WWII - 22.3-23

shipping vessels, lights, city lights, shipping, oil

Despite the successes, winning the war in 1942 was far from a sure thing. Germany and Japan both had very strong hands. German submarine commander Karl Donitz began sinking American coastal ______________ ______ in January 1942. New York and other coastal cities refused to turn their _________ off, and the submarines used the bright _____ _____ to target _______. In three months, the Germans sunk 216 ships, half of them tankers with essential _________ for Britain. Burned-out ships littered the American beaches.

married, evading, fathers, weatherstrip

When 40% of the 21-year-olds who signed up for the first draft registration in late 1940 then got _______, the head of the Selective Service announced that he would consider that the recent marriages " might have been for the purpose of __________ the draft." When the draft was expanded to include married men, most fathers were still exempted, leading one young couple to name their new child "____________" because he kept his father out of the draft. However, as the need grew, fathers were also drafted, and by 1945, nearly a million fathers were in the service.

Neutrality Act, arms, travel, nonmilitary material, cash and carry

When Congress passed the 1937 ___________ _____, they toughened the prohibition on selling ______- to any side and made it illegal for Americans to ______ on a belligerent ship. The law also declared that ____________ _______ - food, clothing, and so on - could be sold to a nation at war only on a "_______ _____ ________" basis, insisting that there be no loans to belligerents and that all goods bought in the United States had to be taken out of the country in non-U.S. ships.

Poland, war, Phony War, split

When Germany attacked ___________ in September 1939, Britain and France declared _____ on Germany as they had promised to do. Europe was at war. Neither Japan nor the United States intervened. After the rapid German defeat of Poland that fall, the winter of 1939-1940 was known as the "______ ______" since there was so little fighting. Poland disappeared, ______ between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Britain and France waited for an attack they knew would come - and the war did not stay phony.

location, solidified, public opinion, supported

When Japan did attack on December 7, the ________ was a greater surprise than the fact of the attack itself. But Japan's attack on Hawaii _______ american _____ _______. Even the staunchest opponents of preparedness, including Charles Lindbergh, now _______ going to war.

spying, foundation, grower-shipper vegetable association, competition, enemy race, committee on American principles and fair play, executive order 9066, military areas

When some accused japanese americans of spying, FBI director J. Edgar Hoover said that such charged were utterly without ____________. Nevertheless, leaders of the __________ _______-__________ _________-, representing large-scale agriculture, did not like the __________ of the small japanese american truck farms. By early 1942, General DeWitt, who had first said, "An American citizen is an american citizen," was saying, "the japanese race is an _____ _____ and the racial strain are undiluted." A few white voices, like the tiny ____________ ____ _________ ________ ___ _______ ______, defended the rights of japanese americans. With public opinion running so strongly in favor of removal, FDR signed ____________ _______ ______ on February 19, 1942, ordering the war department to create "___________ _____ from which any and all persons may be excluded." The order did not specify which areas or which persons were to be excluded, but the result was that people of Japanese ancestry were ordered out of most of the three west coast states.

ignore, faster, greater, Poland, armed resistance

While Americans tried to ________ developments in Europe and Asia in the late 1930s, Hitler was on the move. He understood that the _______- he acted the _______ his chances of success. Once Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia, Prime Minister Chamberlain, who had agreed to an earlier compromise, announced that Britain was committed to the defense of ______- and that if Hitler's forces attacked that country, his forces would be met with _______ ________.

militarists, Japan, anti-american, policies, anger, forgot

While Fascists were consolidating their power in central Europe, ________ in _______ were also growing in power. Japanese militarism had a strong _______-________ strain as various American _____ - from the exclusion of Japanese children from San Francisco schools in 1906 to the exclusion of all Japanese immigrants as a result of the 1924 immigration law - sparked continuing _______ even as people in the states _______ those incidents.

renounced, disarmament, army, Rhineland, Austria, Ostmark, Vienna

While the German government was attacking its Jewish citizens, Hitler also renounced the clause in the Treaty of Versailles calling for German ________ and began to build a new _______. A year later, in March 1936, Hitler's army marched into the German _________, which under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles was supposed to be kept free of troops. Two years later, in March 1938, Hitler announced the independent country of _______ was to be known as the German province of ________, and German troops marched into Austria. On March 14, 1938, Hitler rode in triumph through _______, welcomed as a hero by many.

devastated, Treaty of Versailles, Germans, worldwide depression, greater conflict

While the United States emerged from World War I relatively unscathed, much of Europe was __________, and the _______ ___ _________ caused significant lingering pain and anger, most of all among the defeated ________. When a ________ __________ came, suffering, fear, and resentment all planted the seeds of another _________ _________.

free speech, assembly, communist, der fuhrer, trade unions, political parties, police force, gestapo, nuremberg decrees, citizenship, jews, professions, military, marriage, kristallnacht, broken glass, atonement fine, stores, property, yellow stars, urban ghettos, slave labor, death camps

A month after coming into office, on February 27, 1933, the Nazi Party issued a decree ending _____ ______ and ______ in Germany. They arrested _______ deputies in the German Parliament, giving themselves a solid majority there. Hitler took the title _____ ______, the leader. Later that year, just as the U.S. was implementing the prolabor New Deal, the Nazi government outlawed ______ ________ and other _________ _______. They authorized a new _______ _______, the Geheime Staatspolizei or _______, to enforce Nazi authority. In 1935, as the U.S. Congress was passing the Social Security Act and the Wagner Act, the Nazi Parliament passed the ________ ________, which took away the ________ of German ______, excluded Jews from most ________ and the _________, and made the ________ of a Jew and non-Jew illegal. In November 1938, in a well-orchestrated attack across Germany known as ________ (or "Crystal Night," for all the _______ ______), crowds attacked Jewish stores, homes, and synagogues while the government arrested some twenty thousand Jews. The Nazi government then ordered an "________ _____" on Jews to pay for the cost of Kristallnacht, closed Jewish ______, and a short time later, confiscated all Jewish ______. Before long, Germany's Jews, and then those in Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and other territories under German control, were being forced to wear ________ _____ to identify them. They were packed into tightly controlled ________ _________, and within two years, the first of them were being transported to _______ _______ and _______ _________

younger, Hideki Tojo, national glory, oil, Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, colonial powers, Japanese control, cut off, oil, reduce, failed, Emperor Hirohito

A new generation of _________ Japanese leaders, especially the war minister _______ _____, wanted to ensure _______ _____ and signed a formal alliance with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Nazi puppet governments in France and Holland gave Japan badly needed access to rice, rubber, and most important, _____ from Dutch and French colonies in Asia. japan launched the _________ ______ ____ _______________ _______- to free Asia from the ______ ______ and to consolidate ___________ ______. When Japan landed troops in French Indochina in July 1940, the United States finally _____ _____ metal and aviation gasoline shipments, but not ______, which they saw as the last bargaining chip. As 1941 began, Japan sent a new ambassador to the United States, Kichisaburo Nomura. Nomura and US secretary of state Cordell Hull sought a way to _____ hostilities but ______. By midsummer, hard-liners in Japan had won the support of ________ ________.

Korematsu v. US, military necessity, over, suspect, presidential medal of freedom

A second set of cases known as ___________ __ _____- then began to move through the courts. In late 1944, after the presidential election and as the case was about to be decided, the war dept. declared that the original "______ ______" was now _____- and that those of japanese ancestry were free to return to their homes. When the court announced its decision, it again sidestepped the specific issue, but as Hugo Black wrote in the majority decision, "All legal restrictions which curtail the civil rights of a single racial group are immediately _________." As those who had lived in the camps returned to the west coast, they found that their homes and businesses were long gone and that they had been excluded from the prosperity of wartime america. While the losses of those interned were estimated at $400 million, Congress provided $37 million in reparations in 1948. Only decades later, Congress voted $20,000 for each surviving internee, and in 1998, president bill clinton awarded the ____________ _____ _ ______ to Fred Korematsu.

racial, religious refugees, sympathy, down, opposed

After Kristallnacht, NY sen. Robert Wagner and House members Edith Nourse Rogers of Massachusetts and Emmanuel Celler of New York proposed legislation that would create an expanded quota for ________ and _______ _______. However, as with China, most Americans offered ________ but little more, and Congress followed public opinion, voting the proposal ______. A 1939 poll showed that 85 percent of Protestants, 84 percent of Catholics, and even 25.8 percent of Jews ________ opening the United States to Jewish refugees from Europe.

Hermann Goering, crush, September 1940 terror bombing, Blitz, residents, Edward R. Murrow, London is burning, _____ _______

After the defeat of France, ______ ______, Nazi air chief, announced, "The Fuhrer has ordered me to _____ Britain with my Luftwaffe," and he tried hard. Bombers attacked British coastal fortifications, airfields, and then in _______ _____, began the ________ ______ of londing. The "_______" as the British called it, eventually killed thousands of ________ of Britain's capital - six thousand in October alone. ___________ ___ ______, the voice of Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), gave Americans nightly reports that "__________ ____ ___________." The small British ____ _______ fought back. Churchill begged Roosevelt for more help. Roosevelt set about finding ways to provide it.

Joseph Stalin, soldiers, country of machines

America's wartime ally, Soviet dictator _________ _______, understood the key role the United States would play in WWII. Even though the Soviet Union supplied far more ______, Stalin said, "the most important things in this war are machines ... the us ... is a ___________ __ _______." It was an accurate analysis.

desperate, St. Louis, Havana, temporary visas, Miami, Coast Guard cutter, intercept, concentration camps, anti-semitism

As Nazi attacks on Jews escalated, European Jews become _________ to leave. In May 1939, the German ship ____ ______ arrived in _______ with 930 Jewish refugees. The Cuban government refused __________ ______. The captain of the St. Louis then sailed up the US coast, well within sight of _______ and other American cities, while negotiators tried desperately to get the US State Department to allow the refugees to land. But the State Department would not agree and a ______ ______ ______ was ordered to _________ any St. Louis passengers who tried to go ashore. Finally, in June, the St. Louis returned to Europe. Before the war ended, perhaps a quarter or more of the passengers had died in __________ ______. Most Americans were sympathetic to the plight of Jews, but _____-_________ was also strong in America.

Rome-Berlin Axis, Francisco Franco, Morocco, civil war, Russia, Republicans, won

As Nazi power grew in Germany and fascism continued its hold on Italy, the two countries formalied their _______-_______ _____ by treaty in November 1936. A few months earlier, in July 1936, another fascist, Spanish general _______ _______, commander of the Spanish army garrison in _________, led an attack on the left-leaning and democratically elected Republican government of Spain. Spain was engulfed in a bloody _______ ______. The governments of Germany and Italy sent planes and troops to aid Franco. The Communist government of _______ and Western governments sent modest aid to the ________. But by early 1939, the Fascists had won. Spain joined Italy and Germany, forming a powerful Fascist bloc.

powerful, embarrassing, panic, patriotism, postpone, teeth, won

As it became clear that the march might be a _________ and ________ event, many people within the administration began to ________. They challenged Randolph's ________ - How could he do such a thing with war imminent? What will they think in Berlin? Randolph's response was, "Oh, perhaps no more than they already think of America's racial policy." Friends within the administration to persuade Randolph to _________ but he persisted. The only grounds on which the march could be called off, he said, would be a government order "with _______ in it" that would truly protect the economic rights of African Americans in the new industries. Randolph ______.

Munich, Neville Chamberlain, Sudetenland, peace, peace in our time, Winston Churchill, defeat

As late as September 1938, at a conference in ________, Germany, British prime minister _________ _____________ agreed to allow Hitler's claim to ___________ in exchange for a promise of ______. Chamberlain was greeted with large crowds in London when he returned, promising "_______ _____ ____ _______." In the British Parliament, however, Chamberlain was criticized by __________ ____________ who called the Munich agreement "a total and unmitigated _______." However, in 1938, Chamberlain, not Churchill, set British policy.

women, war industries, selective service system, married, children, war work

As the war began, young men quickly found themselves in uniform. __________ were not drafted, but as the war progressed, more women also enlisted in the military while more of their sisters worked in ______ _________, moving into positions of men who went off to fight. Sixteen million men had registered for the draft when the war began, more did so soon after, and others volunteered in anticipation of an expanding draft. The draft was administered by the ___________ _________ ___________ through 6,443 local draft boards that decided who was eligible for various deferments - for ________ men, for those with __________, and for those in crucial _____ _______ - which were granted less and less often.

presidential election, third, isolationist, Wendell Willkie

As war raged in Europe, the November 1940 _____________ ______ loomed. Roosevelt broke precedent going back to George Washington and sought a ______ term. The Democrats, after some grumbling, mostly by supporters of Vice President John Garner, nominated Roosevelt. The Republicans, wanting to avoid having an _________ candidate, nominated a corporate attorney and utility company executive, _______ _________, an ardent opponent of the New Deal who did not disagree with Roosevelt greatly on foreign policy, though he did denounce the destroyers-for-bases deal as "the most arbitrary and dictatorial action ever taken by any president."

peace initiatives, Denmark, Norway, Blitzkrieg, surrendered

At the beginning of 1940, Hitler hinted at _______ _________, then in April invaded ________ and __________ and quickly defeated both. On May 10, Germany unleashed its _________ (lightning war) on Holland, Belgium, and Luxembourg. All three countries ___________.

expansion, food, natural resources, explosion, troops, puppet government, Rape of Nanking, civilians, Chiang Kai-shek, Manchukuo, farm, Kuomintang, civil war, Community

By the 1930s, Japan faced the same worldwide depression conditions as other industrialized countries. Japan saw its economic salvation in _______. The island nation could not provide enough _______ for its people and lacked key _______ _______ such as iron and oil. If the Europeans could have Asian colonies, its leaders asked, why not Japan? In September 1932, Japan used an _________ at a Japanese-owned railway in China as an excuse to send ________ into China, and they installed a ________ __________ in the Chinese province of Manchuria. Then in July 1937, Japanese troops captured Shanghai, the largest city in China, and the Chinese capital of Nanking. The ________ ____ _______, as the Japanese attack was called, was a brutal assault. As many as 300,000 Chinese were killed as the Japanese army raped, beheaded, machine-gunned, and bayoneted ____________. The Chinese government led by ___________ ____-_______ retreated and set up a new capital in the inland city of Chungking. Japan renamed the expanded territory in Manchuria as the Japanese province of ____________. A half a million Japanese moved into the territory to _______ and govern the subjected Chinese population. At the same time, Chiang's ______________ Party (the Nationalists) was locked in a bitter ______ _____ with the Chinese _________ Party led by Mao Zedong.

nothing, Midwest, peace, wreaths, graves, college students

During the 1920s and 1930s, a significant majority of Americans wanted ________- to do with Europe's or Asia's problems. While isolationism was strongest in the ________, many people everywhere agreed. In April 1935, 50,000 World War I veterans marched for ________ and laid _____ on the _______ of three members of Congress who had voted against U.S. entry into WWI. Days later, 175,000 _______ ________ staged a strike for peace.

noncombat units, Women's Auxiliary Army Corps, Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergence Service, Women's Auxiliary Service Pilots, Women's Reserve of the Coast Guard, Claudine "Scottie" Scott, serious, WAVES, Joint Chiefs of Staff, boyfriend

Each of the branches of the military enlisted women in special ___________ ______ that freed men for combat: the US army established the ____________ ____________ _______ ___; the US navy created the ____________ __________ _____ _______ _______ _____ or WAVES; the Army Air Corps set up the ________ ________ ________ _______, or WASPs; the Coast Guard launched the __________ ___________ __ _____ _______ ______, nicknamed the SPARS; and the Marines organized an unnamed women's branch. Some 350000 women (compared with over 15 million men) served in uniform during WWII. ________ "______" _________- remembered her freshman year at the University of Kansas in the fall of 1940 as "a fun and exciting time," but by the following year, the world had become a much more __________ place. Scott volunteered for the __________- and was assigned to the ________ ________ ___ _________ to deliver the "log of fighting going on all over the world" to the White House every day. She was at the White House and saw president Roosevelt on the day of the Allied invasion of Europe in 1944, but her focus was on the fate of her _________, who was part of the invading force. He was wounded but returned home, and they were married in the Veterans Hospital in Richmond, Virginia.

conscripting, industrial work, decide, serve

Early in the war there was some talk of ________ women, if not for the military then for wartime _________ _____. In the end, however, the United States, unlike Great Britain or the Soviet Union, left it up to individual women to ________ whether they wanted to _______.

Coral Sea, May 1942, Port Moresby, Midway Island, Japanese code, ships, aircraft carriers, Japanese Zero airplane, Hellcat

Even though the primary American focus was on Europe, US and British forces won a partial victory in the Pacific in the Battle of _______ ____ in _____ _______ when they stopped a Japanese advance to _____ _________, Papua New Guinea. Then in June 1942, the Japanese attacked US forces on _______ ______. But US intelligence officers broke the _______ ______ and knew that the attack was coming. In addition, US pilots were learning new maneuvers that allowed direct attacks on Japanese ships. The Japanese lost four of their six __________ ______ and all of their planes and pilots involved in the battle. US forces also captured a _____________ _______ airplane, then the most modern in the war, and used it to build the US Navy's new ________ plane, which could out maneuver the Zero. The Hellcats began arriving in the Pacific in 1943.

hostility, neutrality, undermine, defenses, fortress America strategy, arming, ignoring, Charles Lindbergh, barrier, fall

Every step that Roosevelt took brought _______ from ________ advocates. Senior officers within the US military worried that sending arms to Britain would __________ US _________. Secretary of War Henry H. Woodring was committed to a " ________ ________" ______, _________ this country and ________ the rest of the world. No one opposed Roosevelt's support for Britain more than __________ ________, a hero from his 1920s flight across the Atlantic. In October 1939, Lindberg said, "an ocean is a formidable _______, even for modern aircraft." The US ambassador in London, Joseph P. Kennedy, predicted that Britain would quickly _______.

speech, expression, worship God, want, fear

FOUR FREEDOMS: freedom of ______ and _______ freedom of every person to _______ ______ in his own way freedom FROM _____ freedom FROM ______

Germany, German Weimar Republic, hyperinflation, worthless, stability, reparations, collapsed, closed, explosion, foundations, anger, political party

For _________, the 1920s were a terrible decade. The _________ ________ ___________ governed a defeated country. __________ between 1921 and 1924 made German currency virtually ___________. Shifting government coalitions were not able to create _______, especially in the face of the country's need to pay some $33 billion in _________ - payments that Britain and France used to pay their own $10 billion debt to the United States. In the late 1920s, as the worldwide depression worsened, the German economy _______ under the load of debt payments and inflation. Banks _______ in Germany and Austria. President Hoover described the German bank crisis of 1931 as "a gigantic _______ which shook the ________ of the world's economic, political, and social structure." _______ in Germany brought a new German __________ ____ to power.

internees, enforced idleness, allegiance, emperor, virtual prisoners

For most of the __________________, the next three years were a time of __________ _____ while the rest of the country worked harder than ever. Some young men volunteered to join the Japanese units fighting in Europe and served with distinction while their families waited for them in camps. Other young men, offended at being asked to forswear ________ to an ________ they had never cared about, refused any form of service and were held as ________ _______ at Tule Lake, California.

armed forces, combat, poverty, job, middle class, over, moved, races, gender

For people of the US, the attack of December 7 1941 changed everything. Before the war ended in 1945, 16 million Americans served in the _______ _____, and 405,399 died in _______. All Americans had their lives changed by the war. At the beginning of the war, half of white Americans and 90% of black Americans lived in _________. The war provided a ______ for everyone, and wartime jobs vastly expanded the size of the nation's _______ _______ and lifted a lot of people out of poverty. The Great Depression was ______. Americans _______ around a lot during the war. The military brough rural and urban Americans together in units that faced the same fears and hopes. Far less often, it brought people of different ______ together since the military of WWII remained segregated not only by race but also by ________. New prosperity and new knowledge, but also terrible losses and fears, became central to people's lives.

relocation centers, relocation camps, Manzanar, uninsulated cabin

Forced out of their homes and into the temporary ___________ ______, some 100,000 Issei and nisei were then moved a second time to ten ______________ _____ scattered through sparsely inhabited regions of the west. The first to open was at ______________ on a dried-up lake bed between the coastal mountains and the higher sierra nevada range. In this desert location, summer temperatures were often above one hundred degrees while the winter was freezing. Each family had a twenty-by-twenty-foot ___________ _____.

african americans, latinos, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, armed forces, friend

In 1940, _______ __________ and ________ continued to be excluded from the new prosperity. In 1940, the ______________ ____ _____________ ____ _______, perhaps the most powerful black-led organization in the US at the time, asked the government to prevent discrimination in the expanding _________ ______. A. Philip Randolph, long time president of the BSCP, and Walter White, the executive secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, met with President Roosevelt and were convinced that they had a _________ in the federal government.

albania, poland, nonaggression pact, joseph stalin, partition of poland, september 1, 1939

In April 1939, Mussolini invaded ________. Hitler made feints toward _______. Then in August, Hitler stunned the world by signing a ________________ _____ with _________ _________, the dictator of the Soviet Union. The erstwhile enemies - Germany and the Soviet Union, each with radically different economic systems and ideologies - now agreed to the _________ __ ______. Everyone knew what was coming next. In the State Department, one official said that the feeling in the world was like "sitting in a house where somebody is dying upstairs." Very early in the morning on __________ __, ______, President Roosevelt received a call: "Mr, President, several German divisions are deep in Polish territory... There are reports of bombers over the city of Warsaw." The president replied, "It has come at last. God help us all!"

neutrality, embargo of arms, belligerents, loans, credit, Spain

In Congress, the isolationist and peace sentiment led to the passage of a number of _________ laws designed to keep the U.S. out of war. A 1935 law required an ___________ ___ ________ to all belligerents in any war while (in a direct slap at Woodrow Wilson's policies) declaring that any American who traveled on a belligerent ship did so at his or her own risk. In 1936, Congress added a proviso that prohibited ________ or _______ to any nation at war, and in 1937, Congress explicitly extended the arms embargo to __________.

Panay, challenge, iron, oil, military, formal war, wrath, cut off, attack, kept the oil flowing

In December 1937, Japanese pilots sank the US gunboat _________ in Nanking, China. While Americans were angry, they were not angry enough to _________ Japan. After the Panay was sunk, Texas congressman Maury Maverick said, "We should learn that it is about time for us to mind our own business," and a poll showed that most Americans agreed with him. While Americans wanted to stay out of the war, American scrap _______ and American _____ continued to be shipped to Japan, strengthening the country's _________. Since there was no __________ _______ between Japan and China, the Neutrality Act did not apply, and most of the battles in Manchuria were fueled with American petroleum and bombs made of American metal. Indeed, through the late 1930s and into 1940 and 1941, Roosevelt and his cabinet feared not only American isolationists but also the ______ of Japan. If they were to ______ ________ oil shipments - they did eventually cut metal shipments - they worried that Japan would quickly ______ the Dutch colonies in Asia, which were the only other potential source of oil for Japan. To keep the peace, the United States _________ ___ ______ __________.

Italy, Fascist, Benito Mussolini, Il Duce, ancient glory, roman empire, North Africa, Ethiopia, liberal democracy, traditional

In Europe, some of the earliest signs of the postwar ill will appeared in ______. In 1922,the leader of the ultranationalist Italian _______ Party, ________ __________, became prime minister. "____ ________" (the leader), as he called himself, ruled Italy with an iron fist for more than twenty years. Mussolini's dream was to restore Italy's ___________ ______ by building prosperity and reestablishing the ancient ________ _________, especially in ______ _______, starting with _______. Mussolini and Fascists dismissed ______ _________, hated ________ politics and politicians, and as one Italian newspaper reported, expressed "contempt for every norm of established government."

April, May, railroad junction, prison camps, Bataan Death march, hate, kicked, killed, shot, three years, Australia

In _____ and ______ 1941, after holding out for months against impossible odds, the last US troops on the islands of Bataan and Corregidor in the Philippines surrendered. After surrendering, the American and Filipino troops from Bataan were forced to march sixty-six miles to a ________ _____ where they were transported to ______ _____. The march became known as the ___________ _______ _____. The Japanese captors were overwhelmed by the numbers and had been taught to _______ Americans. If a prisoner fell, he was _____, and if he did not move, he was _______ with a bayonet. If prisoners, desperately thirsty in the hot sun, moved off the line to get water, they were _______. The surviving defenders of Bataan and Corregidor spent more than ________ ___________ as Japanese prisoners. By the middle of 1942, Japan controlled the western Pacific from the far north to ___________, which remained in British hands.

October, prime minister, secret Japanese code, Philippines, British colonies, prepare, Pearl Harbor

In ________, Hideki Tojo became ______ _______ of Japan. The new government was determined to go to war. The United States had broken the _____ _________ ______ and knew that war was coming. But they did not know where - perhaps an attack on American bases in the ________ or on the _______ _______ in Asia, both of which were warned to _____- for attack. In fact, the japanese military sent a huge fleet four thousand miles across the Pacific to attack the United States and ______ ________.

August, Newfoundland, Atlantic Charter, national self-determination, nonaggression, general security, United Nations, October, Kearny, casualties, attacked

In ________, Roosevelt and Churchill met in ____________, planned ways to work together, and issued the _________ _________, which included a somewhat vague commitment to __________ ______-____________ for other countries, ___________, and the "establishment of a wider and permanent system of _______ _____" - planting the seeds of what became the ________ __________. Meanwhile, patrolling US navy ships ran into conflict with German submarines. In ________ 1941, a U-boat attacked the US destroyer _______, killing 11 sailors, the first US ________ of the war. Roosevelt said, "America has been ______." Later that month, a submarine sank the USS Reuben James, killing 115 sailors. War did not seem far off.

Japanese, freedoms, hysteria, Issei, Nisei, isolated, small truck farms

In an era when many Americans sacrificed much, including their lives, other Americans, especially __________ americans, saw their most basic _______ undermined by wartime __________. The immigration legislation of 1924 had prohibited immigration from Japan. As a result, the Japanese population in the mainland US had not grown since then and comprised some 120,000 people of Japanese descent split between some 40,000 _______, or first-generation immigrants who had before 1924 and were by law "aliens ineligible for citizenship," and twice as many younger _______, or American-born Japanese who american citizens. A majority of the Issei were over the age of fifty by 1941, while many Nisei were under eighteen and largely quite americanized. The small Japanese Issei and Nisei community remained relatively ___________. Most supported themselves by ______ ______ _____ or nurseries, providing fruits, vegetables, and garden supplies all along the Pacific coast.

opportunities, labor shortages, enforcement efforts, politically active, civil rights activism

In spite of riots and discrimination, and they were very real, WWII also gave African Americans, Latinos, and American Indians new ___________. New wartime jobs meant important new economic opportunities for those who had been most marginalized in the United States. Because of wartime ______ _________ and federal _______________ _________, many who had been previously excluded got jobs in industries previously closed to them. Others became more _____________ ________, and more would do so once the war ended, beginning an era of _______ _______ _______ that would continue long after the war itself.

asia for asians, japanese domination, replace, philippines, china, burman, east indies, indochina, china

In the 1910s and 1920s, as Japanese power grew, Japan declared a goal of "_______ ______ ________," which meant ________ _________ of the whole of the western rim of the Pacific Ocean to replace Britain, France, and the States as dominant powers. Many Asians resented U.S. control of the __________, British involvement in _____ and _______, Dutch control of the oil-rich ______ ______, and French control of ________ (modern Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia). Except in _______, where Japanese advances were deeply resented, the Japanese conquests were often welcomed in the rest of Asia.

jews, leave, american jewish congress, boycotts, goods, mock trial, blocked, german, austrian, britain, palestine, league of nations, money, pauper, ineligible

In the face of Nazi attacks in Germany and then Austria and Czechoslovakia, many ______ tried to ________ Europe. But leaving was not easy, and the strict quotas of the 1924 legislation made immigration to the US very difficult. In the 1930s, the ________ ______ _________ protested loudly against both the Nazi attacks and American immigration policy. The group urged the _______ of German _________ and staged a ______ _______ of Hitler. Roosevelt felt ________ by the immigration laws, though he did combine the _________ and _______ quotas, allowing some additional Jewish immigration in 1936 and 1937. __________ also allowed modest immigration but resolutely opposed further expansion of the Jewish population of _____________, then governed by Britain under a _______ ___ _______ mandate. Nazi laws limited the amount of ______ a departing Jew could take to about $4, an amount that made a potential immigrant a ______ and therefore ________ for admission to the United States.

nothing, meaningless barrier, France, impregnable Maginot Line

In the face of so much worldwide violence and aggression, the governments of Great Britain, France, and the United States did virtually _________ while the League of Nations proved to be a ________________ ________ to aggression. The government of _________ ordered the construction of the supposedly "_____________" __________ ________ (named for war minister Andre Maginot) along the border with Germany but did little more. When Hitler's troops, in violation of the Versailles Treaty, marched into the Rhineland in 1936, Hitler wrote privately that "if the French had then marched into the Rhineland, we would have had to withdraw with our tails between our legs." But France did not act.

destroyers-for-bases, trading, navy bases, strengthen, defenses, authority

In the fall of 1940, FDR concluded a "________-_____-_______" deal, which circumvented congressional restrictions on selling ships to Britain by "_____" obsolete ships to Britain in exchange for ninety-nine-year leases on a string of British _______ _________. He pressured the navy to declare ships obsolete and defended the deal as a way to _________ America's __________. However he also worried that he had exceeded his constitutional ____________, and his opponents worried even more.

overt hostility, good americans, internment, aliens

In the immediate aftermath of the Pearl harbor attack, there was little _____ ________ toward Japanese Americans. The usually conservative LA Times editorialized that the Japanese were "_______ __________, born and educated as such." Speaking of the Nisei, General John L. DeWitt, head of the US army on the west coast said, "An american citizen, after all, is an american citizen." In addition, US attorney general Francis Biddle wrote that he was determined to "avoid mass __________ and the persecution of _______ that had characterized the First World War." All would quickly change their minds.

military draft, September 16, neutralized

In the middle of the campaign, Roosevelt asked Congress to institute a _________ ________ so the country could have a trained army ready in case of war. Many opposed the draft, but when a reporter told Willkie that "if you want to win the election you will come out against the proposed draft," Willkie responded, "I would rather not win the election than do that." The draft become law on ___________ ______ and, with Willkie's stance and the appointment of Stimson and Knox to the cabinet, the issue of isolationism was _______________ until late in the campaign.

secret conversation, ABC-1, joining Britain

In the spring of 1941, a ______ _________ between British and American officials (known by the code name ________ or American-British Conversation Number 1) resulted in an agreement that, in the event of a two-front war, which everyone hoped to avoid, the United States would first focus on _______ ________ to defeat Germany.

besieging, midocean, help, July 1942, Murmansk, Archangel, Norwegian Sea

In the summer of 1942, German forces were ________ the Soviet Union while their planes bombed Britain. The German submarine fleet shifted from the US coast to Atlantic convoys, hitting them especially hard in ________ where little _____ was possible. In _______ 1942, a convoy of thirty-four Allied ships headed for the Russian ports of ___________ and __________ was attacked in the ___________ _______, and twenty-three of the thirty-four ships were sunk. German admiral Donitz was confident - and the Americans, British, and Russians fearful - that the Allied forces simply could not continue in the face of such losses.

physical, psychological, reject, homosexuals, secret, attracted, discharge, bars, letters, superior officers

Induction into the military meant a ____________ and _______________ examination, both fairly perfunctory because the need for more men in the military made doctors reluctant to __________ anyone. The psychological examination, successfully added to the military screening at the urging number of leading psychiatrists, was designed to keep ____________ out of the military. It seldom worked if someone wanted to keep their sexual orientation a __________. Robert Fleischer remembered a psychiatrist asking, "Do you like girls?" He responded yes since, as he said, he did like girls; he just wasn't __________ to them. Once in the military, some gay men faced taunts and in some cases dishonorable ________ if their sexuality became public - often because they were seen in gay ________ or _________ to lovers were found. Others were protected by comrades or ________ __________.

move, midwest, east, assembly centers

Initially, Japanese families were allowed to ______ to the ________ or the _____. The rest of the country, like Hawaii, was not covered by the internment order. Some fifteen thousand people voluntarily moved before general dewitt ordered an end to such moves in late march. After that, people of japanese ancestry were ordered to report to ______ _____ including the Santa Anita racetrack in southern california and the tanforan racetrack in san bruno near san francisco.

whole, August, Guadalcanal, Solomon, Henderson Field, counterinvasion, February 1943

Japan controlled the ______ of the western Pacific. In ________ 1942, US forces invaded he tactically important island of ____________ in the ________ Islands and renamed its airfield ________ _______. A _______________ by Japan came close to success. But there they were. With navy support, the Marines on Guadalcanal held their position. The Japanese forces were beaten back until, in ________ _____, in a move they seldom made during the war, the Japanese abandoned Guadalcanal.

direct attack, US soil, insanely mad, short, industrial capacity, oil, quick victory

Japanese admiral Takijiro Onishi warned that a _____ ______ on __ _____ would make the Americans "_______ _____." He said that while japan would have the advantage in a _____ war, in a longer war, the US ________ _______- and its large supply of _____ - the fuel of modern war - meant that Japan would have a very hard time of it. But Japan's leaders were confident of a quicky victory.

Willkie, war, steady hand, FDR

Just before the 1940 election, polls showed that a majority of prospective voters preferred _______ unless ______ was coming, in which case they wanted Roosevelt's _______ ______. On Election Day, they chose the steady hand, and _______ won.

middle-class, defense plants, half, auto, aircraft, shipbuilding, money, excluded, lower rungs, Drilling rivets, Rosie the Riveter, routine production

Just before the attack on Pearl Harbor, twelve million women in the United States held jobs - a dramatic increase from the depths of the Depression. ______-______ white women tended to be teachers, nurses, social workers, or secretaries. In the course of the war, more than six million more women entered the workforce. Some two million women went to work in previously all-male ________ _______ where they sometimes made up ______ of the workforce. Women also constituted a quarter of the workers in the converted ______ industry that was producing tanks and trucks. On the West Coast, 500,000 women worked in the _________ industry and 225,000 in __________. They made more ______ than most women had ever made. They took on hard jobs that before the war people thought only men could handle or from which tradition, law, and all-male unions had ________ them. But even during wartime, women were often relegated to the ________ ______ of the industrial order while men took on the highest-skilled, highest-paying jobs. __________ _______ was high-skill and high-pay work, and in spite of the "_______ ____ _________" name and public relations posters, far more women worked in ___________ ________________ jobs than among the elite riveters.

Germany, ships, Greenland, escort

Lend-lease aid to Britain brought the United States close to war with _______. German U-boats sank ______ carrying goods to Britain at five times the rate that new ships could be built. The US began patrolling the western Atlantic, guarding ships as far as ___________ before turning them over to the British navy for ______ to Britain.

racism, War Manpower Commission, WASPs, domestic military flying, lesbians

Martha Settle grew up in Norristown, PA. As an African American, she experienced _______ within the _____ ___________ __________. She applied, and was selected by Mary McLeod Bethune, for one of the few officer slots allowed to African Americans WACs. Margaret Ray grew up in Indiana and was recruited into a small elite unit of _________ within the army air force that handled _______ ________ _______ so men could be freed up to fly overseas. Mary Louise Roberts became a nurse within the army. She commanded a field operating room for troops during the landing in Casablanca, North Africa, in 1943 and on Anzio beach in Italy in 1944. Some worried about _________ in all-women units in the military, but concerns about lesbian interaction were not nearly as strong as those about gay male interaction.

white males, childhood, food, security, enthusiastic, needed, loyalty, freedom, diversity, world, people

Most of those who served were ________ _________. The Great Depression shaped their ________, and they liked the ______ and _________ of the army even when they were frightened. Only a minority were __________ about serving, while most were willing to do a job they believed __________ to be done out of _________- to their country and the belief that the war was a fight for the survival of ________. In the process, they met a greater _________ of people than any previous generation of Americans and saw more of the ______ and its ________.

May 14, Maginot Line, useless, Paris, June 10, short, June 22, northern, puppet government, Vichy France, master

On ________ ____, 1,800 German tanks crossed the border into France, overran the _________ _______, which turned out to be ______, and turned toward ________. Italy joined Germany, declaring war on France on ______ _____. It was a _____ war and an easy victory for Germany. On _______ _______, 1940, France surrendered. For the next several years, Germany directly governed _______- France, including Paris, while a ________ _________, led by the aging French WWI hero Marshall Philippe Petain, governed the southern part of France known as _________ France from a capital town of Vichy. By the summer of 1940, Hitler was the __________ of Europe.

left-leaning, republican, abraham lincoln brigade, madrid, mistake

Not every American shared the isolationist sentiments of the majority. In 1936 and 1937, several thousand young Americans, mostly from various _____-__________ movements, volunteered to fight in Spain on the side of the ___________ government. Volunteers named themselves the __________ ___________ __________ and joined an ill-trained and ill-equipped but courageous force that fought against the Fascists. In one battle near ________, 120 Americans died and another 175 were wounded. By the beginning of 1939, when the last Republican units were defeated, President Roosevelt himself concluded that neutrality in Spain had been a "grave ________... as events will very likely prove."

discretion, black men, deferments, college, inducted, businesses, Tydings Amendment, agricultural, war industries, religious

Not everyone served in the military. The Selective Service allowed local draft boards considerable _______. Throughout most of the South, draft boards, which were nearly all white, showed a deep aversion to putting _______ ______ in uniform and giving them guns, with the result that they had to dip much deeper into the pool of white men, offering whites few ________. Congress allowed young men to complete _________ so that, as one draft board member reported, "fathers in their middle thirties were being __________ from their stores, garges, and other ___________," while they saw younger men sitting in classrooms. A November 1942 law, the _________ _________, exempted _____________ workers from the draft. Men in key _____ ________ and some who would not fight for _________ reasons were also sometimes exempted.

Executive Order 8802, Fair Employment Practices Committee, with teeth in it, economic emancipation proclamation, unevenly, difference

On June 25, 1941, Roosevelt signed _______________ ________ ______ " to provide for the full and equitable participation of all workers in defense industries, without discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin." The order created the ______ _________________ ____________ __________ (later commission) to enforce the policy. It was the order "_______ ________ ____ ___." The march was called off. Some called the Executive Order 8802 an __________ _____________ _____________. Executive order 8802 was enforced _________ but sufficiently enough to make a real __________.

December 7, 1941, Pearl Harbor, Pacific fleet, planes, infamy, war, Japan, isolationists, military, industries, ration stamps, Britain, war

On the morning of ___________ ___, ________, 350 Japanese airplanes attacked the sleeping port of ______ ________, Hawaii, where much of the ______ _________ was anchored and where ______ lined up in close formation (to protect them against sabotage on the ground). In a few short hours, 2500 soldiers and sailors were killed, 150 US airplanes destroyed, and 5 battleships as well as many other vessels were sunk. It was a devastating loss. The next day, Franklin Roosevelt addressed Congress, speaking of the attack as "a date which will live in _______." He asked for a declaration of _____ against _______. Hitler and Mussolini then declared war on the United States. The long wait was over. With the direct attack on the United States at Pearl Harbor, most _________ and antiwar voices rallied to the president and the war effort. Every citizen would be touched by the war whether by serving in the ______, working in war-related _______, or using _____ _______ to buy food. It had been a long wit during the two years in which Roosevelt increased support for ________, negotiated fitfully with Japan, and inched toward ______.

Great Britain, Dunkirk, equipment, end, new world, liberation of the old, eighteen months

Only ________ __________ stood against Germany. As the German forces rushed toward Paris, they attempted to cut off a retreat by French and British armies. But 338,000 British, French, and Allied troops were evacuated from the beaches of _________, leaving nearly all __________ behind. In a radio broadcast, the new British prime minister Winston Churchill promised, "We shall go on to the _____," but he added, Britain would hold out "until in God's good time, the _____ _________, with all its power and might, [shall] step forth to the rescue and the _____________ ____ ____ ______." It was a rescue that Churchill and Roosevelt tried hard to assure over the next _________ ______.

month, Churchill, desperate, cash, arsenal of democracy, Lend-Lease, loan, war materials

Only a _________ after the election, Roosevelt received an urgent message from ________ spelling out just how ________ things were for Britain and making clear that "the moment approaches when we shall no longer be able to pay _________ for shipping and other supplies." In a fireside chat just after Christmas in 1940, Roosevelt said, "If Great Britain goes down... all the Americas, would be living at the point of a gun." There is only one alternative, he told his radio audience: "We must be the great __________ ____ _________." A week later, FDR proposed _______-_______ legislation that would "_____" or lease ____ ________ to the British for the duration of the war. The president insisted, "We cannot, and we will not, tell them that they must surrender, merely because of present inability to pay for the weapons which we know they must have."

sheet metal, long-range bomber, blackout, german bombing

Other Americans found themselves in new jobs they had never before imagined. Charles Briscoe's family left the Dust Bowl for California where he learned ______ ________ work. In 1940, he took a job at Boeing Aircraft in Wichita, Kansas, building the super-secret B-29 ____-_____ __________. Briscoe remembered, "We knew the B-017s and B-24s didn't have the range to get to Japan. We had to have the B-29 to win the war and get the men home from over there." At fourteen, Ed Powers was too young to serve in the military, but he joined his father - who was too old to serve- in patrolling their hometown to be sure that everyone was honoring the __________ to avoid a _________ ________.

march, economic rights, all-black, July 1, 1941

Randolph proposed a massive ________ on Washington, initially thinking that 10,000 blacks would come to Washington DC to demand that the government protect their _________ _________. As word spread, Randolph raised the number to 50,000 and then to 100,00. He insisted that this event be an __________ march. "There are some things Negroes must do alone," he said. The march was called for ____________________.

appeaser, promoted, Henry L. Stimson, Frank Knox

Roosevelt argued with the isolationists in Congress, ignored his ambassador in London as someone whom he thought "has always been an _________ and will always be," and thought Lindbergh was a Nazi. He __________ military officers who supported his efforts and sidelined others. In 1940, FDR replaced isolationist Secretary of War Woodring with longtime internationalist Republican __________ ___ _ _______, who had been secretary of war in Taft's administration and secretary of state for President Hoover. Roosevelt also added ________ ______, another Republican internationalist, as secretary of the navy.

machinery, giant, idle, automobiles, war footing, plants, war production board, private use, ceremony, aircraft, shipyards

Several factors led to the extraordinary US output in the __________ of war in 1942 and 1943. Compared with the rest of the world, the US was a manufacturing ________, and the US had huge supplies of iron ore, coal, and oil. In 1937, while perhaps half of all US manufacturing plants were ______ because of the Great Depression, the US still produced 4.8 million ___________- while Germany produced 331,000 and Japan only 26,000. It did not take long, once the country put itself on a ____ _______, for the unemployed to go to work, the ________ to start up, and those already in operation to shift from peace time to war-focused production. The _____ ____________ ______, the government agency charged with ensuring the production of war materials, prohibited the manufacture of automobiles for _________ _____. On February 10, 1942, auto workers in Detroit held a little __________ for the last cars coming down the line and then began rebuilding the machinery to make tanks and trucks. ___________ plants, especially the giant Boeing and Lockheed plants on the West Coast, and Ford's Willow Run aircraft plant near Detroit started to turn out planes. _________ went to three shifts.

Sudeten, German, British, Prague

Since the _______- region of Czechoslovakia had a large _______ population (though still a minority), Hitler claimed they had the right under the Treaty of Versailles - which he otherwise ignored - to self-determination and should be incorporated into Germany. After a summer of negotiations and with _______ agreement, Hitler annexed the Sudeten region. The following spring, in March 1939, Hitler sent the German army into the rest of Czechoslovakia and made a triumphant journey to _________.

challenged, disobeyed, court, prison camp, japanese internment, personal liberty, accident of race, jews

Some _________ the process of internment. Gordon Hirabayashi remembered hearing of the order to report to the camps and thinking, "I was confronted with a dilemma: Do I stay out of the trouble and succumb to the status of second-class citizen, or do I continue to live like other Americans and thus disobey the law?" He _______ the law and challenged it in ______. The us supreme court threw out his challenge and he served time in a _________ _____. Although Justice Frank Murphy supported the Court's unanimous decision to allow internment, he noted that the __________ ________ was the first time in history that the federal government had "sustained a substantial restriction on the _____________ ________ of citizens of the united states based upon the __________ _____ _______ or ancestry," while noting the parallels with what nazi germany was doing to ________.

peace, Britain, avoid, Peace Pledge Union, military planning, Suez Canal, nothing

The desire for _________ was equally strong in _________, driven by still-recent memories of the bloodbath of WWI. If 420,000 British soldiers could die at the single and inconclusive battle of the somme in 1916, the next generation was determined to avoid war. In 1933, students at Oxford University voted: "This house will in no circumstance fight for its King and its Country." In 1935, several thousand young people in Britain joined the ________ ________ _______, opposing any British ________ ________. When Mussolini invaded Ethiopia in 1935, Britain, which then controlled the _______ _________, could have cut off the Italian troops by closing the canal but did not do so. In spite of pleas from Ethiopia, the League of Nations did ______.

ended, great depression, stimulus, million, jobs, unemployment, federal agencies, business leaders, war-oriented economy

The military preparation in 1940 and 1941 ___________ the ______ ________. Spending $7 billion on Lend-Lease efforts and an additional $13.7 billion on the expansion of the U.S. military provided a huge _________ to the economy, far larger than any stimulus tried during the New Deal. Nearly a ________ young men were drafted by early 1941, and new ________ opened everywhere, virtually ending __________. New or redesigned _________ ___________- brought _________ _________ into the government to manage the conversion to a _____-________ ________.

asia, stimson doctrine, enforce, china, public sympathy

The neutrality legislation attempted to keep the US out of a European war, but violence in _______ was growing. When Japan had attacked Manchuria in 1931, President Hoover's sec. of state, Henry L. Stimson, proclaimed the "__________ _________": that the US would never officially recognize the new regime in Manchukuo or any other arrangement imposed on China by force. The unstated part of the doctrine was that the US would also not do anything much to ________ its policy. American public opinion was solidly on the side of _______. The novelist Pearl Buck, author of The Good Earth published in 1931, and Henry Luce, the owner of the Time-Life publications, were both children of missionaries to China and between them did a lot to build ________ ____________ for China. In the fall of 1937, a Gallup poll showed that 59 percent of Americans favored China compared with 1 percent who favored Japan in the quest for control of Manchuria. But almost no one wanted to do more than offer sympathy to the Chinese.

west coast, treatment, germans, italians, mass discrimination, arrests, enemy aliens, designation

The situation for the Japanese on the ______ _______ was very different. Their treatment drastically contrasted with not only the situation in Hawaii but also the way that _______ and __________ in the United States were treated. Unlike during WWI, the German and Italian communities were not subjected to _____ __________ during WWII, even though the US was at war with Germany and Italy. There were _________ of individuals suspected of activities supporting the country's enemies, and noncitizens from Germany and Italy were labeled "_______ ________" when the war began, but FDR ordered the attorney general to cancel the _____________ in the fall of 1942 - just before election day.

isolationism, no reason, failure, meaninglessness, Nye Committee, big business

There were many reasons for the ____________ that was rampant in the U.S. in the 1930s. Most Americans had concluded that the many thousand American soldiers killed in the Great War had died for _____ __________. Wilson's dream of a generation of peace sustained by the League of Nations was clearly a _________, and Europeans were once again at each other's throats. Writers like John Dos Passos, Ernest Hemingway, and e.e. cummings all wrote novels about the ____________ of WWI, and as Dos Passos said, "Rejection of Europe is what America is all about." In the mid-1930s, a Senate Special Committee known as the _______ __________, chaired by North Dakota's Gerald Nye, concluded that _____ ________ had led the United States into the World War. In 1935, when President Roosevelt sought U.S. entry into the World Court, the Senate rejected the plan. American simply wanted nothing to do with the troubles of other nations.

united states, allies, held back, Japan, isolated, Atlantic, essential, Axis, Allied forces, Free French, China

Three days after the United States declared war on Japan, Hitler and Mussolini declared war on the____ ______. It was an odd move on their part. Germany, Italy, and Japan were ______ - based on treaties they had signed in 1936 and 1937 - but if Germany and Italy had _____ _____ in declaring war on the United States, FDR would have been under great pressure to focus the war only on _______, leaving Britain still _______. German and Italian declarations of war allowed FDR to keep the focus on the ________, which he believed was _______. The three nations at war with the US - Germany, Italy, and Japan - were known as the ______ as opposed to the ______ _______ of the US, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union, joined by exiled French troops who called themselves the ____ _____ and forces from _________ and a number of other nations that allied with them.

Pacific, two-ocean war, peace, China, Flying Tigers, Colonel Claire Chennault, metal, oil

While the United States focuses on Europe, tensions were also building in the _______. The United States wanted to avoid a "____-_______ _____" and sought ______ with Japan. However, a combination of stubborn - if inadequate - support for _______ and a lack of careful attention did not make for an effective foreign policy. The Roosevelt administration provided modest Lend-Lease support for Chiang Kai-shek's government and allowed individual US pilots to join the ________ ______, a volunteer air corps organized by _______ _______ _________ to fight for China, but continued to allow the _______ and ____ exports on which Japan depended.

Russia, June 1941, disaster, lost, victorious, russians

While the United States geared up to serve as the "arsenal of democracy," Hitler suddenly attacked his erstwhile ally ________ in ______ _____. While there was no love lost in the United States for Communist RUssia, most Americans knew that if the Nazis defeated Russia, it would mean _______. Missouri senator Harry S. Truman said that he would not mind it if both sides _____, but he also said, "I don't want to see Hitler ________ under any circumstances." The United States extended the Lend-Lease aid to the _________.

Hawaii, martial law, basic rights, spies, collapsed, interned, put, guard

While there were 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry living on the US mainland in 1941, there were 200,000 Japanese living in _______-, almost half of the population of the islands. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the federal government declared a state of ______ _____ and suspended _____ ______ in Hawaii. Several hundred Japanese were arrested as suspected _________ and saboteurs. But the entire economy of Hawaii would have ____________ if the whole Japanese community had been _________, and there would have been no place to ______ them and no one to _______ them.

Western Electric factory, segregated restrooms, promotion, army bases, clashed

White workers went on strike at a __________ ________ ______ in Baltimore, Maryland, demanding ____________ __________. In a factory in Mobile, Alabama, shipyard workers rioted over the _________ of a black welder. Riots also took place in Detroit and New York City in 1943. Twenty-five blacks and nine whites were killed in a June riot in Detroit, and six blacks were killed in another riot in New York's Harlem. As news of these clashes spread, _______ _______- around the world also exploded as segregated white and black units __________ in England and in the United States.

Philippines, Alaska, Guam, British colonies, liberators, prisoners of war, Java Sea, oil fields

Within hours of the December 7 attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan also attacked US bases in the _________, the Aleutian Islands off _______, as well as ______ and Wake Island in the mid-Pacific. Within days, Japanese pilots and troops were in the _______ ________ of Malaysia and Burma, French Indochina, the Dutch East Indies, and independent Thailand. To some, the Japanese were ___________, freeing them from the hated European and American colonial authorities. The Japanese had been preparing well and were a superb fighting force. British Hong Kong and American Guam and Wake Island surrendered within a week. In February 1942, Singapore surrendered to the Japanese with eighty-five thousand crack British troops now ________ __ ____. American and British navy forces lost the battle of ________ ______ and the Dutch East Indies with their rich _____ ________ fell to Japan.

fashion style, pants, short hair, tough attitude, training men, exacting, denim coveralls

Women working in industrial plants had to develop a new __________ _______ that provided room for safe movement, including _________, which made movement much easier than a skirt, and ______ _____, which was essential around dangerous machinery. In addition, they had to develop a _______ ________ in the face of catcalls and wolf whistles. Delana Jensen made 155-millimeter howitzers for the army. She was hired when the plant was still not sure whether the women could handle the work, but within months, she was __________ ______. It was ________ work and "had to perfect." She liked the _______ _______ and remembered, "We were living in a special time and place. There was an energy in the air and in the people. We were wanted and needed and important to the war effort."

depressive, armed camps, stables, barbed wire, carry, pets, cameras

Yamato Ichihashi, a stanford professor, describe santa anita as "mentally and morally __________." Families who had lived in their own homes, managed their own businesses, and in some cases, had been involved in rich professional lives, were suddenly in ______ ______, living in _______ that had recently held horses, and kept behind ________ ______ under the watch of armed guards. The instructions were to bring only what they could _____ - no _____ and no ___________.

Adolf Hitler, Brown Shirts, chancellor, expanded, lebensraum, german, slavs, jews, master race

_______ ______ Nazi (or National Socialist) Party grew from a group of street thugs in the 1920s, known as _______ ______, to a formidable group leading to Hitler's election in January 1933 as German ________, with 44 percent of the vote, just before Roosevelt became president. Hitler promised that a greatly _______ German nation would provide ______ (living space) for people of _______ nationality by pushing other peoples, ______ and _______, out of the way to make room for the "_______ ______."

Joseph Bullock, conscientious objectors, first aid, logistical support, Civilian Public Service, forestry projects, pay, veteran benefits, federal prison, antiwar activists, Sunday School, inappropriate role model

________ __________ was among the 43,000 _______ _______ (COs) who, in the words of the Selective Service regulations, "by reason of religious training and belief, is conscientiously opposed to participation in war in any form." The largest number of COs served as noncombatants in the military, providing ______ ______ to troop under extraordinarily dangerous conditions or behind-the-lines __________ _________. Those who for religious reasons could not support the war effort in any form were allowed to work in a program called _____________ _________ ___________ (CPS). Bullock and the twelve thousand CPS men worked on __________ _______ planting trees and building roads or staffed mental hospitals. They received no ______, had to cover their own expenses, and did not receive __________ _______ at the end of the war. A final group of some six thousand refused out of conscience to have anything to do with the Selective Service system, and these men were sent to ______ _______. Some of them became lifelong_______ _______, In some areas, COs were treated with respect; in others, they met deep hostility. After the war, Bullock was told that he could not teach __________ ______ because his wartime service made him an _______________ _______ ______ for Christian children.

Britain, France, September 3, neutral, close his mind, doubts

_________ and ________ followed through on their promise to declare war. WWII had begun in Europe. On _________ ____, Roosevelt gave a radio fireside chat in which he said that the US would remain ______, but "even a neutral cannot be asked to ________ ____ _______ or close his conscience." THe country's mind was certainly nt neutral. 84 percent of americans supported Britain and France, only 2 percent Germany. But a very large majority also wanted to stay out of the war no matter how much sympathy they might have for one side. After September 1939, more Americans, led by the president, were starting to have grave _____ that staying out of the battle was going to be possible.

Charles Lindbergh, revision, support, america first committee, jew-deal, appealing

__________ ____________, the aviation hero of the 1920s, became an avid opponent of any _______ of the neutrality laws or any ________ for Jewish refugees. Lindbergh became a popular speaker at rallies of the ________ _________ _______, which had been organized in the fall of 1940 to keep the US out of war in Europe. Father Charles Coughlin began calling it the "______-_______." For Lindbergh, Coughlin, and a significant American following, Nazism was ___________. Others, probably the majority of the supporters of the America First Committee, simply did not want any part of a war that the United States could avoid. Nevertheless, isolationism mixed with old hatreds kept the US from providing the support for Europe's Jews that they so badly needed.

Republican, Yale, America First Committee, extension, power, colonies, Jews, distrusted

___________ leaders in Congress opposed any intervention, and they had a lot of public support. In July 1940, students at _______ University, supported by midwestern business leaders, formed the ________ _____ _________. Most America First supporters saw the new war as an _________ of the last one, simply an intra-European battle for ________ and _________. Some sympathized with the Nazis or hated _______. Many Republicans __________ Roosevelt.

Latinos, zoot-suiters, defiance, social norms, unpatriotic extravagance, zoot suit riots, Mexico, ally

______________ also faced exclusion and violence. The most obvious symbol of Mexican American resistance to white culture were gangs known as pachucos, or _____-________, for the exaggerated clothing - a long suit with baggy pants that came in at the ankles - that symbolized their __________ of ________ ________. During wartime frugality when most people were channeling money and resources toward the war effort, the zoot suits also seemed an __________ _________. In June 1943, white servicemen in boot camps in the Los Angeles area took out their own frustration by attacking zoot-suiters. Police looked the other way. The ________ ______ _________ spread elsewhere until FDR intervened, ordering the military to take actions to stop the violence, at least partly because he had been courting ___________ as a wartime ______ and did not want domestic events to rupture the relationship.

arsenal of democracy

a phrase coined by Franklin Roosevelt for the materials needed by Britain in its fight with Nazi Germany

destroyers-for-bases

an agreement between the United States and Great Britain to exchange obsolete navy destroyers for British bases

america first committee

committee launched in 1940 that argued for American neutrality and for staying out of World War II

selective service system

federal agency that coordinated military conscription (the draft) beginning in WWII

lend-lease act

legislation passed in 1941 for a program through which the United States "loaned" or leased military equipment to Britain and other World War II allies for the duration of the war

zoot suit riots

race riots in june 1943, primarily centered in los angeles, in which american military personnel attacked latinos

atlantic charter

statement of common principles and war aims developed by President Franklin Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston Churchill at a meeting in August 1941