World Religions: Unit 4 Islam Terms

Holy War

"As used in this First Superseding Indictment, 'Jihad' is the Arabic word meaning '_______'. In this context, jihad refers to the use of violence, including paramilitary action against persons, governments deemed to be enemies of the fundamentalist version of Islam."

Day of Judgement

Islamic eschatology is the branch of Islamic theology concerning the end of the world, and the "Day of resurrection" after that, known as Yawm al-Qiyāmah (Arabic: يوم القيامة‎, IPA: [jawmu‿l.qijaːma], "the Day of Resurrection") or Yawm ad-Dīn (يوم الدين, Arabic pronunciation: [jawmu‿d.diːn], ____________

Salat (Prayer)

Second of the Five Pillars; obligatory prayers, said 5x a day in the direction of Mecca

Muhammad

The Arab founder of Islam, _______ is held by Muslims to be the chief prophet of God. He was born in Mecca. Muslims believe that the Koran was dictated to him by an angel sent from God.

Night Journey/Ascension to Heaven

The Isra and Mi'raj (Arabic: الإسراء والمعراج‎, al-'Isrā' wal-Mi'rāj) are the two parts of a ________that, according to Islam, Muhammad took during a single night around the year 621 CE. It has been described as both a physical and spiritual journey.[1] A brief sketch of the story is in surah al-Isra of the Quran,[2] and other details come from the hadith, which are collections of the reports, teachings, deeds and sayings of Muhammad. In the Isra', Muhammad traveled on the steed Buraq to "the farthest mosque". Traditionally, later Muslims identified the mosque as a location in the physical world, the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem. At the mosque, Muhammad led other prophets in prayer. He then ascended to the heavens in the Mi'raj, speaking to God afterwards. The remembrance of this journey is one of the most significant events in the Islamic calendar.[3]

Mahdi

The ________ (Arabic: مهدي‎, ISO 233: _______, literally "guided one") is an eschatological redeemer of Islam who will appear and will rule for five, seven, nine, or nineteen years (according to differing interpretations) before the Day of Judgment (yawm al-qiyamah, literally, the Day of Resurrection) and will rid the world ...

Isaac

The biblical patriarch _______ (Arabic: إسحاق‎ or إسحٰق Isḥāq) is recognized as a patriarch, prophet and messenger of God by all Muslims. In Islam, he is known as Isḥāq. As in Judaism and Christianity, Islam maintains that _________ was the son of the patriarch and prophet Abraham from his wife Sarah.

Surah

There are 114 _____ in the Quran, each divided into verses. The chapters or ______ are of unequal length; the shortest chapter (Al-Kawthar) has only three ayat (verses) while the longest (Al-Baqara) contains 286 verses. Of the 114 chapters in the Quran, 87 are classified as Meccan, while 27 are Medinan.

Zakat (Almsgiving)

Third of the Five Pillars; 2.5% of one's wealth to be given to charity

Sawm (fasting)

Three types of fasting (Siyam) are recognized by the Quran: Ritual fasting,[15] fasting as compensation for repentance (both from sura Al-Baqara),[16] and ascetic fasting (from Al-Ahzab).[17][18], fourth of the five pillars, ramadan

Mount Hira

Where Muhammed received his first revelation from the Angel Gabriel

Mecca

________, in a desert valley in western Saudi Arabia, is Islam's holiest city, as it's the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad and the faith itself. Only Muslims are allowed in the city, with millions arriving for the annual Hajj (pilgrimage). Dating from the 7th century, the central Masjid al-Haram (Sacred Mosque) surrounds the Kaaba, the cloth-covered cubic structure that's Islam's most sacred shrine.

Gabriel

_________ (Hebrew: גַּבְרִיאֵל‎, lit. ... In Islam, _______ is an archangel whom God sent with revelation to various prophets, including Muhammad. The 96th chapter of the Quran, the Clot, is believed by Muslims to have been the first chapter revealed by _________ to Muhammad.

Imam

_________ is an Islamic leadership position. It is most commonly used as the title of a worship leader of a mosque and Muslim community among Sunni Muslims. In this context, _________ may lead Islamic worship services, serve as community leaders, and provide religious guidance.

Shari'a (divine law)

_________, __________ law, or Islamic law (Arabic: شريعة‎ (IPA: [ʃaˈriːʕa])) is the religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam, particularly the Quran and the Hadith.

Khadija

__________ (Arabic: خديجة‎) is an Arabic feminine given name, the name of _________ bint Khuwaylid, first wife of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. _______ is one of the three most popular Arabic female names in the Muslim world, Together with Fatima, and Aisha. Hatice is the Turkish equivalent..

Muslim

a follower of the religion of Islam.

Eid al-Adha

also called the "Sacrifice Feast", is the second of two Islamic holidays celebrated worldwide each year, and considered the holier of the two.

Burqa

also known as chadri or paranja in Central Asia, is an enveloping outer garment worn by women in some Islamic traditions to cover themselves in public, which covers the body and the face.

Bab

an Arabic word meaning gateway. Each of The Four Deputies or Gates, intermediaries between the Hidden Imam and the community in Twelver Shia Islam (873-941)

Baha'i

believe in Muhammad as a prophet of God, and in the Qur'an as the word of God. _______ teachings 'affirm that Islam is a true religion revealed by Allah'; accordingly, members of the faith can give full assent to the traditional words of the Shahadah.

Ishmael

first Muslim; genesis / origin of the Muslim community, from which all Muslims derive their descent

Hijra

flight, migration; refers to Muhammed's journey from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE

Niqab

garment of clothing that covers the face which is worn by a small minority of Muslim women as a part of a particular interpretation of hijab ("modesty").

Shaykh

is a Sufi who is authorized to teach, initiate and guides aspiring dervishes in the islamic faith.

Sufism

is a mystical trend in Islam "characterized ... [by particular] values, ritual practices, doctrines and institutions"[7] which began very early in Islamic history[5] and represented "the main manifestation and the most important and central crystallization of" mystical practice in Islam.[8]

Madh'hab

is a school of thought within fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). In the first 150 years of Islam, there were numerous __________, most of which have become extinct or merged with other schools.

Eid al-Fitr

is an important religious holiday celebrated by Muslims worldwide that marks the end of Ramadan, the Islamic holy month of fasting (sawm).

Whirling Dervish

is best known in the West by the practices (performances) of the Mevlevi order in Turkey, and is part of a formal ceremony known as the Sama. ... The name Mevlevi comes from the Persian poet Rumi, who was a ________ himself.

Al-fana

is the Sufi term for "passing away" or "annihilation" (of the self). ... Fana represents a breaking down of the individual ego and a recognition of the fundamental unity of God, creation, and the individual self.

Twelver

is the largest branch of Shia Islam. ... ________ believe that the Twelve Imams are the spiritual and political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

International House of Justice

is the supreme governing institution of the Bahá'í Faith. It is a legislative institution with the authority to supplement and apply the laws of Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, and exercises a judicial function as the highest appellate institution in the Bahá'í administration. The institution was defined in the writings of Bahá'u'lláh and `Abdu'l-Bahá, Bahá'u'lláh's successor, and was officially established in 1963 as the culmination of the Ten Year Crusade, an international Bahá'í teaching plan.[1]

Haifa

is the third-largest city in Israel - after Jerusalem and Tel Aviv- with a population of 279,591 in 2016. ... Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the _______ Municipality has governed the city.

Five Pillars of Islam

obligatory practices for a Muslim, salat (prayer), sawm (fasting), hajj (pilgrimage), zakat (almsgiving), shahada (faith)

Abraham

prophet; father of Ishmael, built the Ka'ba

Jilbab

refers to any long and loose-fit coat or garment worn by some Muslim women. Wearers believe that this definition of ___________ fulfills the Quranic demand for a hijab. also known as Chador by Persian speakers in Iran.

Feast of the Nineteenth Day

regular community gatherings, occurring on the first day of each month of the Bahá'í calendar (and are often nineteen days apart from each other). Each gathering consists of a Devotional, Administrative, and Social part. The devotional part of the ___________ can be compared to Sunday Services in Christianity or Friday Prayers in Islam, though the non-congregational nature of the Bahá'í Faith and that the Faith has no clergy limits the usefulness of the comparison.

Medina (Yathrib)

second holiest city in Islam; housed Muhammed and 70 refugee families

Caliph

successor to Muhammad as political leader of Muslim community

Shi'a Islam

that just as a prophet is appointed by God alone, only God has the prerogative to appoint the successor to his prophet. They believe God chose Ali to be Muhammad's successor, infallible, the first caliph (khalifa, head of state) of Islam.

Qur'an (Koran)

the Islamic sacred book, believed to be the word of God as dictated to Muhammad by the archangel Gabriel and written down in Arabic. The _____ consists of 114 units of varying lengths, known as suras ; the first sura is said as part of the ritual prayer. These touch upon all aspects of human existence, including matters of doctrine, social organization, and legislation.

Kitab al-aqdas

the central book of the Bahá'í Faith written by Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the religion, in 1873.[1] The work was written in Arabic under the Arabic title _____________ (Arabic: الكتاب الأقدس‎), but it is commonly referred to by its Persian title, ________ (Persian: كتاب اقدس‎), which was given to the work by Bahá'u'lláh himself. It is sometimes also referred to as "the Most Holy Book", "the Book of Laws" or the Book of _______. The word _________ has a significance in many languages as the superlative form of a word with its primary letters Q-D-Š.

Jihad

the concept of extraordinary effort in the belief and practice of Islam; often understood as a militancy in defending and/or extending the interests of Islam.

Ka'ba

the holiest place in Islam, a large cube-shaped building inside the al-Masjid al-Haram mosque in Mecca.

Sunni Islam

the largest denomination of Islam. Its name comes from the word Sunnah, referring to the exemplary behaviour of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Night of Power and Excellence

the night Muhammed received his first revelation on Mount Hira

Ramadan

the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, and is observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting (Sawm) to commemorate the first revelation of the Quran to Muhammad according to Islamic belief.

Islam

the religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah

Mujahid

the term for one engaged in Jihad (literally, "striving" or "struggling," especially with a praiseworthy aim). soldiers of islam

Sunna

the traditional portion of Muslim law based on Muhammad's words or acts, accepted (together with the Koran) as authoritative by Muslims and followed particularly by Sunni Muslims.

Umma

the whole community of Muslims bound together by ties of religion.

Husayn

was a grandson of the Islamic Nabi (Arabic: نَـبِي‎, Prophet) Muhammad, and son of Ali ibn Abi Talib (the first Shia Imam and the fourth Rashid caliph of Sunni Islam), and Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah. He is an important figure in Islam as he was a member of the Bayṫ (Arabic: بَـيـت‎, Household) of Muhammad, and Ahl al-Kisā' (Arabic: أَهـل الـكِـسَـاء‎, People of the Cloak), as well as being the third Shia Imam.

Averroes

was a medieval Andalusian Arab polymath. He wrote on logic, Aristotelian and Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, the Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence, psychology, political theory, the theory of Andalusian classical music, geography, mathematics, as well as the medieval sciences of medicine, astronomy, physics, and celestial mechanics. also known as ibn rushd

Abu Bakr

was a senior companion (Sahabi) and—through his daughter Aisha—the father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Cordoba

was a state in Islamic Iberia along with a part of North Africa ruled by the Umayyad dynasty. ... In 1031, after years of infighting, the caliphate fractured into a number of independent Muslim taifa (kingdoms).

Battle of Tours (Poitiers)

was fought by Frankish and Burgundian[21][22] forces under Charles Martel against an army of the Umayyad Caliphate led by 'Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, Governor-General of al-Andalus. It was fought in an area between the cities of Poitiers and Tours, in the Aquitaine of west-central France, near the village of Moussais-la-Bataille, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Poitiers. The location of the battle was close to the border between the Frankish realm and the then-independent Duchy of Aquitaine under Odo the Great.

Ali

was the cousin and the son-in-law of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam. He ruled as the fourth caliph from 656 to 661, but he is regarded as the rightful immediate successor to prophet Muhammad by the Shia Muslims.

Abdu'l-Baha

was the eldest son of Bahá'u'lláh and served as head of the Bahá'í Faith from 1892 until 1921.

Mirza Husayn ali Nuri (Baha'u'llah)

was the founder of the Bahá'í Faith. He claimed to be the prophetic fulfilment of Bábism, a 19th-century outgrowth of Shaykhism,[1] and, in a broader sense to be a Manifestation of God. He also claimed he was the fulfillment of the eschatological expectations of Islam, Christianity, and other major religions.

Shahada

First of the Five Pillars. statement of intent to attest to being a Muslim, spoken once a day out loud and in front of witnesses

Hijab

According to the Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World, modesty in the Quran concerns both men's and women's "gaze, gait, garments, and genitalia." The Qur'an instructs Muslim women to dress modestly. ... In the Qur'an, the term ________ refers to a partition or curtain in the literal or metaphorical sense.

Allah

Christianity. The Aramaic word for "God" in the language of Assyrian Christians is ____, or ______. Arabic-speakers of all Abrahamic faiths, including Christians and Jews, use the word "______" to mean "God". The Christian Arabs of today have no other word for "God" than "______".

Hajj (pilgrimage)

5th pillar of islam pilgrimage to Mecca

Mosque

A ___________ is a place of worship for Muslims. There are strict and detailed requirements in Sunni jurisprudence (Arabic: فِـقْـه‎, fiqh) for a place of worship to be considered a _________, with places that do not meet these requirements regarded as musallas.