1. Reading & Writing Module

"Electroreception is the ability of an animal to sense the flow of electricity around it by using specialized organs known as electroreception's. Most species know to use electroreception are fish, including many sharks, elephant fishes, and eels. However, electroreception is not limited to fish. Monotremes, a group of mammals that includes the platypus and some echidnas, have electroreception's on or near their mouths to help locate prey. This is also some evidence that bees can detect static electricity on flowers." Which choice best describes the function of the third sentence in the overall structure of the text? A. It generalizes the phenomenon discussed beyond fishes. B. It offers another explanation of electroreception that is different from the explanation of how electroreception is used by fishes. C. It provides more examples of animals with electroreception. D. It explains how electroreception evolved into monotremes and bees.

A. It generalizes the phenomenon discussed beyond fishes.

"Japanese origamist Akira Yoshizawa is considered the grandmaster of origami, creating more than 50,000 models as well as wet-folding, the most well known of his invented techniques. ______dampening the paper before folding, leading to origami models with rounder and more sculpted looks." Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?: A. It involves B. They involve C. One involves D. these involve

A. It involves

"1986, after a 56-day expedition. Ann Bancroft became the first woman to reach the North Pole. Her experience are a physical education teacher and her leadership first all-female team to cross the ice to the South ___ her to create a foundation that supports girls in pursuing their dreams." Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of standard English?: A. Pole to inspire B. Pole that inspired C. Pole, inspiring D. Pole inspired

D. Pole inspired

The following text is from Oscar Wilde's 1890 novel The Picture of Dorian Gray. Dorian is seeing his portrait painted by Basil Hallward, for the first time. "Dorian made no answer, but passed listlessly in front of his picture and turned towards it. When he saw it he drew back, and his cheeks flushed for a moment with pleasure. A look of joy came into his eyes, as if he had recognized himself for the first time. He stood there motionless and in wonder, dimly conscious that Hallward was speaking to him, but not catching the meaning of his words. The sense of his own beauty came on him like a revelation. He had never felt it before." According to the text, what is true about Dorian? A. Dorian is distracted by the beauty of the painting B. Dorian believes that what Hallward is saying is unimportant. C. Dorian does not recognize his own image D. Dorian is prone to embarrassment

A. Dorian is distracted by the beauty of the painting

"Sepsis is a life-threatening condition by the body's response to an infection. These infections are typically bacterial but may be fungal, parasitic or viral. The body's response to these infections leads to increase inflammation and organ damage. This damage in turn results a weakened immune system, which increases the likelihood of reinfection. In a recent study, a team of doctors and pharmacologists led by Shubbham Soni claims that administering ketone esters can reduce inflammation and immune system weakening caused by sepsis. Which finding from the team led by Soni, if true, would most directly support its claim? A. Patients with sepsis who were administered ketone esters had fewer signs of inflammation and less organ damage than those administer standard antibiotics. B. When administered, ketone esters are known to increase blood ketone levels, which in turn are a source of energy for the brain. C. Both those patients administered ketone esters and those administered standard antibiotics did not have reduced inflammation when treated with medication intended to reduce fever. D. Those sepsis patients administered ketone esters had reduced inflammation but greater organ damage tha

A. Patients with sepsis who were administered ketone esters had fewer signs of inflammation and less organ damage than those administer standard antibiotics.

The following text is from Frederick Marryat's 1847 novel The Children of the New Forest. "The old forester lay awake the whole of this night, reflecting how he should act relative to the children; he felt the great responsibility that he had incurred, and was alarmed when he considered what might be the consequences if his days were shortened. What would become of them -- living in so sequestered a spot that few knew even of its existence -- totally shut out from the world, and left to their own resources?" Based on the text, what is true about the other children? A. They are isolated from people other than the old forester. B. They are completely unable to take care of themselves C. The old forester is resentful of having to take care of them D. They attempt to help the old forester with his responsibilities.

A. They are isolated from people other than the old forester.

"Neurons respond to stimuli from sensory organs or other neurons. Learning occurs when neurons change how they respond to stimuli based on previous experience, which is a property of memory. Electrical engineers seek to replicate similar processes in their development of computer memory. Recently, research by electrical engineer Mohammad Samizadeh Nikoo has demonstrated that vanadium dioxide (VO2) has similar memory property to that of neurons, suggesting that" Which choice most logically completes the text?: A. VO2 could be used in the development of computer memory. B. neurons use VO2 when forming memories. C. VO2 can learn to respond to stimuli from sensory organs. D. electrical engineers can now use neurons to develop computer memory.

A. VO2 could be used in the development of computer memory.

"American artist Simone Leigh creates art in various mediums, including sculptures, video and ____ the themes and images in her artwork, Leigh has emphasized that Black women are her primary audience that they would be familiar with the allusions in her work." Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?: A. performance. Discussing B. performance discussing C. performance and discussing D. performance, discussing

A. performance. Discussing

The following text is Baron George Gordon Byron's poem "Answer to----'s Profession of Affection," written around 1814. The poem is addressed to an unknown person. "In hearts like thine ne'er may I hold a place Till I renounce all sense, all shame, all grace- That seat, - like seats, the bame of Freedom's realm, But dear to those presiding at the helm- Is basely purchased, not with gold alone; Add Conscience, too, this bargain is your own- 'T is thine to offer with corrupting art The rotten borough of the human heart." What is the main idea of the text? A. the speaker is expressing disapproval towards the unknown person B. the speaker is unimportant to the unknown person C. the speaker is thinking of purchasing a seat D. the speaker holds a place in the heart of the unknown person.

A. the speaker is expressing disapproval towards the unknown person

Indian Lok Sabha Results by Percentage of Seats Won, 1999-2019 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Party | 1999 | 2004 | 2014 | 2019 | | Bhartiya Janata Party | 33% | 25% | 52% | 56% | | Indian National Congress | 21% | 27% | 8% | 10% | | Communist Party of India | 6% | 8% | 7% | 4% | | Other | 40% | 40% | 33% | 30% | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "India is the largest democracy in the world with over 614 million people voting in the 2019 election for the Lok Sabha, the parliament of the federal government. In the early years of Indian independence, from the first election in 1951-52 through the eighth Lok Sabha in 1984, each election resulted in one party winning the majority of seats. However, starting with the 1989 election, the party with the largest number of seats failed to win more than half of the total seats. This trend was eventually broken by the Bhartiya Janata Party, which _______" Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to illustrate the claim? A. went

A. went from holding the second most seats among the top 3 parties in parliament in 2004 and 2009 to holding a majority of seats in 2014 and 2019.

Horses' Responses to Novel Objects based on Number of Handlers ___________________________________________________________________________________ | | Only One Handler | Multiple Handlers | | No Reluctance | 45% | 24% | | Mild Reluc | 42% | 49% | | Strong Rel | 13% | 26% | ----------------------------------------------------------------- "Horses have been domesticated for thousands of years. Therefore, they show great sensitivity to the emotions of humans. Biologist Oceane Liehrmann from the University of Turku, Finland, led a team of researchers in a study of horses to determine the effect of the number of handlers (either only one person of multiple people) on the horses' responses to a novel object. The researchers determined that horses with only one handler were less reluctant to interact with the novel object than were horses with multiple handlers. For example, 45% of horses with only one handler had no reluctance when interacting with a novel object while _____________________" Which choice most effectively

B. 25% of horses with multiple handlers had no reluctance

"Contemporaries of American modernist poet H.D. focused only on her important contributions to the Imagist movement in the 1920's, taking ____ view of her work. However, she wrote in a variety of forms and genres, from short, lyrical works, to complex, book length poems." Which choice completes the text with the most logic and precise word or phrase? A. An expansive B. A Limited C. An imaginative D. A complicated

B. A limited, the word limited matches narrow.

"Since the 1950s, scientists have known that rapid eye movement, of REM, occurs when someone is sleeping. Previous studies attempting to determine the meaning of these eye movement have been unsuccessful in part because these studies relied on human subjects revealing the content of their dreams. A recent study by physiologist Yuta Senzai and Massimo Scanziani has avoided this issue by studying dreaming mice instead. Their results in REM is correlated to changes in direction during the dream." Which choice best describes the function of the second sentence in the overall structure of the text? A. It names a problem in the approach taken by Senzai and Scanziani. B. It introduces the difficulty that the study by Senzai and Scanziani was designed to bypass. C. It presents the findings of studies done prior to the study by Senzai and Scanziani. D. It clarifies how others studying REM sleep interpret the study by Senzai and Scanziani.

B. It introduces the difficulty that the study by Senzai and Scanziani was designed to bypass.

"Chinse artist Xu Bing is known for his art installations that showcase his printmaking skills and his creative use of language and texts. His 1991 installation. A book from the Sky, for example, consists of volumes and scrolls printed with characters he invented, while his 2004 installation The Glassy Surface of a ____ uses the text of Henry David Thoreau's Walden to create the illusion of a lake." Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?: A. Lake: B. Lake C. Lake, D. Lake-

B. Lake

Changes in Indicators of Fatty Liver Disease in Vitamin B12 and Placebo Groups ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Indicator | Vitamin B12 Group| Control group | | Steatosis values | -0.41 | -0.30 | | Fibrosis values | -0.35 | 0.10 | | Fasting blood glucose | -5.00 | -1.50 | | Fasting serum insulin | -1.46 | -0.21 | | Homeostasis model assessment | -0. 23 | 0.06 | of insulin resistance | | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "Fatty liver disease (FLD) occurs when excess fat builds up in the liver. While there are often few or no symptoms of FLD, if left untreated, it can lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer. Because FLD is often asymptomatic, doctors and researchers rely on indicators such as steatosis (rete

B. Those in the vitamin B12 group had decreases in fibrosis values and HOMA-IR levels, whereas those in the control group had increases in these same values.

"Developed along with the swing style of jazz music in the 1920s, swing dance is a group of social dances that once compromised hundreds of styles. Not all of the styles survived beyond that time _____ the dances that are still popular today include Lindy Hop, Balboa, Collegiate Shag, and Charleston." Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?: A. period; however, B. period, however; C. period, however, D. period, however

B. period, however;

"While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: *Archaeologists studied the burial of an individual at the Newen Antug site in Argentina Patagonia. *The individual was buried in a wooden structure over 800 years ago. *An analysis of the structure revealed that it was carved from a tree with excellent buoyancy. *The wooden structure was a canoe, suggesting that canoes were used as coffins at that time. The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two numeral systems. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish the goal?: A. The burial site of an individual over 800 years ago was found at the Newen Antug site in Argentinian Patagonia. B. Archaeologists studied the burial site of an individual who was buried at the Newen Antug site over 800 years ago. C. An analysis of a burial site at the Newen Antug site in Argentinian Patagonia provided evidence that canoes were used as coffins over 800 years ago. D. As part of a study of a burial side at the Newen Antug site in Argentinian Patagonia, a wooden structured buried with an individual was analyzed.

C. An analysis of a burial site at the Newen Antug site in Argentinian Patagonia provided evidence that canoes were used as coffins over 800 years ago.

"Korean artist Anicka Yi uses a unique process and materials to generate her art installations. Her materials are often perishable and biological, such as soup and flowers, and are not traditionally used for artwork. _______ Yi spends almost as much time transforming these substances into completely new materials as she does creating the actual art pieces." Which choice completes the text with most logical transition?: A. Meanwhile, B. Instead, C. In fact, D. To conclude,

C. In fact,

"Evolutionary biologist Jonathan Calede may had discovered the oldest amphibious beaver species in the world. Calede first compared measurements of the beaver's ankle to those of almost 350 other rodent species to learn more than about how it moved. _________ Calede dated the species to approximately 30 million years ago based on its location between rock and ash layers." Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition? A. For example, B. In conclusion, C. Next, D. In fact,

C. Next,

"During a meeting, a group of twelve young deaf people shared their feelings of isolation and their desire for support. In 1988, the group worked together to form Action Deaf Youth, an _________ provides services and programs for deaf and children and youth through Northern Ireland." Which choice completes the text so that it confirms to the convention of Standard English?: A. organization, that B. organization C. organization that D. organization,

C. organization that

"Uruguayan- Spanish author Carmen Posadas has written the children's books Juego de Ninos (Child's Play) and La Cinita Roja ( The Red Ribbon). Currently, _____ available in over fifty countries and thirty languages." Which choice completes the text to that it confirms to the convention of Standard English?: A. some are B. this is C. they are D. it is

C. they are

"While treatment for hearing loss is typically associated with the ears, some patients with damaged ear structures are not to use tradition cochlear implants. ________ researchers are working to develop hearing aids anchored to patients' bones in order to combat hearing loss through vibrations in the skull." Which choice completes the text with most logical transition?: A. Secondly. B. In addition. C. Finally, D. Hence,

D. Hence,

"Male and female American citizens had starkly different roles during World War II. Men served as soldiers or took part in the workforce to create weapons and other wartime materials. ______ women were responsible for maintaining the home and supporting the men. Some women also ventured into the workforce for the first time, and the famous "We Can Do It" poster featuring "Rosie the Riveter" was created to motivate women to pursue this new role." Which choice completes the text with most logical transition?: A. Besides, B. Instead, C. Likewise, D. Meanwhile,

D. Meanwhile,

"While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: *A writing system for expressing numbers is a numeral system. * Two examples of numeral system from history are Babylonian cuneiform numerals and Roman numerals. * The Babylonian cuneiform numeral system is a base-60 system and lacks a zero digit. *It's a positional numeral system, in which the position of a digit affects its value. *The roman numeral system is a base-10 system and lacks a zero digit. *It's a non-positional numeral system, in which the position of a digit does not affect its value." The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two numeral systems. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish the goal? A. Babylonian cuneiform numerals and Roman numerals are two writing system for expressing numbers. B. The Roman numeral system is a base-10 nonpositional system that lacks a zero digit. C. One system for expressing numbers is Babylonian cuneiform; however, another one is the Roman numeral system. D. The Babylonian cuneiform numeral system is base-60 and positional, while the Roman numeral system is base-10 and non-positional.

D. The Babylonian cuneiform numeral system is base-60 and positional, while the Roman numeral system is base-10 and non-positional.

Text 1: "An animals is said to have a theory of mind when it is able to act according to the mental states of other individuals. Psychologists David Premack and Guy Woodruff studies whether chimpanzees have such a theory of mind. They showed videos of human actors struggling with various problems. The chimpanzees were able to select photographs that showed the best tool to solve each actor's problem." Text 2:"Biologist Daniel J. Povinelli and psychologists Kurt E. Nelson and Sarah T. Boysen have argued that previous research into whether chimpanzees have a theory of mind have no adequately addressed alternative explanations for the chimpanzees' behaviors. Specifically, it may be the case that chimpanzees are following learned behaviors in a known environment, rather than applying a theory of mind in a novel situation." Based on the texts, how would Povinelli, Nelson, And Boysen (Text 2) most likely respond to Premack and Woodruff (Text 1)? A. They would argue that nonhuman primates other than chimpanzees, such as baboons and gorillas, may also have a theory of mind. B. They would argue that the chimpanzees would be able to solve the problems themselves without referencing the photograph

D. They would suggest that placing the chimpanzee subjects in novel environments, such as rooms distinct from the chimpanzees' regular enclosures, may help better ascertain whether chimpanzees have a theory of mind.

"The air pollution produced in an area is only one factor in that area's air quality. Weather patterns, in particular wind and the movement of air masses, can affect the concentration of pollutants such as carbon monoxide. During a smog event that occurred in the northeastern United States in November 1966, levels of carbon monoxide were reordered in Newark, New Jersey, the origin of the smog event as well as neighboring city New York, NY, and more distant cities such as Philadelphia, PA, and Washington, D.C. The localized nature of weather patterns during this event can be seen by comparing Newark, NJ, and New York, NY, with________." Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?: A. Washington, D.C., on the 18th and the 19th B. Philadelphia, PA, on the 23rd and the 25th C. Philadelphia, PA, on the 24 and the the 26th D. Washington, DC., on the 23rd and the 24th.

D. Washington, DC., on the 23rd and the 24th.

"The Chilean Volcano Calabozos is located in ______ area. Therefore, the risk of loss of human life in the event of an eruption is minimal. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? A. A hazardous B. An active C. A mountanious D. A remote

The correct answer is D. A remote, it makes the most sense because remote matches isolated.