103 Quiz
Gene Culture
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4 types of mutations
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4 Forces of Evolution
-Mutations -Gene Flow -Genetic Drift -Natural Selection
3 Ways Humans Adapt
-genetically -physiologically (developmental, acclimatization) -culturally
Three Criteria in Natural Selection
-variation among members -heditability -differential success in surviving and reproducing
Biological Species
A group of natural populations that are interbreeding or that could interbreed, and that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
Mutation
A random change in a gene or chromosome, creating a new trait that may be advantageous deleterious, or neutral in its effects on the organism
Gene Flow
Admixture, or the exchange of alleles between two populations
Physical Anthropology
Also called biological anthropology, physical anthropology is the study of human variation both past and current
Blending Inheritance
An outdated, disreputed theory that the phenotype of an offspring was a uniform blend of the parent's phenotypes.
Gregor Mendel
Father of genetics; Experimented with pea plants; discrete physical unit was responsible for each (correct)
Particulate Inheritance
Medel; discrete particles (genes) determine phenotypes and are passed on from parents to offspring
Allele
One or more alternative forms of a gene
Uniformitarianism
Processes that occurred in the geologic past are still at work today (Lyell)
Cultural Anthropology
The Study of cultures and societies of human beings and their very recent past. Traditional cultural anthropologies study living cultures and present their observations in an ethnography
Gene
The basic unit of inheritance; a sequence of DNA on a chromosome, coded to produce a specific protein
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an organism; the combination of alleles for a given gene
Phenotype
The physical expression of the genotype; it may be influenced by the environment
Natural Selection
The process by which some organisms, with features that enable them to adapt to the environment, preferentially survive and reproduce, thereby increasing the frequency of those features in the population
Genetic Drift
The random change in allele frequency from one generation to the next, with greater effect in small populations
Linguistic Anthropology
The study of language, especially how language, especially how language is structured, evolution of language, and the social and cultural contexts for language
Archaeology
The study of past societies and their cultures, especially the martial remains of the past such as tools, food remains and places where people lived.
Law of Segregation
The two alleles for any given gene or trait are inherited one from each parent; during gamete production, only one of the two alleles will be present in each ovum or sperm
Thomas Malthus
an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence
Bergman's Rule
an animal's size is heat related; smaller bodies are adapted to hot environments, and larger bodies are adapted to cold environments
Allen's Rule
animal's limb lengths are heat-related; limbs are longer in hot environments and shorter in cold environments
Regulatory Genes
are turned on and off for protein synthesis
Evolution
change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
Artificial Selection
domestication;rapid
Macroevolution
evolution on a large scale extending over geologic era and resulting in the formation of new taxonomic groups
Microevolution
evolution on the smallest scale—a generation-to-generation change in the frequencies of alleles within a population
Lamarckism
evolution through the inheritance of acquired characteristics in which an organism can pass on features acquired during its lifetime (Lamarck)
Exogamy
exchange of genes between populations
Sexual Selection
frequency of traits that change due to the attractiveness to members of the opposite sex (reproduction) , Natural selection for mating success
Structural Genes
genes coded to produce particular products such as an enzyme or hormone, rather than for regulatory proteins
Cline
gradual change in some phenotypic characteristic from one population to the next; isolation by distance
Lactase Persistence
in adults, the continued production of lactase, the enzyme that breaks down lactose
Endogamy
inbreeding; stay within group; royalty
Hardy-Weinberg Law of Equilibrium
mathematical model in population genetics that reflect the relationship between frequencies of alleles and of genotypes; is a population undergoing evolutionary change?; P2 + 2pq + q
Anthropometry
measurement of the human body
Lewontin/Relethford Studies
most variation occurred across human population regardless of race; no taxonomic significance
Darwin
natural selection (survival of the fit enough) results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population to increase its fitness in its environment over time.
Biological Race
populations of a single species that have diverged from each other, but not to the point of speciation.
Hox Genes
present in all animals that have a backbone;;help lay out the basic body forms of many animals including humans; set up head to tail organization
Natural Selection
process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest
Jean-Baptise Lamarck
proposed that by selective use or disuse of organs, organisms acquired or lost certain traits during their lifetime. These traits could then be passed onto their offspring. Over time, this process led to change in species. His theory is wrong; giraffe example (literally stretched their necks)
Origin of Species
published by Darwin in 1859 (after 20 years of sitting on a shelf) and revealed the theories of evolution and natural selection
Polygenic Trait
refers to one phenotypic trait that is affected by two or more genes (height)
NHANES Standards
scale to measure growth
Stabilizing Selection
selection against the extremes of the phenotypic distribution
Disruptive Selection
selection for both extremes of the phenotypic distribution; may eventually lead to a speciation event
Directional Selection
selection for one allele over the other alleles, causing the allele frequencies to shift in one direction
Reproductive Fitness
the capacity to get one's genes passed on the the next generation, and the one after that (mules)
Law of Independent Assortment
the inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of other traits
Co-evolution
the mutual evolution of two different species interacting with each other; we manipulate environments to provide selection
Polymorphic
the presence of two or more separate phenotypes for a certain gene in the population
Catastrophism
volcanoes, earthquakes and floods, NOT evolutionary processes are responsible for geologic changes (Cuvier)
Charles Lyell
wrote the Doctrine of Uniformitarianism; geologist; stated physical, chemical & biological laws that operate today much the same as they operated in the past