motor learning: feedback

is absolute or relative frequency of feedback best for learning?

-absolute frequency of feedback

absolute feedback

-absolute number of times feedback is given

delay feedback

-allowing time between movement and feedback -allows the person to process intrinsic info

how does bandwidth KR facilitate learning?

-as time progresses: people become more reliant on their intrinsic feedback

visual feedback

-augmented (ex. video --> pattern of movement) -important: focus the learner on a small amount of info

how big should the bandwidth be?

-beginning: large -as time progresses: decreasing

prescriptive feedback

-better for learning -feedback that provides info for efficient correction -ex. you need to throw harder

limitations of visual feedback

-by itself, it is useless (unless cues are provided) -too much info -practitioner/coach/therapist has to be very versed in the movement and well informed about the movement

knowledge of performance is mostly informational

-critical to give info about the fundamental movement pattern -focus on specific features of the movement

instantaneous vs. delayed feedback best for learning?

-delayed feedback

types of knowledge of results

-descriptive feedback -prescriptive feedback

how is feedback a motivating factor?

-energize the individual -stimulate the individual -enjoyable

knowledge of results

-extrinsic, verbal -info about a learner's success/failure at a task (outcome)

knowledge of performance

-extrinsic, verbal -info is about the quality of the movement (biomechanics)

biofeedback

-feedback from biological processes -sometimes observable but also under unconscious control -ex. HR, BP, stomach ache

bandwidth feedback

-feedback that is given when errors exceed a certain threshold (bandwidth)

descriptive feedback

-good for more proficient learners -feedback that restates what the learner did -ex. outcome- you missed

kinetic feedback

-hard to give without equipment -form of KP -ex. "throwing too hard"; "throwing too softly"

instantaneous feedback

-immediate feedback -given immediately after movement -no time delay

average feedback

-info about average performance

2 classifications of feedback

-intrinsic feedback -extrinsic feedback

knowledge of results 2

-knowledge of results can be both performance and learning variable -performance --> can be manipulated during practice -learning --> determined via transfer trials (no feedback)

extrinsic (augmented) feedback 2

-many dimensions of augmented feedback: ---KR: knowledge of results ---KP: knowledge of performance ---concurrent (during) vs. terminal (at the end) ---immediate (right after movement) vs. delayed (with a time delay) ---verbal vs. nonverbal

extrinsic feedback is influenced by

-motivation -reinforcement -dependence

punishment

-negative -no info provides for correction

relative feedback

-percentage of times feedback is given

kinematic feedback

-position of body -speed -time -coordination -joint angles

three types of reinforcement

-positive reinforcement -negative reinforcement -punishment

positive reinforcement

-positive strengthening -increases chances of someone repeating the action

summary feedback

-provide a summary of the performance after the movements are completed -ex. 20 trials: snapshot of performance throughout the 20 trials

types of bandwidth feedback

-qualitative feedback (description language) ---ex. you missed -quantitative feedback (magnitude and direction) ---ex. you missed by 2 feet to the left

knowledge of performance (good)

-real-life movements -movement parameter info -provides the learner with a source of error correction -internal models

dependency

-reliance -beginning: increase in feedback or reinforcement is good -can become addicting --> reliance

negative reinforcement

-removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a desired positive behavior

intrinsic feedback

-sensory info from movement -info from what the learner picks up themselves (inherent)

extrinsic feedback

-sensory info from movements -info is provided by sources outside the body (augmented)

feedback

-sensory info pertaining to movement -asks the question of what was done -closed-loop theory (using feedback to learn)

reinforcement

-strengthen the experience -increases the likelihood that a person will produce the same response under the same conditions

kinetics

-study of motion with forces

kinematics

-study of pure motion without forces

intrinsic feedback 2

-subjective (picking up the feedback & error correction) -self-evaluation is important and difficult for beginners -2 sources of information (external and internal)

when is feedback available?

-usually after a movement -sometimes before a movement (feedforward) -during a movement (task-dependent: continuous)

examples of descriptive feedback

-you missed -you hit the target -you missed to the right/left

examples of prescriptive feedback

-you need to throw to the left/right -you need to throw harder