, merchants brought valuable goods that increased the wealth of African peoples who would rise to become kings and emperors. They also brought Christianity, Islam, and their own political interests. Arabs and Persians would help found the city-states of the Swahili Coast, and the Portuguese would prove the first of a series of European invaders that would forever change the face of Africa.

What did Arab traders bring?

Not only language and trade goods but also religion.

What did later leaders benefit from?

Not only salt wealth but also from copper.

How may people did their army consist of? What were their lives?

Numbered in the thousands of peasants.

What are artifacts?

Objects left behind by a civilization. This includes writing in the form of carves tablets, monument inscriptions, records of outsiders, bits of pottery, jewelry, roads, buildings, coins, weapons, tools, art, and anything else archaeologists can find.

What kind of rulers were the two families?

Often strong and cruel.

What happened in 1098?

Oldest French language epic (a long narrative poem) , The Song of Roland, was written about a knight's experiences in the Crusades.

How was Tumibamda constructed?

On a high elevation near cliffs.

Where was Venice located?

On the Adriatic Sea in the northeast of Italy's "boot".

What happened with power-sharing?

One Southern Court monarch, Emperor Go-Daigo (1318-1339 CE) wanted total power for his court. The system broke down.

What happened around 700 BCE?

One group of people emerged as dominant in the region.

What kind of city-state was Milan?

One of the most powerful and wealthy of the city-states.

What did Japan turn out to be?

One of the most receptive countries Christian missiouaries had yet found.

What is Al-Azhar?

One of the oldest universities in the world founded around 970-972 CE in Cairo, Egypt. It focuses on Islamic teaching and culture.

What is the Great Schism?

One of the world's ultimate power struggles.

What happened by the first century CE?

One of these trade cities, Axum, had become the wealthiest, most influential market city on what would become the Ethiopian Coast.

What kind of math system did the Mayans develop?

One that was much more advanced and easier to use.

What do all 3 religions believe in?

One true God; Honor commandments; Humans have souls; Believe in afterlife; practice fasting; Moses is a prophet of God; Sabbath

What did money changers exchange?

One type of money, or currency, for another, charging a small fee in the process.

What does Muslim mean?

One who submits

1400CE?

Only consisted of a few areas in Greece and Constantinople.

Why were they considered 'dark' ages?

Only limited written records survived. They shined light on the time between the Roman Empire and the Renaissance.

What was most of the knowledge and history passed down through in Africa?

Oral tradition.

Details of the Torah?

Originally written record of revelations from mt Sinai, or the first 5 books of the Old Testament. Now it is the entire 39 books of the Hebrew Bible and complete Old Testament, including histories and revelations after Moses.

Who was pushing out of the southern bush country in search of better land?

Oromo.

What else was within the church?

Other hierarchies. The church included clergy, people such as priests and monks, and others who devoted their lives to the Church. Laity, or ordinary baptized Christians, were also included.

What did the new people quickly come to rule?

Other inhabitants of the region.

What did urbanization and the growth of merchant and artisan classes expand the need for?

Other professionals. Scribes and other important professionals such as doctors and lawyers increased their numbers and even formed their own guilds.

What do all three religions also look to?

Other written things for guidance and understanding, including stories passed down and recorded laws and decisions made by religious leaders over time.

Where is the main source of written information about early African civilizations from?

Outside travelers and traders.

What was the main reason not much was known about ancient and medieval Africa?

Outsiders did not bother to look for records.

About how many people live in Sahel?

Over 50 million.

How long did the first wave of the Bant migrations take?

Over the course of 2,000 years.

How many cities did the Maya people have?

Over twenty elaborate cities that were home between 5,000 to 50,000 people.

What did all of the Leagues expand?

Overseas trade.

What happened in 793 CE?

Pagan Vikings descended on Linaisfare, the Holy Island, off the English coast.

What, besides poetry, also flourished during the Fujiwara era?

Painting. The colored yamato-e (Japanese style) paintings depicted the life and people of the Japanese court. Some also depicted Buddhist monasteries and the monks who lived in them.

What were built along Venice's main canal?

Palaces.

Where is the Holy Land located in the modern day?

Palestine

What did the division of feudal England form the basis of?

Parliamentary government.

What were the newcomers primarily?

Pastoralists, or catte herders.

What happened if people paying out laws didn't pay the interest and payment in a certain amount of time?

Pawnbrokers would keep or sell the property.

Who also started to resent the imposition of both Buddhism and Chinese-style governance in Japan?

Peasants.

What was the next lowest class after warriors in Europe?

Peasants. They had a much higher status than serfs in feudal Europe. Japanese peasants owned the land they tilled. Lords, knights, and vassals owned the land in their domains, and the serfs were bound to that land. Peasants were respected in japan because they produced food that fed people-an attribute that was taken for granted in feudal Europe.

A small number of these people moved from place to place. What were they called?

Peddlers.

What happened as towns grew and merchants expanded trade?

People began to specialize in the production of certain goods.

What happened by 1000 BCE?

People had established settlements in the western Sahel.

Even another source of wealth for the church?

People had to pay for baptisms and burials, it didn't pay taxes to the government.

What did people do around 2000 BCE?

People of the upper Nile area and Southwest Asia migrated along the coast of the Red Sea and settled the lands known as the Horn of Africa.

One did people think happened before the next era at one time?

People thought time stopped. They just waited for the next era after the Roman Empire collapsed.

Why did the smallpox outbreak spread relatively slowly?

People traveled on horseback or on foot.

What happened as towns grew?

People tried to cram even more buildings within the walls.

Vikings, Arabs, Persians, and Turks were all part of what kind of group?

Peoples who caused Medieval European rulers to rally their forces.

Who was Istanbul, Turkey ruled by?

Perisans, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, and Ottomans

Where did the Arab Muslims invade?

Persian Sassanid Empire, Byzantine Roman Empire, conquered Syria, Palestine, and Persia. Took Jerusalem, Byzantine, and Egypt.

What did Peter the Hermit do as his army crossed over into Anatolia?

Peter the Hermit stayed in Constantinople.

Who is a contemporary of Boccaccio?

Petrarch, who is known as the Father of Humanism. He is also known for his lyrical poetry. His work was admired throughout Europe and became a model for other poets during the Renaissance. He is credited with labeling the Dark Ages era.

What happened in 1302?

Philip IV of France had a similar idea to establish the Estates-General.

What did Phillip decide to do after the Pope's death?

Philip moved the official office of the pope from Rome, Italy to Avignon, France. This put the pope under Philip's control.

What was pillaging during the time of the Vikings?

Pillaging was to take goods by force from someone else.

Who did Saladin convince to unify the Muslim Middle East?

Pious Muslims and also a realistic ruler.

What did Henry II force English nobles to do?

Pledge their loyalty to him.

What did the daimyo give to the shogun in return?

Pledged to give military and other services to the shogun.

What was the new disease called?

Pneumonic plague. It affected the lungs. A person could feel fine in the morning and be dead by that night.

What worked hand in hand, creating a new class system and new kind of government?

Politics and economics.

What was their religion?

Polytheistic. The Sapa Inca was considered a god. The religion also involved nature gods and human sacrifice.

Why do developing nations have an added risk of spreading disease?

Poor sanitation, crowding. No money or medical supplies to stop or slow down pandemics.

What happened in 1198?

Pope Innocent III called for a new Crusade.

What happened in 800 CE?

Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Emperor of the West. It looked like the Pope only benefited Charlemagne, but it did benefit himself and the Church's position as well.

What began in 1095?

Pope Urban II was in charge at the time. They called Christian rulers to lead armies to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim Turks. These crusades lasted more than 200 years and resulted in new alliances with European kingdoms.

What did they succumb to in the 17th century?

Portugese invasions.

What did the people of Djenne-Djeno make?

Pottery and iron tools and circular mud-brick sites.

What was the basic unit of coinage?

Pound

What did the samurai class gain?

Power and wealth.

What did these new Arab trading centers grow into?

Powerful markets for Arab and Indian merchants and native African populations who descended from earlier Bantu migrants.

Where does the Niger river start and end?

Present-Day Guinea and flows northeast into Mali where it flows southwest through Niger and Nigeria and empties into the Atlantic Ocean.

What did rural growth call for regarding private land during the Middle Ages?

Private land had to be combined into large, private farms.

What did goldsmiths make?

Products made from gold.

What did ideal knightly behavior include?

Protecting and respecting the church, respecting one's lord, and helping the weak and the poor.

What did ancient Greeks and Egyptians refer to this area as?

Punt

Over time, what would the descendants of the first wave of migrants do?

Push farther south, spreading their language and culture throughout the region.

What two things did the Incans share with the Egyptians?

Pyramids and mummies.

What did the Zapotecs begin constructing in their new city?

Pyramids, elaborate tombs, and even a ball field. They had a written calendar and language as well.

Islam's sacred text?

Qur'an. Honros Hebrew and Christian Bible but feels it's the latest and most accurate. Most people memorize it in Arabic.

What happened in 1315?

Rain flooded farms and rotted crops. The crops died before they could be harvested.

What did merchants do in the Late Middle Ages?

Ranged farther and farther afield along with European explorers.

How did the plague sprad?

Rats stowed away on trading ships. They scurried along ropes when the ship was in harbor. Some rats would leave the ship as new ones would board. The plague began with the rats in Asia and were carried to port cities in the Middle East (1330s) and into Europe by the 1340s. It then moved across the continent on people carrying infected fleas.

What returned to European painting in the late middle Ages?

Realism.

What are scholars still arguing about?

Reasons why Africa hasn't been studied more.

What happene din 1212?

Reeligious zeal and poverty lead to the Children's Crusade.

What did the warfare prevent?

Regions from unifying.

What building was built in the 13th century in the Gothic style?

Reims Cathedral in France.

What was the center of society in Medieval times?

Religion

What were intertwined during the Middle Ages?

Religion and politics.

What came from the Byzantine Empire?

Religious icons, painted on wood.

What did Rome rely on since there were no major industries or trade?

Religious pilgrims and church business for its income.

What did the Incans use pyramids for?

Religious purposes.

In Europe, what did lords claim they went to war for?

Religious reasons.

What kind of paintings were very common in the early Middle Ages?

Religious themes and symbolism. Little effort was made to paint realistically. Even the greatest painters of the medieval period did not make portraits and landscapes look exactly like people and place sin the real world. These artists didn't use perspective.

How did the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabelle unify the peninsula?

Religiously, linguistically, and nationally, since their territories combined.

What did people pledge to repay to pawnbrokers?

Repay the loan with interest within a certain amount of time in order to reclaim their property, most often land.

Who governed the city-states that broke away to form their own republics?

Representative bodies of various types. Wealthy merchant families still held most of the power.

What did lords in feudal Europe lay the foundation for?

Representative government through such documents as the Magna Carta.

What did the roads help Cuzco do?

Retain control of the empire and help the Spanish to quickly conquer the territory.

What were traded in growing market towns?

Rice, salt, manufactured goods.

What happened in 1192?

Richard and Saladin reached a truce where Saladin's Muslim empire could keep control of Jerusalem but granted Christians the right to visit the city and shrines.

Who struck a curious relationship with his foe, Saladin in the third crusade?

Richard, of whom failed to retake Jerusalem.

What fell into disrepair?

Roads and other public structures fell into disrepair.

What did his domain include?

Roman Empire and some of the Western.

What style became popular in the 1000s?

Romanesque. As monastic communities grew in size, churches needed to expand to accommodate larger numbers of worshipers and visitors.

What did the Latins become known as?

Romans

What happened in 275 BCE?

Romans gained control of the entire Italian Peninsula.

What happened in 509 BCE (500 years after Rome was founded)?

Romans set up a republic.

What happened by the end of the 3rd century CE?

Romans split in half.

What happened from 500 BCE to 200 CE?

Romans steadily expanded.

What were the Punic Wars centered on?

Romans tried to dominate Mediterranean Region.

What were the two most important political centers?

Rome (west) and Constantinople (east) (formerly called Byzantine).

Along with Venice, what cities were considered to be the leading cities of the Renaissance?

Rome and Florence.

What happened in 200 CE?

Rome reached the height of power.

Under Rome, what did Europe unite with to maintain peace?

Rome's central government, laws, and military.

What were the other four city-states largely governed by?

Rome, Florence, Milan, and Naples were largely governed by guilds of wealthy citizens. Later, powerful individuals or families took control.

What did the West half center on?

Rome.

What did the fourth Crusade fail to do?

Rouse any monarchs.

What did Florence have the strongest tradition of?

Rule by a democracy.

What disagreements slowed down the progress and split the forces in the first crusade?

Rule of Antioch.

These land grants were the foundation of what?

Rural medieval social culture

Europe was largely rural or urban?

Rural. It had small villages of peasants and serfs farming on large manorial estates.

What was spreading out of China a few years ago that had everyone worried?

SARS. Years before that, AIDS.

What was an early trombone?

Sackbut

Details of the Qur'an?

Sacred text of Islam. Considered to be literal word of God as revealed to Muhammad through Gabriel. 114 chapters (suras) recorded Muhammad's teachings in verse which are meant to be recited by followers.

Who was one of Mali's greatest kings?

Sakura, of whom was not a member of the royal family when he rose to power. He was a military leader.

What did the people of the south trade for?

Salt, silk, spices, coffee, and other goods from the north.

What was kept alive during Europe dark ages?

Scholarships. They played a role in sparking the European Renaissance.

Who was Benedict's twin sister? What did they often do?

Scholastica, who was the first Benedictine nun. They often discussed spiritual matter. Both were deemed saints by the Roman Catholic Church.

What kinds of animals live in the Sahara desert?

Scorpions, snakes, and some rodents since the area is so dry.

What did Saddlers make?

Seats, or saddlers, for knights/other horse riders from wood, leather, textiles, wool, and horsehair.

What are groups withitn each religion called?

Sects or denominations. They have different customs.

What music was not written for the church but during the same time period?

Secular, or non-religious music.

What did Venice need to be sure that the new trade routes would have?

Secure trade routes over the Alps and into Western Europe to disperse the goods it acquired by sea.

For serfs, what did the tithe take?

Seeds, crops, and livestock. These items were used to feed village priests and vicars and to sustain lower clergy.

What covered most of Japan covered?

Semi-independent estates, called shoen. Leaders of prominent families usually controlled these estates.

What status did some guild towns enjoy?

Semi-independent status.

How did these cities prosper?

Sending interior trade goods, especially gold, copper, and iron along the Limpopo and Save Rivers to cities along the Indian Coast.

Who governed the east?

Separate political parties.

What did members of both guilds do?

Served on town councils and performed public services.

What had they done by the 14th century CE?

Settled on the islands of Lake Texcoco.

What happened as a result of Italy's location?

Several Italian cities became important centers for trade, banking, and other kinds of commerce.

What connected Tenochtitlan to the shores of the lake?

Several causeways.

How long did the region around Meroe flourish?

Several hundred years.

What was the rest of Spain a collection of?

Several kingdoms. The most powerful were Castile and Aragon.

What were coins and their weights broken down into?

Shillings, pence, pennies, and halfpennies.

What happened in 1543 CE?

Shipwrecked Portuuese sailors turned up on Japan's shores. They were the first Europeans the Japanese had ever set eyes on.

What was the lord reffered to in Japan? The vassals?

Shogun. Vassals were daimyo, military governors, or stewards.

What happened in the 800s?

Singer in some monasteries began experimenting with harmony. This polyphonic music has all voices singing the same rhythm but on different notes.

What were masters?

Skilled artisans who owned their own shops.

Who was under freemen in the Songhai class structure?

Slaves and war captives. A slave might have a high position or low position in society. As the Songhai armies captured more land, entire towns might be considered slaves, but they remained on their land and farmed it because that was how they could best serve in the kingdom.

1000 CE?

Small growth

What came up regarding kingdoms when the Roman Empire collapsed?

Small kingdoms emerged, causing battles against each other to increase their wealth.

Who did priests lead?

Small parishes, preaching in less ornate churches and chapels.

What became more powerful?

Smaller kingdoms to the south, where the land was greener and more productive.

What disease most likely killed the Incas?

Smallpox brought by the newly arrived Spanish.

What killed 50% of the Roman Empire in the 6th century?

Smallpox.

When would merchants repay their debts?

Sold their goods.

Who already adopted Christianity by association with Rome?

Some Germans.

Who influenced the Christian monastic practice?

Some monks and nuns.

What did William keep some of?

Some of the English methods of government.

Where did people end up moving to?

Some people moved to the country to focus on farming. Small economies arose.

What did too many people in the lands of the Niger and Benue River Valleys cause?

Some to seek out new opportunities and resources elsewhere.

What happened by the 13th century?

Some warlords and samurai were quite wealthy.

What were Christian armies to Saladin in the third crusade?

Someone who were infidels that had to be evicted.

Who was Isaac?

Son of Abraham and Sarah. God told Abraham to sacrifice Isaac as a burnt offering.

What did Dinga have many of?

Sons.

Where did the Bantu spread?

South and east, blending with local hunter-gatherers who inhabited the areas that they settled.

Where did Huayna Capac extend the Inca Empire to?

South, into what is now Argentina and Chile.

Where was the Sahara moving?

Southward.

What trading ships were making regular stops at Japanese trading ports?

Spain and the Netherlands.

What was happening in Spain while the kings of England and France were increasing their power and establishing a strong national identity?

Spaniards had been ruled by Islamic groups since the early eighth century. However, Christian kingdoms in the north had been expanding their territory south for centuries. By 1300, Muslim Spain was reduced to the boundaries of the kingdom of Granada on the southern tip of the peninsula.

What did artisans work with?

Specific materials, such as wood, fiber, and metals, to make weapons, tools, furniture, clothing, etc.

What did the two boys begin to do after they received their vision?

Spread the message and gathered followers, Nicholas in Germany and Stephen in France.

What did leaders try to do?

Stabilize their politics and population.

What played an important role in Medieval Europe?

Stained glass and other artwork. They passed on religious and other teachings to masses of illiterate peasants in Europe.

What did the increasing use of coinage encourage European merchants to come up with?

Standard weights and measures.

What did craft guilds also establish?

Standards for the production fo goods to ensure a certain quality and to protect their members.

Symbol for Judaism?

Star of David. Stood for Jews since 11th Century, 12 sides for 12 tribes of Israel.

What did some artisans have to do instead of working out of their homes?

Stoneworkers, for instance, worked throughout a city or traveled from city to city to complete various building projects.

What happened by the 1000s?

Stories of a King Arthur and his court at Camelot were poular in Wales.

Who were African griots?

Storytellers who shared myths and legends with their people.

What happened to the quality of towns as they grew?

Streets were narrow and crooked, not paved, garbage and sewage was in the street, towns were unsanitary and disease spread, houses were made of wood and fires destroyed entire towns.

What happened during the strong times?

Strong rulers helped increase the territory.

What does Islam mean?

Submission

What were there many fights over?

Succession. There have been no strict tradition.

Who was the founder of the Mali empire?

Sundiata Keita.

Who is considered the founder of the Songhai Empire?

Sunni Ali the Great.

What happened when families felt that Ashikaga was keeping too much land for itself?

Supporters broke away from the shogun and gained control of their own domains. These warlords became a new type of daimyo.

What did bladesmiths make?

Swords and knives.

What do specific religions come with?

Symbols, sites, or places sacred to believers.

What systems built armies?

Systems controlled by warrior landlords.

What was one of the worst pandemics ever known?

THe Black Death, whcih killed about 50% of Europe's population.

What did kings in these situations do?

Take advantage of the opportunity to expand his territory as much as possible.

How did the Portuguese oblige their hosts?

Teaching them how to make and use European-style muskets. The weapon would transform Japanese warfare.

What did the Maya cities include?

Temples, monuments, pyramids, ball fields, plazas, and palaces.

What is the Decameron about?

Ten young people (7 girls and 3 boys) were fleeing Florence from the plague. Each one told a story to total 100 stories. The stories entertained the group during their travels.

What is the capital city of the Aztec Empire?

Tenochtitlan.

What tensions led to conflicts?

Tensions between Muslims and Hindus lead to conflicts in the coming centuries.

What type of farming did the people that lived in the Andes have to use?

Terrace farming.

What were daimyos?

Territorials barons. Lords of their lands.

What did Huayna Capac also fight to gain?

Territories north of his empire in what is now Ecuador.

When Muslim forces regrouped and attacked Edessa during the second Crusade, what three such orders rode forth under the banner of the 2nd crusade?

Teutonic Knights, Knights Hospitaller, and Knights Templar

What did people think would never happen to the Roman Empire?

That it would collapse. But it did 1600 years ago.

What did Pacal try to justify?

That the way he gained the throne by connecting his mother with the Divine Mother and the mythological events that happened during the creation of the world.

What were the names of the three Italian Renaissance writers in literature?

The "Three Crowns", Dante, Boccaccio, and Petrarch.

What is Tenochtitlan sometimes called?

The "Venice of the Americas" because of the number of canals in the city.

What happened on September 2, 1192?

The 2 great warriors make peace without ever meeting.

What happened on June 7, 1911?

The 34-year-old English King in Acre to conquer fort, Richard's army needs shortcut. They roll siege towers up to the enemy wall.

What happened in 1202?

The 4th Crusade set out for the Holy Land only to be distracted by Venetian lords who convinced them to capture wealth and splendor of the Eastern Orthodox Church instead.

Who created magnificent art, architecture, and literature.?

The Abbasids, and later the Safavids, arose and expanded from Persia (Iran)

As Axum's power waned, what people emerged to fill a growing vacuum of power?

The African Agew people.

The Christians were not the only ones to record the events of the Crusades. What Arab set his account of the First Crusade in The Damascus Chronicle?

The Arab Scholar and official Ibn al-Qalanisi. He wrote an account of the Crusaders' conquest of Jerusalem in 1099.

What happened in the seventh century CE?

The Arabs conquered Adulis, cutting off Axum from its prosperous Red Sea trade.

What happened in August 1096?

The Army #1 set out.

Where was Florence near?

The Arno river and mountains.

What civilization lasted from 1325-1519 CE?

The Aztec. They were the last of the great pre-Columbian civilization, thriving between 1325 and 1519. They were a rich culture. They built several cities, like Tenochtitlan, but were great farmers and known for their advanced agricultural techniques. It ended when Spanish conquistadors arrived in Mesoamerica. Tenochtitlan was located on an island in the middle of a lake. It was a sprawling urban center.

Who were the most famous civilizations living in the Mesoamerican region?

The Aztecs and the Mayas, though they are not the first.

What happened soon after Moctezuma assumed the throne?

The Aztecs were hit with a series of disasters, namely a plague of locusts, a flood, and a harsh frost.

Who were dominant in Mesoamerica at the beginning of the 16th century?

The Aztecs.

What place proved to have one of the most lasting influences?

The Bantu.

Whose Benedictine Rule set new standards for monks which became key elements of Christian monasticism?

The Benedict of Nursia. This rule establishes a balance between work, prayer, and study for monks.

What did the Solomonic rulers claim descent from?

The Biblical King Solomon and Queen of Sheba.

What code did the Samurai follow?

The Bushido Code and Seven Virtues (Rectitude, courage, benevolence, respect, honesty, honor, and loyalty).

What was a major accomplishment of the 4th Crusade?

The Byzantine Empire was weakened so they could no longer hold off Muslim expansion.

What did the East become known as?

The Byzantine Empire.

At this time, what was the only church in the Western Empire?

The Catholic Church.

What pattern did Japan imitate?

The Chinese aristocracy.

What was a complicated relationship between?

The Church and the budding states. The Church was more wealthy but the kingdoms supplied armies for the Church's crusades.

While England and France was fighting, who did the French king decide to pick a fight with?

The Church over authority.

Who wasn't the only group of people making music, art, and literature in the Medieval period?

The Clergy.

What was one of the groups the Holy Land was divided in?

The Crusader states (Christian Areas). Established in Asia Minor, Syria, Lebenon, and the Holy Land.

What happened in August 1098?

The Crusaders reached Jerusalem.

What introduced trade and the building of more roads?

The Crusades in the Holy Land. They introduced Europeans to Eastern goods, especially valuable silks and spices.

What was another source of wealth for the church?

The Crusades. These wars brought gold, treasure, and innovations into Western Christendom.

What did this group from 700 BCE establish?

The D'mt kingdom (pronounced D'maat)

What were important members of the Mali empire?

The Dyula (or Juula).

What was the first half of the Middle Ages called? What was it considered?

The Early Middle Ages. It was considered a hole in European economics, the military, and intellectual power.

Whose writing system was similar to that of the Aztecs?

The Egyptian hieroglyphics. They are both essentially pictographs.

What happened during the weak times?

The Empire lost ground.

What was Constantinople?

The Empire's economic and religious center.

What began 1,000 years after the Roman Empire's decline?

The European Renaissance. It began in Italy around 1350 and spread throughout Europe.

Under what system did the church control a great deal of land and wealth?

The Feudal system. They also "held the keys to heaven", making it a formidable force.

What secret society did the masons' guild develop?

The Freemasons, that still exists today.

What happened by the year 1000?

The Fujiwara became so powerful that he could overthrow emperors at his liking. Some historians called them "hereditary dictators."

What did the ninth century period mark the rise of in Japan?

The Fujiwara regency. Leaders of this clan became high-ranking officials in government. Though they were not emperors, their power was such that they effectively ruled the nation. The Fujiwara extended their influence over more regions of Japan. They became wealthy.

What did African people do a century later, in the 17th century?

The Funj emerged to defeat the Arabs and establish an African sultanate.

What was modern Ghana formerly known as?

The Gold Coast.

What style became popular in the mid-1100s - 1500s?

The Gothic style.

What did the Warm Period end with?

The Great Famine (1315-1322 CE).

Where did kingdoms arose among people?

The Great Lakes of Africa - Lake Victoria, ake Tanganyika, Lake Albert and several others.

What do historians think that al-Sahili might have also built?

The Great Mosque in Timbuktu.

What made many people doubt the church?

The Great Schism, as well as the deaths from the bubonic plague.

What was the homophonic sacred music called?

The Gregorian chant. It sounds haunting and repetitive.

By the end of what era did provincial aristocrats grow sick of supporting a corrupt government and the court's lavish lifestyle?

The Heian era (1185 CE).

What was the last half of the Middle Ages called? What were the characteristics?

The High and Late Middle Ages. They weren't considered as lacking, but were still less culturally vibrant than subsequent eras.

What happened in 1291?

The Holy Land fell to Mamluk empire.

What was waged between England and France during 1337-1453 CE?

The Hundred Years War.

What civilization lasted from 1100-1600 CE?

The Inca. Their main city of Machu Picchu is built high up on a mountain. There are many stone buildings. The Incas flourished between the 12th and 15th centuries. Its capital was Cuzco, but the most famous city is probably Machu Picchu. They built suspension bridges and the impressive city of Machu Picchu.

What did the bearded men with pale skin resemble?

The Incan god Viracocha.

Where did leaders spread their rule to?

The Indian Ocean.

What did the Commercial Revolution pave the way for?

The Industrial Revolution of the 1700s and 1800s.

What is the area in Mali just before the Niger River bends called?

The Inland Delta, which is an area of swamps and marshes surrounded by desert.

What lasted from the 8th-11th centuries?

The Islamic Golden Age. It kept alive much of what we know about ancient civilizations today.

What was the modern country of Cote d'Ivoire preserve its heritage as?

The Ivory Coast.

What was Italy made up of in the late 15th century?

The Kingdom of Naples in the south, the Papal States in the center, the Republic of Florence and the Duchy of Milan in the northwest, and the Republic of Venice in the northeast.

What did the Kush do in 590 BCE?

The Kush moved their capital farther south to the city of Meroe.

Who did Charlemagne ally with?

The Lombards. He wanted to overpower his brother and reunite the Franks again.

What are some of the rights we have today based on?

The Magna Carta.

What did the kingdom of the Malinke become?

The Mali Empire

When Sundiata won the battle, what began?

The Mali Empire.

How do the writing systems of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas compare?

The Maya had a complex writing system that used numerous symbols called hieroglyphics (pictures used to represent an object, idea, or sound). Aztecs used pictures, too but used different pictures than the Maya. The Inca spoke Quechua, but did not have a writing system. They kept records by using a cord with knotted strings called quipu.

Which civilization lasted from 250 BCE-900 CE?

The Maya. They had many stone temples and buildings surrounded by dense forest. They flourished between 250 and 900 CE. They had a written language, sculpture, and architectural monuments like stone pyramids in the city of Tikal, for example.

How do politics compare between the places?

The Mayan region was divided into several independent city-states, some became powerful. A king ruled each and served as the head of the government, military, and religion. Each king had a court of followers and was advised by a council. To avoid war, kings often acted as diplomats as they formed alliances with other city-states. Diplomacy often ailed and war between the city-states was common. The city-state structure of the Maya prevented them from uniting into an empire. The Aztec and Inca each succeeded in forming large empires. A single leader ruled each of these realms with the support of an advisory council. As the Aztec conquered more and more territory, they found it necessary to divide their empire into provinces. Each province had a capital and was ruled by a governor who collected taxes. The Inca formed a complex bureaucracy that included the emperor, four officials advising the emperor, and a governor for each of the 80 provinces. Each province had many lower officials. The Incan government also enforced a system called mita (a commoner is called upon for public service and in return the commoner's family and land is taken care of). A commoner could be called on to construct public works, serve as a warrior in the army, or farm fields for an aristocrat. When a commoner was summoned for service, the government oversaw the care of their family and land.

How do their religions compare?

The Mayans worshiped about 160 gods and goddesses. Each one represented an element of nature, such as the sun, the moon, corn, and rain. The Aztec worshiped hundreds of gods and goddesses as well; each ruled a different part of nature. Both the Maya and the Aztec offered human sacrifices, but the Aztec took the practice to an extreme by performing mass human sacrifices. The Maya used a complex religious calendar with 260 days, a solar calendar of 365 days, and other calendars. The Aztec used similar religious and solar calendars. The ritual and agricultural cycles of the Aztecs and the Mayans finished together every 52 years. The Inca also believed in many gods, but the ruling family prayed mainly to the sun god. Religious calendars were not important to the Inca. They practiced divination to determine when to do various activities, such as going to war or planting crops. The Inca also performed human sacrifices, but less frequently than the Aztec or Maya cultures.

For about 200 years, who ruled the Franks in Gaul (what is now France)?

The Merovingian (Line of Frankish kings beginning with Clovis I) ruled franks in Gaul.

Who constantly competed to keep control of their lands, and power kept dividing as sons inherited and split their fathers' kingdoms?

The Merovingian peoples.

What do we call the Dark Ages today?

The Middle Ages or Medieval Period.

Where did Dinga come from?

The Middle East.

Who was victorious?

The Minamoto family.

Where are the culture's best-known remains?

The Moche Valley in northern Peru. The site includes two large ceremonial structures, known as the Temple of the Sun and the Temple of the Moon. The site was lived in by many people, as the city may have been a temple complex.

What was the third great early civilization of Peru?

The Moche.

What happened in 1281?

The Mongols launched a much larger, two-pronged attack on Japan. Two armies - one with aobut 40,000 Mongol, Korean, and northern Chinese troops and the other with 100,000 southern Chinese soldiers (all soldiers under Mongol military control) massed again at Hakata Bay and attacked the defending Japanese. For seven weeks, the two armies battled each other. A second typhoon hit. It destroyed all the ships in the Mongol fleet. All the Mongol forces were trapped in Japan. About 140,000 Mongol fighters were captured by the victorious Japanese. Fewer than five are believed to have escaped and avoided Japanese punishment.

What happened in 1188?

The Muslims win Jerusalem.

What pre-Columbian Andean civilization was developed after the Chavin?

The Nazca, who were developed in the Andean Valleys from 200 BCE to 600 CE, and they produced fine art.

What is the oldest known highly developed civilization in Africa south of the Sahara?

The Nok culture.

What is the first known pre-Colombian Mesoamerican civilization?

The Olmec.

What happened from 1467-1477?

The Onin War.

What was Rome a part of during the Renaissance and was controlled by the Catholic Church and the Pope?

The Papal States.

What was Rome the center of?

The Papal States.

Where did the Pope rule in relation to the lesser officials?

The Pope ruled at his seat in Rome. Lesser officials took charge of lands and led the faithful at a more local level.

For the Middle Ages, who were most kings and emperors crowned by?

The Pope.

Who was the highest member in the church?

The Pope.

Where did Saladin take ater he won the Hattin War?

The Port city of Acre.

What happened in 1498 CE?

The Portuguese came and began their conquest of the region.

After the Great Mosque was built, what did schools start to teach?

The Qur'an.

What happened at the end of the 4th century CE?

The Roman empire permanently split between east and west.

What was occurring in 4th century CE?

The Roman empire was so large it had several provincial capitals.

What was different about the Sahara and the Sahel 3,000 years ago?

The Sahara Desert was smaller and the Sahel region received more rainfall.

What feature influences much of the entire continent?

The Sahara Desert.

What was the area just south of the Sahara called?

The Sahel, which means "shore" in Arabic.

What happened in the early 11th century?

The Seljuk Turks conquered the Holy Land, closed pilgrimage routes, attacked pilgrims, and attacked Christian lands held by the Byzantines in Anatolia.

What two important rivers flow through West Africa?

The Senegal River and the Niger River.

What happened in 1270 CE?

The Shewa ruler Yekuno Amlak led a rebellion that established the Solomonic dynasty that would rule Ethiopia into the modern age.

What peoples formed this kingdom? When?

The Shona people in the 14th century CE, ruling for 3 centuries.

What happened within the first century?

The Somali peoples of Central Africa migrate to the Indian Coast. Over several centuries, they move north to the Horn of Africa. They encounter Arab and Persian merchants and adopt Islam.

What happened when troops from Morocco invaded to seize control of an revive the trans-Saharan trade in gold?

The Songhai Empire could not win and was conquered. This was the last of the great West African empires.

What people were able to conquer their neighbors? How?

The Soninke people. They had iron and horses.

What hit between 1918 and 1920?

The Spanish Flu

What did the blending of Bantu language with Arabic result in? What did the region become known as?

The Swahili language, the Swahili coast.

What dynasty was the most important model for Japan?

The Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE) of China. They were the most important model for the Japanese in creating a centralized government.

What happened by the ninth century in China?

The Tang dynasty was in decline. Japan had lost respect for China wen the Buddhists were fiercely persecuted. Japan went its own way.

What did the Aztecs quickly come to dominate?

The Triple Alliance. They became the most powerful in the region.

Who controlled Israel at the time?

The Turks.

What happened within the tenth century?

The Tutsi people, pastoralists and iron workers, begin migration south into Central Africa. They conquer the Bantu inhabitants and establish new kingdoms. Bantu peoples from the interior push farther east and settle along the coast. Arab merchants found Swahili Coast city-states such as Kilwa and Mombasa, and small numbers of Persians and Indians settle there as well. They blended with African culture to produce Swahili civilization.

Who was the most notable European explorer of the era?

The Venetian Marco Polo spent decades abroad in Asia.

Who ruled Milan?

The Visconti family and then the Sforza family.

What happened in 395 CE?

The West's Capital became Rome and the East's capital became Constantinople.

What happened to Japan in the sixth century?

The Yamato clan proclaimed their divine rule and set up a vast bureaucracy to attempt to govern Japan.

What do some people believe that the Nok culture evolved into?

The Yoruba civilization. Their styles of art were very similar.

What happened in the 700s BCE?

The Zapotec began constructing a city located in Monte Alban.

What well-known group rose up after the decline of the Olmec?

The Zapotec.

What enabled an increasing number of traders to travel across the dry region?

The ability of camels to survive in the desert.

What did the Aztecs construct?

The amazing city of Tenochtitlan, huge temples, and creative farming methods.

What is the Olmec culture primarily gleaned from?

The archaeological record.

After the fall of Meroe, what area entered a king of dark ages?

The area of what is now Sudan.

What did the Sahel (shore) refer to?

The area where the sand dunes end and vegetation begins.

What did Phillip's disagreement with the Church result in?

The arrest of Pope Boniface VIII. He was only in captivity for two days, but his rough treatment and stress broke him and he died soon afterwards.

What quickly and deeply changed the Aztec?

The arrival of Europeans.

What would Rome turn out to be?

The artistic centerpiece of the city-states.

What do Nok sculptures indicate?

The artistic skill of the Nok was quite advanced.

What was one of the key geographical and political elements of the Renaissance in Italy?

The birth of city-states, which were sort of like the U.S. but all independent.

What was destroyed during the Onin War?

The capital city of Kyoto, ending the national authority of bakufu.

Without powerful Western Rome, what became unifying and a powerful force?

The catholic church.

What happened as result of money not coming into the government?

The central government weakened and could not provide military protection for the estates.

What did usury start coming to mean as money lending and other forms of banking became more widespread?

The charging of excessive and overly high interest.

Who owned the political power in the growing cities?

The citizens with the most wealth, like bankers, merchants, and businessmen.

What happened to Djenne-Djeno in 1000 CE?

The city began to decline.

What happened on July 12, 1191?

The city of Acre falls to the Crusaders.

What is one city that showed the Incas great achievements?

The city of Machu Picchu.

What happened to Djenne-Djeno in 1400 CE?

The city was abandoned.

Where did landless people move to?

The city. This way they could try to trade or find work for money.

What code of conduct did knights follow?

The code of conduct called Chivalry, which dictated honorable behavior for a warrior.

When did the Middle Ages begin?

The collapse of the Roman Empire in 476 CE.

What did Monctezuma sponsor?

The construction of an aqueduct.

What is the Notre Dame of Paris?

The construction of it begin in 1163. Nearly 200 years later, the Cathedral was completed. It remains a functional center of religious worship and stunning example of Gothic Architecture.

What did the Crusades contribute to?

The construction of many European castles and missions and gave more power to the Church. They also contributed to opening up trade in a number of ways. Christian pilgrimage routes were reopened, the use of coin currency increased, and Europeans developed an increased interest in the spice trade and East Asia.

Who could use the land and all that it and its resident peasants produce at his discretion?

The daimyo.

Who did Dinga marry?

The daughters of the chief genie in the area.

For Europeans, what was the end of innovation and protection?

The decline of the Roman Empire in the 5th century.

What did the code of chivalry stress?

The defense of the Christian Church, loyalty to his lord, courage in battle, and generosity to the eeble. They championed a lady by protecting her and defending her honor. Few knights were well educated, and many were illiterate.

What did the Civil War result in?

The destruction of the Roman Republic

What did the Papal States play a major role in?

The development of the city-states as independent governments.

What developments propelled Europe into the High Middle Ages?

The developments of the Carolingians.

What would contact with imperial Europe lead to?

The division of the continent into a patchwork of colonies.

What was the Ashikaga period notable for?

The dominance of bakufu.

When were monks and nun among the few literate groups In Europe?

The early medieval period.

What were the remnants of feudalism and serfdom undone by?

The economic power that laborers and artisans assumed once the plague had passed.

What happened in the 900s and 1000s?

The economic system in Europe began to change.

How do economics compare between the places?

The economics of all the places centered on agriculture with corn being the main crop. In swampy areas, the Maya used canals to drain land and then used the unearthed soil to build raised fields. The Inca cut terraces into hillsides, which lessened erosion. Each culture had extensive trade networks that extended into the surrounding areas.

Why were Edward III's ground troops so superior and able to defeat the French in several important battles?

The effective weapons, such as their longbow.

What happened in 476 CE?

The embattled Roman Empire, which ruled much of Europe, North Africa, and southwest Asia for 500 years, fell. This empire lasted more than twice as long as the U.S. has existed so far.

What Zagwe emperor became known for establishing the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia around 1185 CE?

The emperor Lalibela.

Who was little more than a figurehead?

The emperor. A certain amount of prestige accrued to any warrior lord who was related to the royal family.

What did Muhammad do?

The empire encouraged but did not force conversion to Islam. A tax was assessed on non-Muslims (jizya). Jews and Christians converted to avoid tax. In Abbasid Caliphate, People of the book and other non-Muslims sometimes served the government in high-ranking positions.

What had happened by the 16th century CE?

The empire included 400 to 500 small states and nearly six million people.

What happened in 395 CE?

The empire split permanently.

What happened when Constantine I died?

The empire split.

What happened by 814?

The empire stretched from Pyreens in the southwest, to the border with Britanny in the northwest, to Bohemia in the east.

What did Huayna predict after the two bad omens?

The empire would be destructed.

What did Flagellants signal the Black Death as?

The end of days. They sought to do penance and purge themselves of their sins before the last judgment.

What happened if one person in a family got the bubonic plague?

The entire family was sealed into their home and no one was allowed to leave. Everyone in the house either got the disease and died or died of thirst or starvation.

What did Tokugawa Ieyasu's ascendency begin?

The era of the Tokugawa shogunate.

What did bakufu become in Japan?

The established form of government in Japan. It was military governance by independent warlords, each in his fiefdom, and it shaped feudalism in Japan.

What happened in 644 CE?

The establishment of Umayyad Caliphate occurred.

How did the Crusades benefit Europe?

The exchange that occurred during the Crusades facilitated the spread of Islamic math and science. This exposed Europeans to improvements in navigation techniques. These helped to usher Europe's Age of Exploration and led to nearly five centuries of European cultural and economic dominance.

What brought feelings of nationalism to England and France?

The fact that they were both coming out victorious.

What did William use to control the English nobles and keep them from revolting?

The feudal system.

What had Naples never really moved out of in their government?

The feudal system. It was ruled by a few incredibly wealthy nobles, and peasants lived in terrible poverty.

What did the Chavin bring to the region regarding politics?

The first political unification to the region, uniting some local groups with a common religion and culture.

What happened in 750?

The first recorded copy of Norse saga "Beowulf" is believed to have been written in Old English, a Germanic Language.

What floor did an artisan's shop occupy?

The first, or ground, floor. The master and his family lived on the floor above. Journeymen and apprentices lived on the topmost floor of the attic. They might even sleep in the back of the shop.

What was the best position to be in when you were a child?

The firstborn son of a landed noble was best off. Under primogeniture, land and titles were inherited by the oldest son.

In feudal Japan, the shogun and daimyo did not contribute to what?

The formation of a representative government.

What did Moctezuma do with his Triple Alliance group?

The fought wars to gain prisoners for sacrifice.

What happened in 745 CE?

The government made the tax exemption for reclaiming land permanent and also hereditary.

What were people able to cross?

The grasslands into North America. They slowly migrated south.

What places developed from trade?

The great West African kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. They are often referred to as the trading states, or trading kingdoms.

What did the Bantu migrations result in?

The growth of several interior cities in Central and South Africa, among them Great Zimbabwe.

What happened in 1519 CE?

The growth of the flourishing empire was cut short by the arrival of Spanish invaders.

What were the beginnings of modern market economic systems in medieval Europe?

The guilds, banks, and money systems.

What does Saladin take control of after winning the war?

The holiest shrine in Jerusalem, the Churhc of Holy Sepulchre.

What did some places benefit from?

The increase in trade that occurred as a product of contact with the Europeans.

Who did the kingdom begin to trade with?

The interior African peoples as well as with merchants of the Arabian Peninsula.

What is the definition of history?

The interpretation of the past through mostly primary sources.

What happened by the early 13th century?

The issue had come to a head and the nobles refused to obey the king unless he agreed to give them certain rights.

Who was at the top of the Songhai class structure?

The king and his family who ran the country.

What happened in 1215?

The king and the nobles met at a place called Runnymede. The nobles forced the king to sign a document that would be one of the most important in history: the Magna Carta, or Great Charter.

What did Askia Muhammad expand?

The kingdom into much of Mali and made Songhai the largest kingdom ever to exist in Africa until that time.

What kingdom came to dominate the lands between the Limpopo and Zambezi Rivers around the time that Zimbabwe fell?

The kingdom of Mutapa. They came to also control trade in the region.

What kingdom rose above all others after Ghana declined?

The kingdom of the Malinke (or Mandinke).

What places arose as a result of two important migrations?

The kingdoms of East, Central, and South Africa.

What land did Crusaders keep control of in the third Crusade?

The land north of Jerffa.

What was the Songhai Empire the largest of?

The largest of the three West African empires which even controlled the salt mines at Taghaza in the Sahara Desert.

What happened in 476 CE?

The last west Roman emperor, Romulus Augustus, was overthrown by Odovacar, a Germanic prince.

When did the region decline?

The late 15th century CE. It was largely abandoned.

What happened in 1185 CE?

The leader of the Minamoto, Yoritomo, declared himself the emperor's military deputy or shogun.

What did Moctezuma expand?

The limits of the Aztec Empire.

It's religious history is important, but what is it also valued for?

The location itself was enough for people to settle there.

Who owned the farmland in Europe?

The lord or vassal owned the farmland in their domains, not the peasants.

Whose guild became one of the most powerful of the era?

The mason's guild.

What was developed after Charlemagne's realm collapsed?

The medieval feudal system developed?

What was Florence's population divided between?

The members of the guilds, the wealthiest and most powerful men and the less-important businessmen and craftsmen.

Who profited from all of this trade?

The middlemen.

What grew in size in the Christian world during the Middle ages?

The monastic communities.

What did the numerous tax exemptions limit?

The money coming into the government.

What happened by the 13th century?

The money system had also given rise to a class of pawnbrokers, money changers, moneylenders, and bankers.

What did Milan gain a reputation as?

The most aggressive of the Italian city-states.

What are Nazca lines?

The most famous art of this culture. They are created out of stone. They are massive and can only see them from the air. They are plants and animals, hundreds of feet long, and are drawn into the ground. No one knows what purpose these lines served, if any. Some think they were a calendar system or used for astronomy. Ceremonies were possibly conducted around the drawings. They will probably remain a mystery forever.

Who began bickering and feuding over their relative power and their choices for shogun and monarch?

The most powerful daimyo clans.

What happened in the late 1500s?

The most powerful shogun in Japan, Oda Nobunaga, defeated the battling Ashikaga daimyo. He used force to bring more provinces into the unified Japanese nation he was trying to create. Nobunaga was assassinated. One of his top generals, Hideyoshi Toyitomo (1536-98 CE) succeeded him. Hideyoshi was a ruthless dictator who crushed all rivals. He instituted a rigid hierarchy of classes. The ability to move upward became nearly impossible.

Who was Minamoto Yoritomo?

The most victorious warlord at the end of this period. He eventually became the most powerful leader in Japan.

What did the Venice army soon conquer?

The nearby cities of Verona and Padua.

What led to Meroe's decline?

The nearby city-states gaining power.

What happened with money as trade revived in the late medieval period and reached across greater distances?

The need for money as a unit of exchange became more important.

For how long did Japan remain in virtual isolation?

The next 200 years.

What was learning no longer reserved for?

The nobility and the clergy who attended schools and universities.

What determined how powerful and successful warrior clans were?

The number and quality of their samurai.

What did this change mark?

The official beginning of feudalism in Japan.

What did the Mali Empire ultimately include?

The old Ghana Empire and more.

What attracted more Europeans to Japan?

The openness toward the missionaries and willingness of the nation to trade.

What was believed to have incurred God's wrath?

The opulence and decadence of the papal court in Avignon. Many thought the Pope's lifestyle was un-Christian. The plague was God's punishment for tolerating the situation.

What did later kings follow?

The patrilineal tradition. The eldest son succeeds the father.

Who owned farmland in Japan?

The peasants owned the land that they farmed and there was a limit on how much a shogun or daimyo could exploit that land for their own purposes.

What happened around 500 BCE?

The people of the region also learned how to forge iron, and they began making tools and weapons.

As Germanic rulers converted, who else did?

The people they ruled.

What happened by 1000 CE?

The peoples south of the rainforests were not only accomplished farmers but also miners of gold, copper, and iron. They specialized in ceramics, patterned textiles, and salt.

Where is Milan located?

The plains in the northern part of Italy.

Who controlled the Papal States?

The pope and the Roman Catholic Church.

What did these stories help spread?

The popular image of the noble knight and other elements of medieval romance.

During early middle Ages, what happened to Europe's population?

The population of Europe decreased and technology declined.

What happened after the Beringia was submerged?

The population of the planet developed on two separate paths. The people of Europe, Asia, and Africa developed civilizations and interacted with one another. The people of North and South America did the same. The two halves of the world did not interact in any substantial way.

The dynamic between who shifted over the course of the Crusades?

The power between the Church and kings.

What happened by the 1500s CE?

The power of daimyo weakened because of constant fighting among themselves. Eventually Tokugawa shogun brought about 200 daimyo under his control. Most daimyo served as vassals for the shogun.

What did pope exercise?

The power of excommunication which could e used to bring unruly kings and lords back in line. This could be devastating for a ruler: Once the church banned him, maintaining control of his kingdom could be difficult.

What did charters give merchant guilds the power to do?

The power of law in enforcing their rules.

Just as the power of kings varied over the centuries, what else did?

The power of papacy. Ruling families of Rome battled constantly over control of corrupt papacy.

What is primogeniture?

The practice that continued to exist in Europe until the 20th century. The oldest son got to inherit everything.

Charlemagne's strong support of the Church helped strengthen what?

The presence in emerging feudal kingdoms.

What would stronger monarchs help to begin?

The process of creating national identities for England, France, and Spain.

What did they size and weight of a coin vary on?

The purity of the metal, making valuing coins difficult.

What attracted scholars from around the empire and beyond?

The pursuit of learning in the Islamic Empire.

What modern instrument is nearly the same as its medieval predecessor?

The recorder.

What didn't scholars believe?

The records of the Arab travelers and traders who recorded their encounters.

Where did the Dyula spread throughout?

The region of West Sudan.

What were both feudal Japan and feudal Europe based on?

The relationship between lords and vassals.

What system did runners use to bring message between parts of the empire via these roads?

The relay system.

The Pope wasn't the only influential member of the church. Who else was?

The rest of the clergy had been largely responsible for spreading the Christian faith throughout Europe.

What was the most important changes in Japanese society?

The rise of Zen Buddhism.

What did their wealth in trade lead to?

The rise of a new elite that ruled Great Zimbabwe and the surrounding kingdom from the 11th to the 15th centuries CE.

What was Charlemagne conscious about?

The role the memory of Rome played in his conquests. He thought of himself as a champion of Roman ideals of law, universality, and justice.

Who was Lodovico il Moro?

The ruler of Milan in 1480 CE.

What happened within the 14th century?

The ruler of the Bantu-speaking Ganda people, who lived along Lake Victoria, centralizes power and begins the kingdom of Buganda.

What happened when the Portugese came in 1480 CE?

The rulers of Kongo forged ties with its rulers, both through trade and the adoption of Christianity.

Who became icons of their nation's culture?

The samurai.

What happened in the early 1300s?

The shogun of the Ashikaga family gained control of about one-fourth of Japan.

Who was the true ruler of the nation?

The shogun.

When did Axum thrive into?

The sixth century when the Sassanid Persians overran Arabia and rolled back Axum's influence there.

Typically, who inherited the Mayan throne?

The son of a male Mayan ruler.

Who was Marco Polo?

The son of a merchant family. He was no stranger to the road or its business.

What stage was set?

The stage for conquest and the growth of great civilizations.

What were scholars skeptical of?

The stories of the oral historians.

What is the definition of archaeology?

The study of the past through artifacts.

In Early Middle Ages, what about painting declined from the Ancient Roman period?

The technical quality of painting declined. Portraits became less individualized and anatomy became less realistic.

What is maize?

The term that Europeans gave corn and other crops to feed an urban population. Their metalworking and pottery are impressive and are decorated with realistic images from daily life. Most of what we know comes form these images. Some are mundane, showing people eating and sleeping. Some show people consuming the blood of sacrificed prisoners.

Who modeled the modern language of Italian?

The three authors' writings. (Dante, Boccaccio, and Petrarch.

What were most agriculture and farm land led by?

The three-field system. 1/3 of the land was left fallow (unplanted) while the rest was split between early and late crops to have different harvesting seasons. This prevented famine.

What were the Dark Ages?

The time between the decline of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the Renaissance.

What town is at the border of the inland Delta?

The town of Djenne.

What did Oromo depend on to generate wealth?

The trade in coffee.

What were they instrumental in?

The transition from the medieval to the modern world.

What problem did Huayna run into after he conquered certain tribes?

The tribes often rebelled.

What did artists revive during the Renaissance?

The use of perspective.

What beauty was a powerful force for encouraging devotion during the Medieval times?

The use of stained glass.

What was one way samurai became rich?

The used peasant labor and agriculture.

In Europe, who owned 100% of the land and wealth?

The wealthiest percentage of the population.

People in the Middle Ages didn't consider the landuse system as feudalism. Why not?

The word didn't enter the English language until recently. It is derived from the Latin word 'feudeum' or 'fief'.

What did the year 1317 bring?

The worst downpours yet.

When did the rain begin to slack off?

The year 1322.

According to the system of primogeniture, firstborn daughters had to marry to maintain what?

Their current position.

What inspired Richard and Saladin's numerous legends

Their deeds, even though they never met face to face.

Where did artisans mainly work out of?

Their homes, but as they began to trade and sell more goods, their homes turned into workshops which employed a group of artisans.

What were ancient peoples often grouped according to?

Their language families.

How do we know that Olmec were complex?

Their monuments and art.

What do the Chavin recieve their modern name from?

Their most important surviving settlement, at Chavin de Huantar.

What part of the Viking culture became part of European inheritance?

Their mythology, craftsmanship, literature, and seafaring skill.

What allowed the Incas to complete massive construction projects?

Their organized and intensive system of labor.

What did the Middle Ages evolve?

Their own architectural style, the Gothic (pointed arches and vaulted ceilings). Many examples remain today.

What did the most powerful warrior clans stake out?

Their own claims. Expanded their territories where they ruled supreme.

What did craft guilds establish?

Their own guildhalls with their own rules in towns and cities.

What did the Dyula establish?

Their own trading settlements.

What did some Christians believe that God was punishing them for by sending the Black Death?

Their sinfulness. They repented for displeasing God and acting against Christian principles. If they truly repented, God would spare them and they would not die of the plague.

Why was Venice such a trading giant?

Their strategic location on the Adriatic Sea.

What is Milan also known for?

Their support of the arts.

What did the Crusades have to do with trade?

There was greater contact with the East and more growth in trade and pilgrimages.

How did trade change?

There was limited external trade, and trade among Japanese provinces improved.

There was no separation of what during the Middle Ages?

There was no separation of church and state in the Middle Ages.

What kind of group was the Angles and Saxons?

There were a Germanic group from north-central Europe.

Why didn't kingdoms conquer and control areas to the south?

There were lush forests in the south. The Ghana, Mali, and Songhai armies of horses would not be successful in a forest.

What happened to these cities form the 13th to the 15th centuries CE?

These cities and others were ruled by the Shirazi dynasty.

What happened the next few centuries after 1000?

These stories were collected, added to, and written down.

How do their public works compare?

They all did ambitious public works projects, which included constructing roads, buildings, and canals. Each culture is noted for different projects. The Maya carved their records on huge stone monuments called stelae. They included important dates and events in the lives of their ruler. By displaying records in this way, the Maya made them available to the public and emphasized their importance. The Aztec needed more land for farming so built chinampas - fields above the surface of a lake. They separated the field with canals and planted trees on the chinampas. The tree's roots pierced the lakebed, thereby anchoring the fields. The Inca constructed a complex road system which extended about 14,000 miles. This system covered rugged and mountainous terrain and was constructed near water sources. The Inca paved the roads with stones and used suspension bridges to span rivers. The system greatly improved communication and the movement of troops.

What kind of place was Venice for people?

They all mingled, both Europeans Christians and Islamic peoples.

What did non-religious leaders do when they had to determine the true pope?

They backed the pope whom it was in their best interest to support.

What did the French do when Edward II declared himself king of France?

They became angry and eventually went to war.

Over time, what happened to merchants guilds' services and responsibilities?

They became more complex.

What did many Muslim Empire cities become?

They became places of culture, learning, and the arts, including Damascus, Cairo, Baghdad, and Cordoba.

Though the 3 religions are from the same area, what is different?

They began at different times and were led by different people.

What did they do in the 14th century CE?

They began expanding by conquering neighboring groups. In order to control the growing empire and prevent rebellion, ethnic groups were separated. Large populations had to move to a different ethnic group's area.

What did archaeologists find in the 20th century?

They began finding stones and objects with engraved glyphs.

Where did the Vikings begin settlements?

They began their main settlement in Rus, which became Russia, and the British Isles.

What did people do as life became more peaceful?

They began traveling to visit holy sites in Europe and in Southwest Asia.

What did monks start doing as monasteries developed?

They began using different chants for different times of day.

What do the three religions have in common?

They believe in one God and began in Southwest Asia, where cities holy to each religion still exist.

Why did the Aztecs perform human sacrifices?

They believed that their god, Huitzilopochtili, desired human blood.

With whom did Vikings blend in the West?

They blended with Celts and other Germanic Tribes.

With whom did Vikings blend in the East?

They blended with the Slavics.

What did wheelwrights make?

They built and repaired wheels for carts, wagons, mills, and other uses.

What did builders do to save space?

They built up and made the upper stories of buildings wider than the bottom floor.

What did the people living in Constantinople refer to themselves to?

They called themselves Romans. Historians called them Byzantines.

What did the fourth Crusade do regarding Constantinople?

They captured it. The Crusaders' control only lasted less than a century, though.

Who were Troubadours?

They carried on earlier traditions of bards. They played instruments such as lyres, horns, and flutes, and entertained people in the court. They passed on oral histories in the form of poetry and song.

What was the most recognizable artifacts of the Olmec civilization?

They carved stone heads. They are believed to be portraits of Olmec rulers. They can be found at San Lorenzo, the oldest known Olmec settlement. They had a complex society and were building towns while the rest of Mesoamerican civilization was still unsophisticated.

Who did Rome conquer after Mediterranean Region?

They conquered Macedonia, Greece, and parts of Anatolia.

What could the merchants in the western Sahel sell?

They could sell traders the goods, food, and water that the travelers needed to continue.

What happened because people couldn't afford to pay for the expensive wheat?

They couldn't buy or make bread. Animals that people used for meat died of hunger.

What did peddlers begin doing?

They dealt a wider variety of goods across greater distances.

Those who remained at war in the second Crusade stained where?

They defended the Kingdom of Jerusalem while Muslim forces got power and encircled them.

What tasks did merchant guilds do?

They determined who could join, issued fines to non-guild merchants who tried to trade in the guild's city without permission, required foreign merchants to pay a certain fee in order to trade in their towns, and set up rules for trade that applied to local residents and trade between cities. They also supported its members, providing aid when needed and caring for family members.

While Maya and Egyptians built stone temples or huge tombs, what did African societies do?

They did not build huge stone temples or huge tombs.

Why did merchants occupy the lowest level?

They did not contribute much to society except the movement of goods and food.

For protecting a lord or vassal, what did a samurai receive?

They did not receive land for their services, but were paid and given food and lodging.

How did much of the sacred music from the early Middle Ages sound?

They didn't change the tone of their voice.

During the early medieval period, what did most people do for goods?

They either made them or exchanged needed items within their village or fiefdom.

What did some merchants do around new towns that developed?

They established shops at ports and crossroads.

What did peddlers do when they traveled?

They exchanged items from one estate or town for items from another. Some even brought goods from distant lands to the East. Most trades involved a barter system.

Over time, what did Vikings exchanged?

They exchanged pillaging for trading and polytheism for Christianity.

What did Arabs do in the seventh century CE?

They expanded from southwest Asia and seized control of Nobatia, Maqurrah, and, in the 16th century, Awah.

What happened when the Mongol army landed in Japan?

They faced a smaller army of samurai and other fighters who had wisely set aside their usual animosity and joined forces to fight the common enemy.

What did peasants do in the medieval period?

They farmed, worked as servants, and made the most of the need goods by hand.

What did the samurai and vassals feel that was wrong about Ashikaga?

They felt that the family was keeping too much land for itself.

Where do scientists believe that our genetic ancestors come from?

They first emerged from the Great Rift Valley of East Africa.

Where did the 5th Crusade go?

They first went to the Holy Land then to Egypt, but failed.

In the early Medieval period, what did other do regarding faith in Europe?

They followed as missionaries and clergy to spread the faith.

What happened to Europeans in a few hundred years regarding their wisdom?

They forgot or lost much of the wisdom and advances of antiquity.

What did the de Medici family do?

They founded their own bank and were known for their wealth and power as well as their support of the arts.

In addition ot several Holy Land attacks during the final crusades, what did the Holy Orders of Europe do?

They gained power and launched military campaigns within Europe itself.

How did Charlemagne and later kings justify their right to rule?

They got a blessing through the church. It was then believed that just as God granted spiritual power to the Pope, He would grant power to Europe's kings, too.

Where did towns and cities grow?

They grew where people needed them and where resources would support them.

By the High Middle Ages, what had the church come to do?

They had come to dominate feudal kingdoms of most of the rest of Europe.

What were characteristics of the Final Crusades?

They had disorganized military effors and limited support.

What had the French done by 1453?

They had driven the English out of all French territory with the exception of the seaport town of Calais. The French felt a surge of national spirit.

Within 50 years, what had Genghis Khan and his mounted warriors do?

They had extended their Mongolian empire throughout China and Korea in the east and as far as Poland and Russia in the west.

How did people gain more farmland?

They had peasants clear forests and drain swamps.

What had Italians done by the 1200s and 1300s?

They had progressed beyond medieval culture.

What did younger sons of nobles have to do?

They had to find their own way to gain land. Option one was to join the military and train as a squire. Option two was an apprenticeship with a carpenter, blacksmith, cobbler, or other master of trade. Option four was to join a church as a priest or monk. Clergymen enjoyed respect and special status. Bishops and abbots generally came from nobility and had comfortable lives. Peasants who entered the church worked as village priests and were often wage earners, conducting services for a fee.

What did the Catholic church have to do when another pope was elected in Rome?

They had two popes in two different cities. This is the Great Schism. It needed to settle on which was the true pope, thus much of Europe was split into two groups.

What were characteristics of the three armies did the other three armies do?

They hailed from kingdoms in southern Italy, southern France, and Belgium. Their leaders were mainly French lords, and most soldeirs were French men.

What did nuns and monks do with land?

They head their land and property communally, sharing it for the use of the entire order.

What happened in the 8th century?

They held power in name only, and the rule of their lands had largely passed down to officials known as mayors of the palace.

What were lords?

They held the second highest position. They owned large amounts of land, had armies of warriors and, as a result, became powerful. They were similar to both the shogun and the daimyo. However, Europe did not have one powerful lord, like the shogun, that ruled the region.

What did the leaders of the estates do?

They hired bushi (warriors) and formed their own armies.

What did merchants do as their business increased?

They hired other people to do the traveling for them and set up bases in towns and cities.

Who do Muslims honor?

They honor Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. Jesus was the first but not only Messiah.

What do Muslim archers do at the Battle of Hattin?

They kill or take prisoner Crusaders.

What happened with merchants and artisans?

They lacked assistants. They workers wanted more pay.

What did bishops and archbishops do?

They lived and led religious services from larger, wealthier cathedrals.

What did the vast majority of the medieval population do?

They lived and worked on farms and in villages owned by feudal lords.

What did other men and women do?

They lived as nuns and monks in monastic communities.

Who are Al-Ma'mun and Al-Razi?

They lived during the Islamic Golden Age.

What did monks and nuns do?

They lived in monasteries, held their own lands, took special vows, and devoted to service, poverty, and silence.

What did stonemasons make?

They made buildings, bridges, hearths, arches, doorways, and other constructions for sculptures and other items using different types of stone.

What did pawnbrokers do?

They made loans to people in exchange for property.

Where did the Polos go on the return home?

They made port at Hormuz in modern Iran, they returned overland to Europe, reaching home.

What did the charters essentially make?

They made the guilds vassals.

What did the former owners of the small estates do?

They managed their former land and gained the protection of their daimyo.

What was the Power of the Popes?

They managed to unite European lords and kings who normally fought among themselves.

What was their plan of attack for the first crusade?

They marched from Constantinople through lands held by the Seljuk Turks to Antioch.

What did the peasants and soldiers do after Peter gathered them?

They moved eastward to Constantinople. This became known as the People's Crusade.

What happened with shops whose owners had died?

They needed to somehow be reopened.

Despite many efforts, where did Vikings never penetrate?

They never got into Carolingian Empire and failed to establish an empire of their own.

What did the competing European kings and lords do?

They organized their armies under one banner to launch a series of military expeditions, the Crusades, to take the Holy Land.

What did vassals do?

They paid taxes to their feudal lords not only with money but with crops and goods from their estates.

What did guilds to in return for charters?

They paid taxes, helped raise armies, and provided other services for their lord. As a result, guilds and merchants became involved with their lords in the governance of medieval towns and cities.

What did vassals do in return for government and steward jobs?

They pledged their loyalty to the shogun. They collected taxes, managed estates, and maintained the peace within their areas.

Why did the Japanese hold peasants in the highest esteem?

They produced food that fed the people.

What happened with the Arabs in the eighth century?

They pushed farther south and established new port ities along the Indian ocean.

What did few people do in the countryside?

They rambled about to swap goods or offer their services.

What were villeins?

They received small parcels of land. They didn't own it. They worked for a lord. Villeins had very little freedom. Their legal status was slave-like. They had no wages. They were commanded to ask their lord for permission to marry, travel, etc. They couldn't be bought and sold between lords. If an estate was sold, they were sold with it. Some were rewarded with places to live, shares of crops, and protection during dangerous times. It was almost impossible for them to rise up in society.

Where did the 6th Crusade go in 1228?

They reclaimed the Kingdom of Jerusalem. But the kingdom was plagued by civil war and made it vulnerable to Muslim attacks.

As feudal manors began to decline, what happened to poor people?

They remained tied to the land.

What were Bushi?

They served a lord or leader of an estate and came to be called samurai.

What was the significance of these paintings?

They showed that life was fragile and death unites everyone.

Why did Japan resent the Chinese?

They sided with the invading Mongols. A new period of isolationism began in Japan.

What did other serfs tend to do?

They spent half a week on lord lands and the other half tending to their own small farms to feed their families.

What did merchants start doing when they traveled?

They started banding together to protect themselves when they traveled.

What did artisans do like the merchants before them?

They started to join with other artisans that shared their trade to form craft gguilds.

What did many Crusaders do after the first crusade?

They stayed behind to defend the Holy Land. Most returned home.

What did inheritance laws of the Incas say about deceased emperors' land?

They still owned the land that they had conquered.

What happened as these cities grew?

They struggled over political power. New classes were established. Instead of the feudal system of peasants and nobles, they were the grandi (old ruling class of the nobility) and the popolo (people).

Why were Rome and Florence leading cities of the Renaissance?

They supported new ideas and great artists and musicians.

What did lords support regarding construction?

They supported the building of larger structures, like cathedrals.

How did the daimyo administer their laws and gain revenue?

They taxed their subjects.

What did the Polos use on their return trip home?

They took the sea.

For centuries, what did Christian pilgrims do?

They traveled from Europe and made a long, dangerous journey to the Holy Land.

What did the Soninke people use iron and horses for?

They used iron for tools and art and horses for military purposes.

Where did the Vikings venture even farther?

They ventured across the Atlantic ocean, reaching Iceland first, then Greenland, and finally North America.

What did Christian pilgrims visit?

They visited holy shrines such as the Church of the Holy Sepulcher.

In order to hold up diving rule, what did kings and lords want with the Pope and the rest of the clergy?

They wanted all of them on their side of situations.

What did people do as they were introduced to new goods?

They wanted more.

What did French kings want regarding England?

They wanted the English out of France completely.

Bards, or poets, and troubadours (a poet-musician who first emerged during the Middle Ages) traveled the kingdoms. What did they do when they did it?

They went reciting passages, singing songs, and telling tales of history , romance, and chivalry.

What do the oral traditions tell us about the Incas?

They were a large and warlike nation in the Andes that numbered 15,000,000 at the time of the conquest.

What religion was most of the kings in Mali?

They were all Muslims.

What were Christians allowed to do under Islamic empires regarding this journey?

They were allowed to actually make the Pilgrimage.

What were people in the early Soninkan society?

They were animists, as were most others in the region.

What happened to the landholdings of the defeated daimyos?

They were broken up and distributed to samurai who had fought against them.

What was the deal with women during the Middle Ages still?

They were confined largely to the home, and few received wages. Those who were paid received less than their male counterparts.

What were the houses like in Venice?

They were directly on the water, four and five stories high, and colorful.

What had happened to trade routes by the 14th century?

They were extensive and profitable from Asia to Europe.

What were the Vikings at home?

They were farmers and artisans with rich poetic tradition.

What were European lords doing during the People's Crusade?

They were gathering an organized and good military force that comprised of four major armies.

What were land grants?

They were gifts of land made by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty, service, and taxes.

What did these flagellants do?

They were half-naked, half-crazy people seeking repentance by roaming the byways of Europe. They lashed at their own bodies with homemade whips until they were dripping with blood. They went from town to town, screaming and warning everyone to repent of its sins before it was too late. Townspeople were terrified. Yet they viewed them as holy saints for the suffering they endured and for publicly warning their fellow Christians to cleanse their soul before the end. Most people fell to their knees when Flagellants went past.

What did the people that settled in the Sahel do?

They were herders and farmers.

Why were city-states becoming stronger and more powerful?

They were located near the Mediterranean or other important trade routes, thus in a perfect places for trade. Wealthy and powerful controlled them so they were more focused on economic activity.

Who was Robin Hood and King Arthur?

They were made popular by medieval ballads. Historians dispute whether or not they were real people. Robin Hood takes place during Richard the Lionheart's absence from England when his brother Jim ruled. Rather, historians suggested that the legends evolved during later time of unrest. In the 14th century, when peasants, workers, and artisans resisted unfair tax and wages. Arthur's legends first appear among 9th and 10th century British and Welsh authors. However, they were popularized later by French troubadours and written down in the Late Middle Ages by Sir Thomas Malroy in "Le Morte d'Arthur."

What were landless peasants?

They were part of the most unstable position. They couldn't inherit land from a lord or be a tenant. They searched for work and had many less benefits.

Until recently, what did archaeologists think about the Mayans?

They were peaceful people who devoted all their time and energy to ceremony and stargazing.

Why didn't the first medieval merchants qualify as merchants?

They were peddlers who carried a small amount of goods on their backs, in carts, or in wagons and they held little status or wealth in society.

What were sharecroppers?

They were serfs that owed most of their produce to the lord as a fee for the land.

What were tenants?

They were serfs who paid for the use of land, but weren't bound to land or obligated to other duties.

What was the status of artisans in feudal Japan and Europe?

They were similar. Both were near the bottom of the social ladder. Merchants had more respect in feudal Europe than they had in feudal Japan. THis was due to the influence of Confucianism in Japan. By the late Middle Ages in Europe, many merchants had become wealthy and politically influential.

What were characteristics of Vikings?

They were skilled sailors, traveled along coasts and across deep seas in longboats, and raided Eastern and Western Europe.

What happened with landowners' farms?

They were standing still. There weren't enough workers to take care of them. Workers demanded higher pay and sometimes demanded landowners to give them their own farms to work for tending the owner's property. Some even earned enough to buy their own farms.

What was the Mayans' math like?

They were symbols constructed out of circles and lines. A person at a marketplace could grab sticks and rocks to post prices. The symbols for each number were related to the value. Mayan math said that four dots meant "four". Even illiterate people could perform simple arithmetic.

What happened to the Funj in the 19th century?

They were taken over by Egypt.

What are the Mamluks known for?

They were the first Muslims to establish an Indian Empire.

What were the up and down sides of being a peasant in the Middle Ages?

They were the lowest class, also known as serfs. They were the toiling class. They worked land and performed labor required to keep the system functioning. They were usually poor and uneducated. They were really the economic backbone of the Middle Ages. They came with land when it was sold.

What are Roman numerals?

They were used by Europeans in the early Middle Ages that are useful for writing long dates but not easy to use for everyday math. They never invented the concept of zero.

What were Vikings regarding their warrior side?

They were very fierce warriors who wreaked havoc across European kingdoms, plundering villages and towns.

Many verses that began as oral poems and songs eventually what?

They were written down, especially during the High and Late Middle Ages.

What did members of the confraternities do during the Middle Ages?

They worked together to secure their goods, wagons, horses, and other property.

What happened as more people settled along the coast?

They, too, would become traders.

What happened in 1485?

Thomas Malory was the first to write down the Arthurian legends in English in Le Morte d'Arthur.

What are vassals?

Those who leased land.

What was a negative to Louis the Pius' leadership?

Though he was a good leader, he lacked organization and couldn't keep local authorities in hire.

What were the up and downsides of being a noble in the Middle Ages?

Though they were one step below the king, they still ruled most people's lives. They granted large areas of land to control as they wished. They were expected to pay taxes to the king and provide knights for the military. Each had a number of vassals who pledge fealty to their lord.

What was found in 2002 CE?

Thousands of Incan mummies. Many were children, showing there was a high child mortality rate.

How did monasteries pay tribute to faith and history?

Through magnificent stained glass windows, tapestries, and other artistic works.

How did many cultures in Africa record their histories?

Through oral tradition, meaning that legend and history blended together and histories could change. Each oral historian emphasizes different things in the history.

What was the process of Spanish unification?

Through the driving out of non-Christian groups. The narrative of the "reconquest" of Spain, or the Reconquista, had been built around the idea that Christians were the rightful occupants of the Iberian Peninsula and it was their duty to drive out all other faiths unless they converted.

How did the Bantu grow strong?

Through trade, and formed kingdoms. These kingdoms grew strong through metalworking and trade, especially in salt.

What was one of the great cities in the Mali Empire?

Timbuktu.

Why was the church so wealthy?

Tithing. All Christians, lord or serf, owed 10% of their income to the church per year.

What were the bravest samurai rewarded with?

Titles to tracts of land by their warlord.

Why did Kammu assemble an army?

To destroy the ancient and troublesome Jomon people of eastern and northern Japan.

Why did people sometimes come to town?

To do business of one sort or another.

What was one of Benedict of Nursia's biggest contributions?

To emphasize communal living, dictating that no monk could own anything, no matter how small. He also promoted obedience, silence, and poverty.

Why was a hierarchy of daimyo created?

To guarantee loyalty to the nation's Tokugawa shogun.

What were characteristics of the Romanesque style?

To prevent fire in larger churches, wooden structures were replaced with stone masonry. Rounded walls, thick stone walls, a tower, small windows, few windows, rounded arches, impression of being grounded in the earth, high vaulted ceilings.

In the years following the first crusade, what did European lords want?

To secure their rule over Crusader States.

What did scholars from all over the Muslim world come to do?

To study the Qur'an.

Why did people travel to the city?

To visit the cathedral, and those who did conduct trade likely did so in squares near these landmarks.

Where is Tenochtitlan located today?

Today's Mexico City.

What did Ferdinand and Iabella do in Spain?

Took away some of the privileges that the nobles enjoyed in order to consolidate power. They also sent their own royal officials to govern towns and set up special courts that would punish criminals.

What did carpenters make?

Tools, furniture, and other goods from wood

What is Judaism's sacred text?

Torah. Comprised of 5 Old Testament books.

What did communes' charters ensure?

Town citizens certain rights, including the right to conduct trade and hold markets.

Under bakufu, what did Yoritomo reward his warrior vassals with?

Tracts of land over which they ruled.

What declined in the West?

Trade and commerce in the West declined.

What was Venice concerned with?

Trade and moneymaking.

Who/what most likely spread the pandemic from Rome to many parts of the empire?

Trade and the movement of armies and government officials.

What did the African and Arab peoples who settled along the Red Sea build?

Trade cities that became powerful city-states.

What was Africa's status 2000 years ago?

Trade flourished along the coasts as well as within the interior, and this trade helped kingdoms grow along important routes and crossroads.

What was Coastal Naples an important area for?

Trade in southern Italy.

What did Venice attempt to profit from?

Trade in the Mediterranean.

What did the Haneastic League protect?

Trade routes and defended another against attack.

What did Kush thrive through?

Trade with neighboring peoples as well as with Greeks, Romans, Arabs, and distant Indian merchants.

What was Venice in the best position for?

Trade with the East.

What brought wealth and led to the emergence of a new class that came to rule what would become the Kingdom of Kongo?

Trade, especially in raffia cloth.

What flourished with China in the second half of the Ashikaga period?

Trade.

What was Naples previously very powerful in?

Trade. It was quite the powerful trading kingdom.

What did early guilds help to establish?

Trading territory.

What were troubadours?

Traveling performers but their work focused on poetry. They wrote and recited lyric poems, often about love. Many of their poems were set to music, usually with a homophonic melody. While minstrels performed for audiences high and low, troubadours were favored by the nobility. They were given freedom of speech and even exerted some political influence through their work.

What did tanners do?

Treated animal skins to turn them into leather.

When Muhammad conquered Mecca, he united many _______ of Arabia under Islam.

Tribes.

What was the name of the second Incan capital Huayna built?

Tumibamda, located in present day Ecuador.

Who rose to lead the Saljuks in the 3rd Crusade?

Turkick ruler named Saladin. He succeeded in united the fragmented Muslim armies of Southwest Asia and North Africa.

What were the two nations that held their faith in the church now starting to do?

Turn to their king. The Age of Faith was coming to an end.

What did ropemakers make?

Twisted, braided, and wove fibers such as twine into sturdy ropes. Other types of weavers used fibers to make cltohing, blankets, rugs, and other textiles. Most weavers spun their own fiber into thread.

What happened by the early 1100s CE?

Two families became dominant: The Taira and the Minamoto.

What was Parliament later divided into?

Two groups: the House of Lords, made up of nobles and clergy, and the House of Commons where knights and townspeople met.

What was the Hildren's Crusade a result of?

Two young visionaries. Nicholas of Cologne and dSteen of Cloyes. They were about 12 years old.

How many youths from which places set in motion an unusual expedition to the Hol Land in 1212?

Two youths from France and Germany.

What are Infidels?

Unbelievers with regards to a certain religion, often to describe those who oppose or do not believe in Christianity.

When did Rome begin to see a rebirth?

Under Pope Nicholas V.

Why did Milan and Florence join together?

Under the rule of Francesco Sforza and Cosimo de Medici, they wanted to keep Venice from expanding, establishing a friendship that maintained the balance of power between them in the north and keeping the mountain passes open for the use of traders from Florence.

What was Charlemagne able to do under his rule during the 800s?

Unite a large part of Europe under his rule.

Until when did the office of shogun persist?

Until 1333 CE. Different shoguns set up headquarters in different towns.

What was Machu Picchu "lost"?

Until the early 20th century CE when archaeologists from Yale began digging.

At the empire's height of power, how many Mayans were there?

Up to two million.

What began as early as the 4th century?

Upper-class Japanese had been eager to emulate China. Japan learned of and adopted Buddhism as their chosen religion, adapted China's ideographic writing system, and learned to read Chinese. They were greatly influenced by classical Chinese texts.

By the High Middle Ages, where could most artisans be found?

Urban centers of Europe.

What would the Renaissance do?

Usher a new era in history. Europeans got more interested in the classics, the arts, and explaining why things happened. Times where changing for Europeans.

What did church law prohibit?

Usury, or the charging of interest.

What did daimyo or vassals often have?

Vassals that served them.

Who did Yoritomo appoint as regional governors and stewards?

Vassals.

What happened in 1167?

Venice, Genoa, Bologna, Milan, Padua, and several others formed the Lombard League to strengthen their defenses.

What was the first major city-state in Italy?

Venice.

Who was a trading giant during the Renaissance?

Venice.

What kind of Christian was Charlemagne?

Very devout. He believed that, as King, he should work to strengthen the institution of the Church.

How many went on the pilgrimage to Mecca?

Very few are known.

How much did the third crusade achieve?

Very litt.e

What is Nazca pottery?

Very recognizable and attractive. It is polychrome, meaning one piece is decorated with several different colors. The images are of people and animals, and highly stylized and angular. They are bold and modern-looking.

What kind of geographical space is the Holy Land?

Very small but influenced the world greatly.

What happened in the late 9th century?

Vikings (A.K.A. Norsemen) swept out of Scandinavia.

What happened in the 12th century?

Vikings ceased their raids. Some merged with kingdoms in the Est and West. Those who remained turned inward to rule the northern kingdoms.

What did the commune limit the right to do?

Vote to men from wealthy families, meaning that the commune was not a true democracy but there were increasing opportunities for a new middle-class popolo (meany of them wealthy merchants and businessmen) to talk about and participate in their government.

What did wealthy European monarchs fund?

Voyages of exploration that would take Europeans to Asia, Africa, and the Americas.

What did towns build around them for protection during the Middle Ages?

Walls.

For several centuries after Clovis I's death, what happened?

War raged across Europe among competing kings and their peoples, each jockeying for a bit of land to call home.

Characteristics of Richard?

War-lover. Great warrior and athlete.

Even though this was a time of intense religious devotion, was also continued?

Warfare

In both systems, what warfare was common?

Warfare between various lords and vassals.

What continued to tear Japan apart?

Warring daimyo.

What were samurai?

Warrior vassals who were loyal to their clan or shogun.

What did both regions hire for protection?

Warriors. Knights in Europe and samurai in Japan.

What, besides the plague, effected European landscape?

Wars, climate, and famine. They had to look for a way to survive.

What is the main reason he Maya, Inca, and Aztec are the most famous Meso and South American societies?

We know the most about them. They all left behind rich archaeological records, which we continue to study today.

What did the division of the Incan Empire do?

Weakened it, leading it to fall to the Spanish.

Who did the tax exemption program impact?

Wealthy families, as they were the ones who could afford to fund such programs. They were also given exemptions from government inspection and judicial authority.

Why did the Roman Republic suffer internal conflict?

Wealthy people got richer from taxing and looting from other conquered lands. The Lower class still world hard.

What was traded for Japanese gold and silver, as well as rice and other things?

Weapons, fabrics, glassware, clocks, and other European goods.

How long did both of the kingdoms survive?

Well into the 18th century CE.

What did the Muslim empire develop?

Well-organized and efficient systems that had it thrive and become prosperous.

What was the capital of the West? The East?

West - Rome. East - Constnatinople

What did medieval merchants continue?

What European Crusaders had begun.

What did Songhai come to control much of?

What had been the Mali Empire, but not all of it.

When was the Magna Carta put to the test?

When King John died not long after it was signed.

When did Islam begin to spread?

When Muhammad migrated.

When did the last great battle for succession occur?

When a great army general challenged a new king. Many men were killed in the battle for control of the country and the Songhai army was weakened.

When did the feudal system collapse?

When the Bubonic plague struck in the mid 1300s, causing the death of 1/4 of the entire population of Europe.

What was an issue facing the Catholic Church?

Whether it should be wealthy from its properties and the taxes it collected. Some believed it should be more like Jesus and his disciples, practicing poverty. This led many influential thinkers to wonder if the authority of a monarch in a given country was superior to the authority of the pope. Some thought the state should make sure that the church did what it was supposed to do for the benefit of the people.

What kind of disputes arose?

Who had the right to succeed him or serve as caliph.

What was the name of the man who wrote information about the Crusades?

William of Tyre; He was an author, cleric, and scholar. He wrote "The History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea" and "The History of Jerusalem." He was born in Jerusalem around 1130. He grew up in the Crusader States. He studied at the school in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher and the universities of Paris and Bologna in Europe. He returned to the Holy Land in 1164 and became a religious official in the city of Tyre in what is now Lebanon. He later served as an adviser and tutor to the Christian lords of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

When does the Islamic calendar begin?

With Hijra, Muhammad's migration.

What did these two kingdoms trade?

With other African peoples, but also with Arabs along the Indian Coast and with Portuguese along the Atlantic Coast.

Who had few opportunities for education or advancement in the Middle Ages?

Women. They only had two options: marriage or go to the church.

What instruments were also common during the Middle Ages?

Wooden flutes, panpipes, and ocarinas.

What do Jews call God?

Yahweh

What happened in 1270 CE?

Yikunno-Amlak, possibly a descendent of the Axum people, founded the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia. His grandson Amda Seyond extended the borders of Ethiopia and demanded greater rights for Christians in neighboring Muslim kingdoms such as Egypt.

Who, in essence, controlled Japan?

Yoritomo and his military government.

What happened in Japan in 1203 CE?

Yoritomo went to the capital, Kyoto, and was given the title shogun (regent), the highest rank of honor a warrior could receive.

How dangerous was it if you get the sickness?

You would probably die.

What were apprentices?

Young men just getting started in their craft.

Islam is the .... growing religion.

fastest; they have over 1 billion followers.

Where did merchant banks emerge?

northern Italy, first among the grain merchants of Lombardy.

What are the 1200 and 1300s considered?

part of the late middle Ages in most of Europe.

Despite the low rates of literacy, what did the Middle Ages start producing?

stained glass, wonderful textiles, work in stone, metal, wood, and castles, cathedrals, and churches.

What did the church open in the High Middle Ages (11th, 12th, and 13th century)?

the first universities in Europe. By the 1000s and 1100s, many of the world's most famous universities, such as the University of Oxford in England, were well established.

What happened with the plague from December 1347 to June 1348?

the plague arrived in Europe from China through a Genoa port. In less than six months it had spread throughout Italy, most of France, Catalonia, and the coast of Croatia and Slovenia.

What famous element is said to be the cup Jesus used at his last supper?

the wizard Merlin and the search for the Holy Grail.