10 Plant Evolution and Diversity

find picture of the whole atp/nadph shit

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photosynthesis reaction

6CO2+6H2O-->C6H12O6+6O2 opposite of aerobic respiration

Kingdom Plantae

Plants; multicellular, photosynthetic organisms with rigid cell walls. evolved from aquatic green algae

organic fertilizer advantages/disadvantages

advantages: lower cost, good for soil texture, slow steady release of nutrients disadvantages: large bulk to transport, odor, possible spread of parasites

inorganic fertilizer advantages/disadavantages:

advantages:ease of application, known, reproducible results disadvantages:more expansive, can burn plants if applied to heavily, kill other organisms like worms which maintain soil fertility

petals

attract animals

bee flowers

blue or yellow, sweet smelling, large and sturdy, provide nectar or edible pollen, often have markers showing location of nectar

plant cells

both diploid and haploid cells; called alternation of generations throughout evolution diploid get more important while haploid get less important

hummingbird flowers

bright red long tube have protruding stamens to dust bird with pollen lots of rich nectar no odor

how sporophytes produce spores

by meiosis

nitrogen fixation

can be fixed by lightning, industrial processes, and nitrogen fixing bacteria

gynosperms

cone bearing trees first to have the seed

stems

connect roots and leaves, adapted for transport of minerals

fruits

develop from flowers after they have been pollinated

carped

female part of flower

angiosperms

flowering plants flowers allow faster reproduction; gametophyte protection inside flowers, seeds are protected inside the fruits gave up fighting height war

irregular roles of leaves

food storage reproduction (walking ferns) trapping animals (carnivorous plants)

stamens

form pollen which produces sperm

prop (buttress) roots

help plants remain standing in high winds/soggy soil

butterfly flowers

large delicate provide nectar down a tube that's usually marked

bat flowers

large, sturdy open at night pale colored strongly scented

leaves

most adapted to be solar collectors top layer of photosynthetic cells have columnar shapes which absorb some light then channel it to lower cells which bounce the light around the inside of the leaf

photosynthesis

most important set of biological reactions on earth, provides all biological molecules all energy and and oxygen used by animals

nitrogen

most limiting soil nutrient because it is easily lost from soil and is needed in many cellular molecules most nitrogen is in air which is unavailble to plants

bryophytes

most primitive type of plants partially cutinized, have no vascular tissue remain small (moss) no true leaves/roots but have photosynthetic leaf like structures

fertilizer contains:

nitrogen, phosphate, potassium

wind pollinated flowers

no or small petals, no scent/nectar, fine dry pollen and large sticky stigmas responsible for allergies ex. pines, most other trees, grasses

aerating roots (knees)

of cypress trees; roots which grow out of water allowing oxygen to diffuse into root system

bryophyte sex

only plant with dominant gametophytes (haploid)q male gametophytes produce sperm that swim to a female plant after fertilization a sporophyte forms, forms spores, then releases into air to make new plants

stomates

openings in cuticles to allow gas exchange for photosynthisis; allow water loss so plants open and close them

phloem

part of vascular system that moves glucose around plant body to parts where it can't make it itself

xylem

part of vascular system that moves water and minerals around plant body dead and hollow

other functions of stems

photosynthesis (cacti) storage (potatoes are stems)

gynosperm sex

pollen cones; seed cones pollen lands on seed cone, seed is formed

sepals

protect flower in the bud

rhizoids

root like things that attach bryophytes to land

root cap

secretes slime to move through soil and senses which way is down

parts of a flower

sepals petals stamens carped

fly flowers

smell like rotting flesh to attract flies

yams

storage roots that store nutrients

lignin

strengthening compound in plants allowing plants to stand up in air mainly found in xylem cells started with seedless vascular plants water also helps plants stand up a lot

seedless vascular plants

strong vascular tissue to transport food and water; have true leaves/roots unique in having both gametophyte and sporophyte stages free living

vascular system

thing in plants that allows them to transport materials around their bodies made up of xylem and phloem

stigma

top of carped where pollen lands eggs formed inside ovules in overy at bottom

pollination

transfer of pollen from stamen to carpel pollen releases sperm

roots

underground miners for water and minerals made to maximize surface area root hairs do this more

what carnivorous plants do with prey

use them for a nitrogen source

cuticle

waterproof coating around plants to prevent water loss also resistant to co2 diffusion