MGMT 309 Exam 4 Practice Questions

Which of the following schedules of reinforcement are time-based schedules? a. Fixed-interval and variable-interval b. Fixed-ratio and variable-ratio c. Fixed-ratio and variable-interval d. Fixed-interval and variable-ratio e. Variable-interval and variable-ratio

a. Fixed-interval and variable-interval Fixed-Interval Schedule: Provides reinforcement at fixed intervals of time, such as regular weekly paychecks Variable-Interval Schedule: Provides reinforcement at varying intervals of time, such as occasional visits by the supervisor

Someone who categorizes people based on a single attribute a. is engaged in stereotyping. b. is exhibiting selective perception. c. has an external locus of control. d. believes in authoritarianism. e. is exhibiting burnout.

a. Is engaged in stereotyping

One of the reasons Steve Jobs was very successful at Apple was his charisma. He had ____. a. referent power b. reward power c. coercive power d. authority e. expert power

a. Referent power The personal power that accrues to someone based on identification, imitation, loyalty, or charisma

Since Jeffrey took over as CEO, the stock value has tumbled for more than two years. Jeffrey now doubts his capabilities. In other words, he has had low a. self-efficacy. b. self-esteem. c. self-monitoring. d. risk propensity. e. dogmatism.

a. Self-efficacy An individual's beliefs about his or her capabilities to perform a task

Generally speaking, politicians have a desire for approval. This shows a need for ____. a. achievement b. affiliation c. power d. security e. esteem

b. Affiliation Need for Affiliation: The desire for human companionship and acceptance

The beliefs and feelings that people have about specific ideas, situations, and people are known as a. personality attributes. b. attitudes. c. perceptions. d. characteristics. e. behaviors.

b. Attitudes

Goal-directed effort is a function of four goal attributes. Which of the following is NOT one of those attributes? a. Difficulty b. Equity c. Specificity d. Acceptance e. Commitment

b. Equity Difficulty, Specificity, Acceptance, Commitment

Which motivational theory suggests that people will rationalize away differences between rewards they and others receive? a. Hierarchy of needs b. Equity c. Expectancy d. Reinforcement e. Two-factor

b. Equity Suggests that people are motivated to seek social equity in the rewards they receive for performance

The CEO of a Fortune 100 company made a lot of money and enjoyed spending it on his yacht to the point of obsession. The board of directors decided it was interfering with his work performance and made him choose between the yacht and work. He chose the yacht. When the job security of other people depends on the performance of a few key leaders, ____ leadership is required. a. transformational b. ethical c. cross-cultural d. charismatic e. strategic

b. Ethical

Jon has a Ph.D. in organizational psychology. He works for Boeing as an executive coach. The executives have more experience and total power. Jon's primary power is a. referent. b. expert. c. legitimate. d. coercive. e. reward.

b. Expert The personal power that accrues to someone based on the information or expertise they possess

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic assumptions of expectancy theory? a. Individual differences as well as the environment influence motivation. b. Individuals observe their own behavior and decide whether it is motivated by internal or external factors. c. People are free to make choices about how to behave. d. People have a choice of behavioral alternatives. e. Different people march to different drummers.

b. Individuals observe their own behavior and decide whether it is motivated by internal or external factors Suggests that motivation depends on two things - how much we want something and how likey we think we are to get it

A person who engages in leadership activities but whose right to do so has not been formally recognized is called a(n) a. formal leader. b. informal leader. c. task specialist. d. maintenance specialist. e. hero.

b. Informal leader A person who engages in leadership activities but whose right to do so has not been formally recognized by the organization or group

Which of the following is a kind of power? a. LPC b. Legitimate c. Instrumental synergy d. Rational persuasion e. Instrumental compliance

b. Legitimate Power granted through the organizational hierarchy; the power defined by the organization to be accorded to people occupying particular positions

The ____ role is how the individual comes to think he or she should behave in the group. a. sent b. perceived c. enacted d. expected e. conflict

b. Perceived What the individual perceives the sent role to mean

____ is a set of processes by which individuals become aware of and interpret information about their environment. a. Selective attitude b. Perception c. Objective reality d. Stereotyping e. Perceived reality

b. Perception

Which of the following statements describes the major differences between Type B and Type A individuals? a. Type B individuals have less patience b. Type B individuals have a more balanced approach to life. c. Type B individuals are usually less healthy. d. Type B individuals are less intelligent. e. Type B individuals are more competitive.

b. Type B individuals have a more balanced approach to life Type A: Individuals who are extremely competitive, very devoted to work, and have a strong sense of time urgency Type B: Individuals who are less competitive, less devoted to work, and have a weaker sense of time urgency

Herman believes he needs balance between work and his personal life. He will not work on weekends and frequently asks for deadline extensions. He exhibits a. Type A behavior. b. Type B personality. c. selective perception. d. an internal locus of control. e. cognitive dissonance.

b. Type B personality Individuals who are less competitive, less devoted to work, and have a weaker sense of time urgency

Which of the following is an example of a positive reinforcer? a. Praise b. A pay raise c. A promotion d. A plaque e. All of these choices

c. A promotion A method of strengthening behavior with rewards or positive outcomes after a desired behavior is performed - pay raises, promotions, awards

Many high school administrators have been concerned about the attention given athletes and the fact that students who are high academic achievers have been ignored. As a result, some high schools have instituted a Renaissance Program. With this program, students are rewarded for good grades with close parking, free tickets to sporting events, free meals, and coupons from community businesses. Students who were not athletes are motivated to succeed. Renaissance Programs use a. alternative work arrangements. b. work redesign. c. behavior modification. d. attribution theory. e. two-factor theory of motivation.

c. Behavior modification OB Mod: Method for applying the basic elements of reinforcement theory in an organizational setting

Good administrative assistants have more access to important information and the decision maker than subordinates have. The administrative assistants have ____ power. a. legitimate b. technological c. expert d. referent e. coercive

c. Expert The personal power that accrues to someone based on the information or expertise they possess

At 9:00 a.m. every morning, a supervisor inspects all of the facilities for which she is responsible. What schedule of reinforcement is she using? a. Continuous b. Fixed-ratio c. Fixed-interval d. Variable-ratio e. Variable-interval

c. Fixed-interval Provides reinforcement at fixed intervals of time, such as regular weekly paychecks

Which of the following is NOT one of the criticisms of Fiedler's contingency model of leadership? a. The LPC measure lacks validity. b. Its assumptions about the flexibility of leader behavior are unrealistic. c. It is unrealistic to combine the behavior and trait approaches in one theory. d. Fiedler's data are subject to other interpretations. e. Fiedler's results are not always supported by research.

c. It is unrealistic to combine the behavior and trait approaches in one theory LPC Theory: A theory of leadership that suggests that the appropriate style of leadership varies with situational favorableness Least-Preferred Coworker (LPC) Measure: The measuring scale that asks leaders to describe the person with whom he or she is able to work least well

Which of the following statements BEST describes the path-goal theory of leadership? a. It suggests that leader style cannot be changed, and thus we must change the situation when there is a mismatch. b. It prescribes the relationship-oriented style as the most effective. c. It suggests that leaders can use any one of four styles of leadership as required. d. It calls for varying degrees of subordinate participation. e. It describes the characteristics of effective leaders.

c. It suggests that leaders can use any one of four styles of leadership as required A theory of leadership suggesting that the primary functions of a leader are to make valued or desired rewards available in the workplace and to clarify for the subordinate the kinds of behavior that will lead to those rewards

Which stage of group development is characterized by the resolution of conflict and the development of roles? a. Conflict b. Forming c. Performing d. Norming e. Storming

c. Performing Forming: Members get acquainted and test interpersonal behaviors --Slow evolution to next stage-- Storming: Members develop group structure and patterns of interaction --Burst of activity to next stage-- Norming: Members share acceptance of roles and sense of unity --Slow evolution to next stage-- Performing: Members enact roles and direct effort toward goal attainment and performance

Avida Sports developed a sensor system that swimmers wear in the water and to receive a computerized analysis of their stroke. Avida signed an agreement with a swim club to test the product before increasing production. Avida is in the ____ stage of the creative process. a. incubation. b. insight. c. verification. d. delineation. e. preparation.

c. Verification Determines the validity or truthfulness of the insight, includes scientific experiments and the development of a product or service prototype

The ____ component of an attitude reflects feelings and emotions that an individual has toward something. a. cognitive b. intentional c. dissonance d. affective e. affirmative

d. Affective

____ dissonance refers to the conflict that individuals experience among their attitudes. a. Behavioral b. Intentional c. Personal d. Cognitive e. Affective

d. Cognitive Caused when an individual has conflicting attitudes

____ thinking is a skill that allows people to see differences between situations, phenomena, or events. a. Congruent b. Convergent c. Digressive d. Divergent e. Constructive

d. Divergent A skill that allows people to see similarities among situations, phenomena, or events

The final stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome is a. resistance. b. decline. c. recognition. d. exhaustion. e. acceptance.

d. Exhaustion General Adaption Syndrome: General cycle of the stress process; Stage 1 - Alarm; Stage 2 - Resistance; Stage 3 - Exhaustion

What is the major difference between the Ohio State studies and the Michigan studies of leadership? a. One is a situational approach; the other is a leader behavior approach. b. One proposes four different types of leader behaviors; the other has only two. c. One is based on the use of a decision tree; the other is not. d. One says that you can be high on both groups of leader behaviors simultaneously; the other says you cannot. e. One says that leaders can change their styles; the other says this cannot be done.

d. One says that you can be high on both groups of leader behaviors simultaneously; the other says you cannot OSU: Initiating-structure and consideration UM: Job centered and employee centered

____ is the relatively stable set of psychological and behavioral attributes that distinguish one person from another. a. Behavior b. Attitude c. Attribution d. Personality e. Motivation

d. Personality

When people use power and other resources to obtain what they want in an organization, they are said to be engaged in a. motivation. b. leadership. c. directing. d. political behavior. e. manipulation.

d. Political Behavior Activities carried out for the specific purpose of acquiring, developing, and using power and other resources to obtain one's preferred outcomes

Unions nearly always bargain for retirement packages and comprehensive medical plans. Recently, they have begun negotiating for advanced notice of plant closings. What need level from Maslow's hierarchy do these demands represent? a. Esteem b. Physiological c. Belongingness d. Security e. Self-actualization

d. Security Secure physical and emotional environment

Ana was sitting in church when she heard the words "comparison kills contentment." It changed her life. She no longer compares herself to anyone. She will no longer use a. the expectancy theory. b. the hierarchy of needs. c. Herzberg's theory. d. the equity theory. e. the human relations approach to motivation.

d. The equity theory Suggests that people are motivated to seek social equity in the rewards they receive for performance

Roles develop through which of the following role episodes? a. Sent role b. Perceived role c. Enacted role d. Expected role e. All of these choices

e. All of these choices Expected Role: What other members of the team expect the individual to do Sent Role: Translates the expected role, the messages and cues that team members use to communicate the expected role to the individual Perceived Role: What the individual perceives the sent role to mean Enacted Role: What the individual actually does in the role, influences future expectations of the team

The reinforcement theory of motivation is the basis for using a. information distortion. b. legitimate requests. c. inspirational appeals. d. personal identification. e. instrumental compliance.

e. Instrumental Compliance Based on the reinforcement theory, subordinate complies to get the reward the manager controls

When the number of H1N1 flu cases in an elementary school reached 10%, classes were postponed. The school could not meet the ____ needs of students and faculty until the flu was gone. a. psychological b. security c. belongingness d. esteem e. physiological

e. Physiological Basic issues of survival and biological function (e.g., food, sex, air, adequate wages and the work environment)

Some smokers block out negative information about the health effects of smoking because they do not want to change their behavior. They are using a. perceived reality. b. objective reality. c. stereotyping. d. negative affectivity. e. selective perception.

e. Selective perception The process of screening out information that we are uncomfortable with or that contradicts our beliefs

Organizations form ____ groups. a. functional and interest b. functional and informal c. task and interest d. interest and informal e. task and functional

e. Task and Functional Task and interest groups are formed by its own members, not the organization

Which of the following statements does NOT describe a common characteristic of people with a high need for achievement? a. They want immediate feedback. b. They assume personal responsibility. c. They set realistic goals. d. They are often preoccupied with their task. e. They make up one quarter of the U.S. population

e. They make up one quarter of the U.S. population 10% of the U.S. population, one-quarter in Japan