motor learning: feedback
is absolute or relative frequency of feedback best for learning?
-absolute frequency of feedback
absolute feedback
-absolute number of times feedback is given
delay feedback
-allowing time between movement and feedback -allows the person to process intrinsic info
how does bandwidth KR facilitate learning?
-as time progresses: people become more reliant on their intrinsic feedback
visual feedback
-augmented (ex. video --> pattern of movement) -important: focus the learner on a small amount of info
how big should the bandwidth be?
-beginning: large -as time progresses: decreasing
prescriptive feedback
-better for learning -feedback that provides info for efficient correction -ex. you need to throw harder
limitations of visual feedback
-by itself, it is useless (unless cues are provided) -too much info -practitioner/coach/therapist has to be very versed in the movement and well informed about the movement
knowledge of performance is mostly informational
-critical to give info about the fundamental movement pattern -focus on specific features of the movement
instantaneous vs. delayed feedback best for learning?
-delayed feedback
types of knowledge of results
-descriptive feedback -prescriptive feedback
how is feedback a motivating factor?
-energize the individual -stimulate the individual -enjoyable
knowledge of results
-extrinsic, verbal -info about a learner's success/failure at a task (outcome)
knowledge of performance
-extrinsic, verbal -info is about the quality of the movement (biomechanics)
biofeedback
-feedback from biological processes -sometimes observable but also under unconscious control -ex. HR, BP, stomach ache
bandwidth feedback
-feedback that is given when errors exceed a certain threshold (bandwidth)
descriptive feedback
-good for more proficient learners -feedback that restates what the learner did -ex. outcome- you missed
kinetic feedback
-hard to give without equipment -form of KP -ex. "throwing too hard"; "throwing too softly"
instantaneous feedback
-immediate feedback -given immediately after movement -no time delay
average feedback
-info about average performance
2 classifications of feedback
-intrinsic feedback -extrinsic feedback
knowledge of results 2
-knowledge of results can be both performance and learning variable -performance --> can be manipulated during practice -learning --> determined via transfer trials (no feedback)
extrinsic (augmented) feedback 2
-many dimensions of augmented feedback: ---KR: knowledge of results ---KP: knowledge of performance ---concurrent (during) vs. terminal (at the end) ---immediate (right after movement) vs. delayed (with a time delay) ---verbal vs. nonverbal
extrinsic feedback is influenced by
-motivation -reinforcement -dependence
punishment
-negative -no info provides for correction
relative feedback
-percentage of times feedback is given
kinematic feedback
-position of body -speed -time -coordination -joint angles
three types of reinforcement
-positive reinforcement -negative reinforcement -punishment
positive reinforcement
-positive strengthening -increases chances of someone repeating the action
summary feedback
-provide a summary of the performance after the movements are completed -ex. 20 trials: snapshot of performance throughout the 20 trials
types of bandwidth feedback
-qualitative feedback (description language) ---ex. you missed -quantitative feedback (magnitude and direction) ---ex. you missed by 2 feet to the left
knowledge of performance (good)
-real-life movements -movement parameter info -provides the learner with a source of error correction -internal models
dependency
-reliance -beginning: increase in feedback or reinforcement is good -can become addicting --> reliance
negative reinforcement
-removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a desired positive behavior
intrinsic feedback
-sensory info from movement -info from what the learner picks up themselves (inherent)
extrinsic feedback
-sensory info from movements -info is provided by sources outside the body (augmented)
feedback
-sensory info pertaining to movement -asks the question of what was done -closed-loop theory (using feedback to learn)
reinforcement
-strengthen the experience -increases the likelihood that a person will produce the same response under the same conditions
kinetics
-study of motion with forces
kinematics
-study of pure motion without forces
intrinsic feedback 2
-subjective (picking up the feedback & error correction) -self-evaluation is important and difficult for beginners -2 sources of information (external and internal)
when is feedback available?
-usually after a movement -sometimes before a movement (feedforward) -during a movement (task-dependent: continuous)
examples of descriptive feedback
-you missed -you hit the target -you missed to the right/left
examples of prescriptive feedback
-you need to throw to the left/right -you need to throw harder
