World War 1 terms
Adolphe Marie Messimy
(31 January 1869 - 1 September 1935) was a French politician and general. He served as Minister of War at the start of the First World War.
The High Seas Fleet
(Hochseeflotte) was the battle fleet of the German Imperial Navy and saw action during the First World War. The formation was created in February 1907, when the Home Fleet (Heimatflotte) was renamed as the High Seas Fleet. Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz was the architect of the fleet; he envisioned a force powerful enough to challenge the Royal Navy's predominance. Kaiser Wilhelm II, the German Emperor, championed the fleet as the instrument by which he would seize overseas possessions and make Germany a global power
The Battle of Lutsk
(Located in modern day Ukraine) was where the Russians launched the very successfully Brusilov Offensive in early summer. The town of Lutsk was victimized by the Austro-Hungarian's so called 'Black-Yellow' Offensive in 1915 where it was heavily fortified and became a position for Austro-Hungarian reserves.
Walter Lippman
(September 23, 1889 - December 14, 1974)[1] was an American writer, reporter, and political commentator famous for being among the first to introduce the concept of Cold War, coining the term "stereotype" in the modern psychological meaning, and critiquing media and democracy in his newspaper column and several books, most notably his 1922 book Public Opinion. Lippmann was also a notable author for the Council on Foreign Relations, until he had an affair with the editor Hamilton Fish Armstrong's wife
The Battle of Shaiba
12-14 April 1915 was between British forces and Ottoman forces that were trying to retake the city of Basra from the British.
Treaty of London
1915, was a secret pact between the Triple Entente and Italy, signed in London on 26 April 1915 by the United Kingdom, France, Russia, and the Kingdom of Italy.[1] Its intent was to gain the alliance of Italy against its former allies, including Germany.
Arthur James Balfour,
1st Earl of Balfour, KG, OM, PC, DL was a British Conservative politician who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from July 1902 to December 1905, and later Foreign Secretary, author of the Balfour Declaration.
John French
1st Earl of Ypres, Officer commanding Field Marshal John Denton Pinkstone French, 1st Earl of Ypres KP, GCB, OM, GCVO, KCMG, ADC, PC, known as The Viscount French between 1916 and 1922, was a British Army officer. Wikipedia Born: September 28, 1852, Ripple, United Kingdom
Lord Bryce
1st Viscount Bryce OM GCVO PC FRS FBA (10 May 1838 - 22 January 1922) was a British academic, jurist, historian and Liberal politician.
Woodrow Wilson
28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize
Esher trimvirate
3 members were Lord Esher, First Sea Lord John Fisher and Sir George Clarke
The Great Illusion
A book by Norman Angell first published in Great Britain in 1910 about the growing rivalry between England and Germany. It was translated into 11 different languages.
Zimmerman Telegram
A coded message sent by Germany to try to get Mexico to attack the US
total war
A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort
stalemate
A deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other.
ultimatum
A demand or threat that is final
trench warfare
A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.
Central Powers
A military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire.
Triple Alliance
A military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in the years preceding World War I
Triple Entente
A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.
unrestricted submarine warfare
A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters
Fourteen Points
A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.
Schlieffen Plan
A strategy drawn up by Germany to avoid fighting a war on two fronts
no man's land
A strip of land between the trenches of opposing armies along the Western Front during WW1
armistice
A temporary peace agreement to end fighting.
Sir John Fisher
Admiral of the Fleet John Arbuthnot "Jacky" Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher, GCB, OM, GCVO was a British admiral known for his efforts at naval reform
General Otto von Emmich
Albert Theodor Otto Emmich was a Prussian general and was the commander of the 10th Corps during the siege of Liege.
King Alexander 1
Alexander I, also known as Alexander the Unifier served as a prince regent of the Kingdom of Serbia from 1914 and later became King of Yugoslavia from 1921 to 1934. He was assassinated in Marseilles in 1934 by a Macedonian activist.
Sargent York
Alvin Cullum York (December 13, 1887 - September 2, 1964), known also by his rank, Sergeant York, was one of the most decorated soldiers of the United States Army in World War I.[1] He received the Medal of Honor for leading an attack on a German machine gun nest, taking 32 machine guns, killing at least 20 German soldiers, and capturing 132 others. This action occurred during the United States-led portion of the broader Meuse-Argonne Offensive in France masterminded by French Marshal Ferdinand Foch to breach the Hindenburg line and make the opposing German forces surrender.
Henry Cabot Lodge
As chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (1919-1924), Lodge led the successful fight against American participation in the League of Nations, which had been proposed by President Wilson at the close of World War I. He also served as chairman of the Senate Republican Conference from 1918 to 1924
How did the war start?
As dawn broke on Saturday August 1 1914, two critical demands made by Germany were awaiting answers. At 7pm the night before, Germany had requested that France state whether it would remain neutral in a Russian-German war. A reply was demanded within 18 hours - by 1pm on Saturday. And at midnight, Germany had given Russia an ultimatum to demobilise within 12 hours. To learn more check out this website: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-one/11002644/First-World-War-centenary-how-events-unfolded-on-August-1-1914.html
reparations
As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.
General Von Bergardi
Author of the book Germany and the Next War and wrote it was "unthinkable " that Germany and France could ever negotiate their problems. "Francs must be so completely crushed that she can never cross our path again".
Charleroi
Battle of Charleroi (French: Bataille de Charleroi), or the Battle of the Sambre, was fought on 21 August 1914, by the French Fifth Army and the German 2nd and 3rd armies, during the Battle of the Frontiers. The French were planning an attack across the Sambre River, when the Germans attacked first, forced back the French from the river and nearly cut off the French retreat by crossing the Meuse around Dinant and getting behind the French right flank. The French were saved by a counter-attack at Dinant and the re-direction of the 3rd Army to the north-west in support of the 2nd Army, rather than south-west.
Lusitania
British passenger boat sunk by a German submarine that claimed 1,000 lives. One of main reasons US decided to join the war.
Carl von Clausewitz
Carl von Clausewitz, the 19th century Prussian general and military theorist, defined war "as an act of force to compel our enemy to do our will." However, Clausewitz was not in favor of conflict as an end in itself. He stressed and warned that war should be a means to an end. In terms of fighting, it was a war of what Clausewitz referred to as attrition.
Allies of World War I
Composed of France, Britain, and Russia, and later Japan and Italy, the Allies fought the Central Powers in World War I. The United States joined the Allies in 1917.
Second Battle of Ypres
During World War I, the Second Battle of Ypres was fought from 22 April - 25 May 1915 for control of the strategic Flemish town of Ypres in western Belgium after the First Battle of Ypres the previous autumn.
Frederick the Great
Frederick II (German) 24 January 1712 - 17 August 1786) was King of Prussia from 1740 until 1786.[1] Frederick's achievements during his reign included his military victories, his reorganization of Prussian armies, his patronage of the Arts and the Enlightenment in Prussia, and his final success against great odds in the Seven Years' War. He became known as Frederick the Great (Friedrich der Große) and was nicknamed Der Alte Fritz ("Old Fritz") by the Prussian people.
King George V
George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 - 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936. Also known as the "Uncle of Europe".
U-boat
German submarine - u boat is short of the German word, Unterseeboot (Under Sea Boat)
propaganda
Ideas spread to influence public opinion
2nd Battle of Ypres
Image result for 2nd battle of ypres During World War I, the Second Battle of Ypres was fought from 22 April - 25 May 1915 for control of the strategic Flemish town of Ypres in western Belgium after the First Battle of Ypres the previous autumn. It was the first mass use by Germany of poison gas on the Western Front.
Eastern Front
In WWI, the region along the German-Russian Border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks.
Dates of WW1
July 28, 1914 - November 11, 1918
King Constantine 1
King of Greece from 1913 to 1917 and from 1920 to 1922. He was commander-in-chief of the Hellenic Army during the unsuccessful Greco-Turkish War of 1897 and led the Greek forces during the successful Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, in which Greece expanded to include Thessaloniki, doubling in area and population. He succeeded to the throne of Greece on 18 March 1913, following his father's assassination - reluctantly abdicated the throne with threatened by Allies with the invasion of Greece.
Lord Escher
Reginald Baliol Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher GCVO KCB PC DL (30 June 1852 - 22 January 1930) was a historian and Liberal politician in the United Kingdom, although his period of greatest influence over military and foreign affairs was as a courtier, member of public committees and behind-the-scenes "fixer".
Battle of the Strait of Otranto
The 1917, was the result of an Austro-Hungarian raid on the Otranto Barrage, an Allied naval blockade of the Strait of Otranto. The battle took place on 14-15 May 1917, and was the largest surface action in the Adriatic Sea during World War I.[1] The Otranto Barrage was a fixed barrier, composed of lightly armed drifters with anti-submarine nets coupled with minefields and supported by Allied naval patrols.
Balfour Declaration
The Balfour Declaration (dated 2 November 1917) was a letter from the United Kingdom's Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland. His Majesty's government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.[1][2]
Bita Paka
The Battle of Bita Paka was fought south of Kabakaul, on the island of New Britain, and was a part of the invasion and subsequent occupation of German New Guinea by the Australian Naval and Military
The Battle of Caporetto,
The Battle of Caporetto, took place from 24 October to 19 November 1917, near the town of Kobarid, on the Austro-Italian front of World War I. The battle was named after the Italian name of the town.
Jutland
The Battle of Jutland was a naval battle fought by the British Royal Navy's Grand Fleet under Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, against the Imperial German Navy's High Seas Fleet under Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer during the First World War. Wikipedia Period: May 31, 1916 - June 1, 1916 UK vs. Germany
The Marne
The Battle of the Marne was a First World War battle fought from 5-12 September 1914. It resulted in an Allied victory against the German Army.
Battle of Somme
The Battle of the Somme, also known as the Somme Offensive, was a battle of the First World War fought by the armies of the British and French empires against the German Empire. Wikipedia Period: July 1, 1916 - November 18, 1916
Alsace-Lorraine
The Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine was a territory created by the German Empire in 1871 after it annexed most of Alsace and the Moselle department of Lorraine following its victory in the Franco-Prussian War.
Lake Naroch Offensive
The Lake Naroch Offensive in 1916 was an unsuccessful Russian offensive on the Eastern Front in World War I. It was launched at the request of Marshal Joseph Joffre and intended to relieve the German pressure on French forces. Wikipedia Period: March 1916 - April 1916 German Empire vs, Russian Empire
Aragon Forest
The Meuse-Argonne Offensive, also known as the Maas-Argonne Offensive and the Battle of the Argonne Forest, was a major part of the final Allied offensive of World War I that stretched along the entire Western Front. It was fought from September 26, 1918, until the Armistice of 11 November 1918, a total of 47 days.
Versailles Peace Treaty
The Treaty of Versailles (French: Traité de Versailles) was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
alliance system
The alliance system in Europe was a major cause of World War 1.
Gavrilo Princip
The assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, a member of the Black Hand
Verdun
The longest battle of WWI at a French fort
steam roller
This is a term that referred to the Russian military due to it's size and numbers.
Siege of Liege
This was the opening engagement of the German invasion of Belgium and the first battle of World War I. The attack on the city began on 5 August 1914 and lasted until 16 August when the last fort surrendered.
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment.
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Wilhelm II or William II was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia, ruling the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918 and cousin the Edward VII.
William Gladstone
William Ewart Gladstone, was a British Liberal politician. In a career lasting over sixty years, he served as Prime Minister four separate times, more than any other person, and served as Chancellor of the Exchequer four times.
panther
a German gunboat that led to an alliance between England and France
Battle of Vittorio Veneto
a city in Italy - was fought from 24 October to 3 November 1918 near Vittorio Veneto on the Italian Front during World War I. The Italian victory marked the end of the war on the Italian Front, secured the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and contributed to the end of the First World War less than two weeks later
Field Marshal
a high ranking senior military officer in the army
Joseph Joffre
a marshal and French general who served as Commander-in-Chief of French forces on the Western Front from the start of World War I until the end of 1916.
The Battle of Gorizia
also known as the Sixth Battle of the Isonzo was the most successful Italian offensive along the Soča (Isonzo) River during World War I. Franz Graf Conrad von Hötzendorf had reduced the Austro-Hungarian forces along the Soča (Isonzo) front to reinforce his Trentino Offensive. Italian Chief-of-Staff Luigi Cadorna made good use of railroads to quickly shift troops from Trentino back to the Isonzo line for an offensive against the weakened Austro-Hungarian defenses.
Battle of Passchendaele
also known as the Third Battle of Ypres, was a campaign of the First World War, fought by the Allies against the German Empire. Period: July 11, 1917 - November 10, 1917 France, Canada, UK and Australia vs. Germany
League of Nations
an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations
Dawes Plan
as proposed by the Dawes Committee, chaired by Charles G. Dawes) was an attempt in 1924 to solve the World War I reparations problem, which had bedeviled international politics following World War I and the Treaty of Versailles.
Ferdinand I of Bulgaria
began WWI as a neutral but finally joined with Germany.
tinderbox of Europe
festering quarrels over the Balkans—the "tinderbox of Europe"—eventually pushed Europe into war.
Entente Cordiale
in 1904, with war in Europe a decade away, Britain and France sign an agreement, later known as the Entente Cordiale, resolving long-standing colonial disputes in North Africa and establishing a diplomatic understanding between the two countries.
Western Front
in WWI, the region of northern France where the forces of the Allies and the Central Powers battled each other
Belguim
in World War I traces Belgium's role between the German invasion in 1914, through the continued military resistance and occupation of the territory by German forces, known as the Rape of Belgium, to the armistice in 1918, as well as the role it played in the international war effort through its African colony and small force on the Eastern Front. It tried to stay neutral, however, since is was in the path of Germany's invasion to France, got caught up in the war.
Samarrah Offensive
incorporating the Battle of Istabulat - was launched with 45,000 frontline troops in mid-March 1917 and ran for approximately six weeks before operations were effectively called off until the autumn - took place between the villages of Serre and Maricourt.
Archi Baba
is a height dominating the Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey, located in Çanakkale Province. Achi Baba was the main position of the Ottoman Turkish defenses in 1915 during the World War I Gallipoli campaign
Antwerp
is an international port city on Belgium's River Scheldt
No Man's Land
is land that is unoccupied or is under dispute between parties who leave it unoccupied due to fear or uncertainty. The term was originally used to define a contested territory or a dumping ground for refuse between fiefdoms
The Royal Navy
is the United Kingdom's principal naval warfare force. Tracing its origins to the 16th century, it is the oldest of the armed services and is known as the Senior Service. Founded: 1660, Kingdom of England Fighter: Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Headquarters: Whitehall Founders: Henry VIII of England
Edward VII
known as the "Uncle of Europe" Edward VII was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death.
Kaiser Wilhelm
militaristic and nationalistic leader of Germany during the last decade of the 1800's and most of WWI
MANIA
miltarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism, and assassination
King Carol 1
reigned as King of Romania from 8 June 1930 until 6 September 1940. He was the first member of the Romanian royal family to be raised in the Orthodox faith and pro - German
King Albert I
reigned as King of the Belgians from 1909 to 1934
King Peter I
reigned as the last King of Serbia and as the first King of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. (1903-1918)
Tsar Nicholas II
the last Emperor of Russia, cousin of King George V
The first battle of WWI
the siege of Liege
Battle of Caporetto
took place from 24 October to 19 November 1917, near the town of Kobarid, on the Austro-Italian front of World War I. The battle was named after the Italian name of the town. Period: October 24, 1917 - November 19, 1917 Kingdom of Italy vs. German Empire
Emperor Franz Joseph I
was Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia. From 1 May 1850 until 24 August 1866 he was President of the German Confederation.
Sir Eric Geddes
was a British businessman and Conservative politician. With a background in railways, he served as head of Military Transportation on the Western Front, with the rank of major-general.
Alfred Dreyfus
was a French artillery officer of Jewish background whose trial and conviction in 1894 on charges of treason became one of the most tense political dramas in modern French history. Known today as the Dreyfus Affair, the incident eventually ended with Dreyfus' complete exoneration.
Napoléon Bonaparte
was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. Died: May 5, 1821 Therefore was not alive during WWI.
Rene Viviani
was a French politician of the Third Republic, who served as Prime Minister for the first year of World War I - Premier and Acting Foreign minister of France in 1914.
Raymond Poincare
was a French statesman who served three times as Prime Minister of France, and as President of France from 1913 to 1920. He was a conservative leader, primarily committed to political and social stability.
First Battle of Tikrit
was a battle for the Iraqi city of Tikrit following the city's capture by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and Ba'athist Loyalists during the 2014 Northern Iraq offensive. The battle took place between 26 and 30 June 2014.
Michel-Joseph Maunoury
was a commander of French forces in the early days of World War I. proved "hesitant and indecisive" as the Military Governor of Paris. Initially commanding in Lorraine, as the success of the German thrust through Belgium became clear he was sent to take command of the new Sixth Army which was assembling near Amiens and then fell back on Paris. The Sixth Army played an important role in the First Battle of the Marne in September 1914. With a small portion of its strength rushed to the front in commandeered taxicabs, it attacked von Kluck's German First Army from the west at the Battle of the Ourcq. Although the attack did not succeed, the resulting German redeployment opened up a gap which was exploited by French Fifth Army and the small British Expeditionary force, ultimately causing the Germans to retreat.
Charles Pierre Péguy
was a noted French poet, essayist, and editor born in Orléans, killed in action at the Marne.
The Young Plan
was a program for settling German reparations debts after World War I written in 1929 and formally adopted in 1930.
Battle of Delville Wood
was a series of engagements in the 1916 Battle of the Somme in the First World War, between the armies of the German Empire and the British Empire. Wikipedia Start date: 1916 United Kingdom vs, Union of South Africa
The Battle of Poziere
was a two-week struggle for the French village of Pozières and the ridge on which it stands, during the middle stages of the 1916 Battle of the Somme. Wikipedia Date: 1916
Sir George Norman Clark
was an English historian, academic and British Army officer. He was the Chichele Professor of Economic History at the University of Oxford from 1931 to 1943
barbed wire
was laid out between the trenches to slow down advancing enemy forces
Sultan Mehmed V
was the 35th Ottoman Sultan. He was the son of Sultan Abdülmecid I. He was succeeded by his half-brother Mehmed VI. Born: November 2, 1844, Istanbul, Turkey Died: July 3, 1918, Istanbul, Turkey
King Vittorio Emanuele III
was the King of Italy from 29 July 1900 until his abdication on 9 May 1946. In addition, he claimed the thrones of Ethiopia and Albania as Emperor of Ethiopia and King of the Albanians and convinced the British and the French to send aid to the Italians at Caporetto.
Battle of Romani
was the last ground attack of the Central Powers on the Suez Canal at the beginning of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign during the First World War. The battle was fought between 3 and 5 August 1916 near the Egyptian town of Romani and the site of ancient Pelusium on the Sinai Peninsula, 23 miles east of the Suez Canal. This victory by the 52nd (Lowland) Division and the Anzac Mounted Division of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) over a joint Ottoman and German force,
