103 Quiz

Gene Culture

*

4 types of mutations

****

4 Forces of Evolution

-Mutations -Gene Flow -Genetic Drift -Natural Selection

3 Ways Humans Adapt

-genetically -physiologically (developmental, acclimatization) -culturally

Three Criteria in Natural Selection

-variation among members -heditability -differential success in surviving and reproducing

Biological Species

A group of natural populations that are interbreeding or that could interbreed, and that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

Mutation

A random change in a gene or chromosome, creating a new trait that may be advantageous deleterious, or neutral in its effects on the organism

Gene Flow

Admixture, or the exchange of alleles between two populations

Physical Anthropology

Also called biological anthropology, physical anthropology is the study of human variation both past and current

Blending Inheritance

An outdated, disreputed theory that the phenotype of an offspring was a uniform blend of the parent's phenotypes.

Gregor Mendel

Father of genetics; Experimented with pea plants; discrete physical unit was responsible for each (correct)

Particulate Inheritance

Medel; discrete particles (genes) determine phenotypes and are passed on from parents to offspring

Allele

One or more alternative forms of a gene

Uniformitarianism

Processes that occurred in the geologic past are still at work today (Lyell)

Cultural Anthropology

The Study of cultures and societies of human beings and their very recent past. Traditional cultural anthropologies study living cultures and present their observations in an ethnography

Gene

The basic unit of inheritance; a sequence of DNA on a chromosome, coded to produce a specific protein

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism; the combination of alleles for a given gene

Phenotype

The physical expression of the genotype; it may be influenced by the environment

Natural Selection

The process by which some organisms, with features that enable them to adapt to the environment, preferentially survive and reproduce, thereby increasing the frequency of those features in the population

Genetic Drift

The random change in allele frequency from one generation to the next, with greater effect in small populations

Linguistic Anthropology

The study of language, especially how language, especially how language is structured, evolution of language, and the social and cultural contexts for language

Archaeology

The study of past societies and their cultures, especially the martial remains of the past such as tools, food remains and places where people lived.

Law of Segregation

The two alleles for any given gene or trait are inherited one from each parent; during gamete production, only one of the two alleles will be present in each ovum or sperm

Thomas Malthus

an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence

Bergman's Rule

an animal's size is heat related; smaller bodies are adapted to hot environments, and larger bodies are adapted to cold environments

Allen's Rule

animal's limb lengths are heat-related; limbs are longer in hot environments and shorter in cold environments

Regulatory Genes

are turned on and off for protein synthesis

Evolution

change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms

Artificial Selection

domestication;rapid

Macroevolution

evolution on a large scale extending over geologic era and resulting in the formation of new taxonomic groups

Microevolution

evolution on the smallest scale—a generation-to-generation change in the frequencies of alleles within a population

Lamarckism

evolution through the inheritance of acquired characteristics in which an organism can pass on features acquired during its lifetime (Lamarck)

Exogamy

exchange of genes between populations

Sexual Selection

frequency of traits that change due to the attractiveness to members of the opposite sex (reproduction) , Natural selection for mating success

Structural Genes

genes coded to produce particular products such as an enzyme or hormone, rather than for regulatory proteins

Cline

gradual change in some phenotypic characteristic from one population to the next; isolation by distance

Lactase Persistence

in adults, the continued production of lactase, the enzyme that breaks down lactose

Endogamy

inbreeding; stay within group; royalty

Hardy-Weinberg Law of Equilibrium

mathematical model in population genetics that reflect the relationship between frequencies of alleles and of genotypes; is a population undergoing evolutionary change?; P2 + 2pq + q

Anthropometry

measurement of the human body

Lewontin/Relethford Studies

most variation occurred across human population regardless of race; no taxonomic significance

Darwin

natural selection (survival of the fit enough) results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population to increase its fitness in its environment over time.

Biological Race

populations of a single species that have diverged from each other, but not to the point of speciation.

Hox Genes

present in all animals that have a backbone;;help lay out the basic body forms of many animals including humans; set up head to tail organization

Natural Selection

process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest

Jean-Baptise Lamarck

proposed that by selective use or disuse of organs, organisms acquired or lost certain traits during their lifetime. These traits could then be passed onto their offspring. Over time, this process led to change in species. His theory is wrong; giraffe example (literally stretched their necks)

Origin of Species

published by Darwin in 1859 (after 20 years of sitting on a shelf) and revealed the theories of evolution and natural selection

Polygenic Trait

refers to one phenotypic trait that is affected by two or more genes (height)

NHANES Standards

scale to measure growth

Stabilizing Selection

selection against the extremes of the phenotypic distribution

Disruptive Selection

selection for both extremes of the phenotypic distribution; may eventually lead to a speciation event

Directional Selection

selection for one allele over the other alleles, causing the allele frequencies to shift in one direction

Reproductive Fitness

the capacity to get one's genes passed on the the next generation, and the one after that (mules)

Law of Independent Assortment

the inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of other traits

Co-evolution

the mutual evolution of two different species interacting with each other; we manipulate environments to provide selection

Polymorphic

the presence of two or more separate phenotypes for a certain gene in the population

Catastrophism

volcanoes, earthquakes and floods, NOT evolutionary processes are responsible for geologic changes (Cuvier)

Charles Lyell

wrote the Doctrine of Uniformitarianism; geologist; stated physical, chemical & biological laws that operate today much the same as they operated in the past