World War I - Ninth Grade Midterm

Total War

A war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields.

mandate

(n.) an authoritative command, formal order, authorization; (v.) to issue such an order; Territories administered by Western powers Britain and France gained mandates over German Colonies in Africa Japan and Australia were given mandates over some Pacific islands

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

Pandemic

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.

Schlieffen Plan

Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.

Describe how World War I became a total war.

World War I was considered a total war because all of the population of the main nations involved were called into service in one way or another. Even women, who typically were not involved in war, were responsible for growing food supplies and working in artillery factories

ultimatum

final set of demands

Entente

nonbinding agreement to follow common policies

What did Woodrow Wilson want?

peace, no reparation, league of nations; 14 point plan

Neutrality

policy of supporting neither side in a war

How did the Ottoman empire's entry into the war on the side of the Central Powers have a negative impact on Russia?

They cut off crucial Allied supply lines to Russia through the Dardanelles. The Turks cut off very important supply lines to Russia through the Dardanelles. Which led to Gallipoli. The Ottomans also went to battle w/Russia.

U-boats

This new machinery used by the Germans in sea warfare, to attack British and American supply ships in the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. submarine

Stalemate

A deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other

Alliances of WWI

A grouping of nations where each one pledges mutual support to the others. The formation of alliances was an underlying cause of WWI. This caused WWI because the conflict originally involved between two countries were likely to involve many more countries due to the alliance. For example, Germany was an ally of Austria Hungary, if they were at war, then Germany would be automatically at war. Examples include Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy), Triple Entente (Great Britain, France, Russia)

Conscription

A military draft

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.;

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

How did the alliance system draw nations into the war.

After Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, Russia came to Serbia's aid. Russia and France Support Serbia This led to Germany joining the war to defend Austria-Hungary and then France and England joining to defend Russia. The Alliance System played an important role in leading to the First World War mainly because it divided the European powers into two rival military camps, the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente by 1907. The rivalry between the two camps brought about the First World War. The alliance system meant that countries were obliged to help other allies so if one declared war, the others had to do the same. Without the alliance system, WW1 would have been a lot smaller and probably not a world war since fewer countries would become involved.

Explain how U.S. entry into the war led to an Allied victory.

After Russian Revolution - US declared war on Germany Reason they entered After sinking of Lusitania Germany agreed to restrict its submarine campaign Early 1917 - Germany was desperate to break the stalemate; Feb 1, 1917 - german government announced that they would resume unrestricted submarine warfare; The resumption of submarine warfare increased anger toward Germany which increased support of the AlliesMany Americans supported the Allies because of cultural ties Some German Americans favored the Central Powers Irish Americans resented the british rule of Ireland Russian Jewish immigrants did not want to be allied with the Russian Tzar

Armistice

An agreement to stop fighting

Which country made a demand to Serbia?

Austria-Hungary

Outline the course of the war on multiple European fronts.

Austria-Hungary and Germany fought russia on the Eastern Front Russia pushed through eastern Germany Russia defeated at Tannenberg Russia retreated Russia was least industrialized - poorly equipped to fight; lacked the roads and railroads Southeastern Europe Bulgaria joined the Central powers - help defeat Serbia Romania joined the Allies to try to gain land in Hungary Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary and then Germany Allies agreed in secret treaty to give Italy some Austrian-ruled lands Italians and Austrian fought for two years Italy suffered setback - France and Britain stepped in to stop the Central Powers from advancing into Italy

How did Austria's alliance system influence Austria's decision to send Serbia an ultimatum?

Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia stating that the country would remove all forms of Anti-Austrian propaganda, weed out the terrorist groups that are against Austria-Hungary and allow Austria-Hungary to police Serbia against the groups.

Central Powers

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria

trench warfare led to a stalemate on the Western Front.

Because of the difficulties of attacking and taking the enemy's trenches, the Western Front became one of stalemate, with little change in the position of the front over the whole four years. Trench Warfare led to a stalemate because both sides lost too many soldiers and any further action would just lead to more and more problems and deadlier consequences. The devastating firepower of modern weapons helped create the trench stalemate on the Western Front during the First World War. Armies were forced to adapt their tactics and pursue new technologies as a way of breaking the deadlock.

Triple Entente (Allied Powers)

Britain, France, Russia

After World War I, why were conditions ripe for social and political change in Russia?

During the war, Russia suffered great losses, there was great corruption in the country, the economy, not that it did not progress, but regressed. All this has led to unenviable positions and is bringing Russia to misery, which means that they have to change a lot in both the social and political fields.

Why did the European nations form opposing alliances?

European nations formed opposing alliances to protect themselves and each other from their enemies. And the alliances made them stronger, both militarily and economically.

Germany's two front war

Fought Russia, on the east. Fought France, England, Italy, and eventually the US on the west

How did Germany's invasion of Belgium bring Britain into the war?

Germany had signed a treaty with Britain and France guaranteeing Belgian neutrality. After Germany violated Belgium's neutrality and invaded Belgium, Britain declared war on Germany.

Triple Alliance (Central Powers)

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

What did Georges Clemenceau want?

Goal was to weaken Germany so that could never again threaten France

Allied Powers

Great Britain, France, Russia, Serbia, Belgium, Japan, Italy

What did David Lloyd George want?

He followed the views of the people to 'make Germany pay' but was more cautious about treating Germany too harshly

List the effects of World War I in terms of financial costs, high casualty rates, and political impact.

High Casualty Rates 8.5 million men died in battle Almost 20 million were wounded Financial Costs From France to Russia - homes, churches, cities and more were destroyed People had fled and now they had to rebuild Cost of reconstruction and paying off war debts were a huge burden Allies blamed the conflict on their defeated foes and insisted that they make payments or reparations for war damage Political Impact Governments collapsed in Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman empire Political radicals dreamed of building a new social order from the chaos Unrest swept through Europe's colonial empires

How did imperialism heighten tensions in Europe?

Imperialism divided European nations. Germany becoming a military power house had made Britain feel threatened.Imperialism divided European nations It brought France and Germany to the brink of war in Morocco when competing for colonies. Countries with overseas empires needed a strong military to protect their colonies from other imperial powers. they increased the size of their navies and armies. This arms race made countries more tense and nervous.

How did imperialism influence the war?

Imperialism was one of the long-term causes of the war. Imperialism helped make the war a global conflict, as battles were fought in the colonies as well as in Europe. The colonies gave the European powers access to additional supplies and manpower.

What were the effects of major new military technologies on World War I ?

It caused better results in warfare, the need for trenches, higher casualties, and it was the first war which promoted "chemical warfare", so gas masks were needed as well It made the war much more difficult for the infantry soldiers who did most of the fighting.

When was World War I?

July 28, 1914 - November 11, 1918

Zimmerman Telegram

March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's promixity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico.

Causes of World War I

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

contraband

Military supplies and raw materials needed to make military supplies

Describe how imperialism, nationalism, and militarism push Europe closer to war.

Nationalism can serve as a unifying force within a country. Imperialism in their sense of rivalry and mistrust of one another deepened. Militarism is having military power and keeping an army prepared for war.

Was nationalism a cause of World War I?

Nationalism was a particularly important cause of World War I due to several key factors. For instance, it caused nations to build up their armies and led to increased militarism. Nationalism was a great cause of World War one because of countries being greedy and not negotiating. Nationalism shows you are proud of your country and want it to be the best. A lot of causes all linked back to countries all wanted to be better than each other.

How were economic competition and imperialism caused by World War I?

Nations competed for more land, colonies and raw materials. Great Britain and Germany competed industrially, which led to these nations needing more raw materials. Also, Austria-Hungary controlled the Slavic land of Bosnia, which Serbia believed belonged to them.

Why might the war cause economic depression or recession in Europe?

Not only battlegrounds, but many cities in Europe were war torn and needed to be fixed which could cost millions of dollars and put many countries in debt.

Explain how World War I was a global conflict.

Other countries outside of Europe entered the war on one side or the other 1914 - Japan joined Allies by declaring war on Germany Japan used the war as an excuse to seize German outposts in China and islands in the Pacific October 1914 - Ottoman Turks joined the Central Powers

Reparations

Payment for war damages

mobilize

Prepare military forces for war

What country is the mother country for the Slavic people?

Russia

Identify and describe the impact of modern military technology on the fighting.

Significant weapons: rapid-fire machine gun and long-range artillery guns

How did the war contribute to the mass murder of the Armenian people?

The Ottoman empire started a brutal campaign against Armenians since they were "traitors". The government ordered the deportation of the whole population from the war zone. During forced marches, 600,000-1.5 mil Armenians were killed/died from hunger or thirst.

How did the failure of Germany's Schlieffen Plan to quickly defeat France affect the future course of the war?

The Schlieffen Plan's strategy required that France be defeated swiftly - but this didn't happen. That failure led to sustained trench warfare on the Western Front. In those grim battles of attrition, such as the Battle of the Somme and the Battle of Verdun, Allied forces ultimately outnumbered the Germans.

Why did it take so long for the U.S. to enter the war?

The United States did not concern itself with events and alliances in Europe and thus stayed out of the war. Wilson was firmly opposed to war, and believed that the key aim was to ensure peace, not only for the United States but across the world.

Identify the key event that sparked World War I.

The key event that sparked world war I was the Assassination of Francis Ferdinand. He was killed in Sarajevo Bosnia, by a Serbian Nationalist group (black hand). The people were enraged because he was the heir to the throne of Austria Hungary. Since it was Serbian citizens that killed him, by Russia and since Germany and Austria-Hungary were mad.

Paris Peace Conference

The peace conference that decided the terms of WWI peace and Treaty of Versailles.

How did the refusal of the U.S. to join the League of Nations weaken the League's power?

The refusal of the United States to join the League of Nations weakened the League's power because the US was considered one of the most powerful nations at the time. By refusing, the League was left without one of the most powerful nations.

How might the harsh provisions of the Treaty of Versailles affect conditions in Germany?

Their economy would've been absolutely horrible as the money today would've been $400,000,000,000 in reparations. Also many colonies and a lot of power was stripped from them. Germany had to pay reparations and most of their fleet was destroyed the real cost was political instability and economic recession that would take the Nazi party to power in 1933.

How can total war increase the power of government and have a lasting political impact?

Total war can increase the power of government political impact by allowing the government to take a stronger role in directing the economy. By doing this the government was able to ration food and raise taxes to pay for the war.

How did U-boat attacks affect the fighting on land?

U-boat attacks affected the fighting on land by making it harder for troops to receive equipment. The U-boats would sink any Allied merchant ship trying to head to land.

Who met at the Paris Peace Conference?

Wilson of the US: David Lloyd of England; Georges Clemenceau

How was the Eastern Front different from the Western Front?

While much of the fighting on the Western Front was characterized by trench warfare and stalemates, fighting on the Eastern Front was more conventional, involving fluid movements of armies in massive offensives and counter offensives.

How did World War I affect the role of women in society?

Women now needed to help in the war whether it was being a wartime nurse, manufacturing tools for the war, or working in war industries. Women would soon be able to vote.

Pan-Slavism

a movement to create a nation state of Slavic people

Alliance System

a system in which countries agree to defend each other

Propaganda

information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

Zeppelin

large gas-filled balloon (used by Germany to bomb England)

What evidence shows that soldiers' morale declined and negatively affected the war effort?

soldiers' morale declined and negatively affected the war effort is when soldiers deserted the troops during the retreat at Caporetto. There was also another case where Russian soldiers left the Eastern Front to join in a revolution back in Russia.

War to end all wars

the idea that WWI would, with all its destruction & devastation, end warfare

Self-determination

the right of people to choose their own form of government; Woodrow wilson believed in this

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans; The treaty were aimed at weakening Germany Limited the size of the German military Returned Alsace and Lorraine to France Removed hundred of square miles from western and eastern Germany Stripped Germany of its overseas colonies

Stalemate on the Western Front

trench warfare/new technology led to many casualties and little offensive movements (a tie) on the battlegrounds between France and Germany during WWI