105exam2prep

Quiz 7: Unit 4. Part 3. Question 9. Watch the Unit 4 Part 3 lecture video and answer the following question: What do you call the location where new oceanic plates are create? a. A mid-ocean ridge b. A transform boundary c. A subduction zone d. A hotspot

a. A mid-ocean ridge

5.15. In Wikipedia, look up "Venus", read the intro and then scroll down to "Volcanism", and answer this question: Which of the following is not a true statement about volcanism on Venus? a. Venus has several times as many volcanoes as Earth. b. Venus' surface is 300-600 million years old (meaning that there has not been significant volcanism since that time). c. Venus is currently much more volcanically active than Earth. d. Venus has far more giant volcanos (over 100 km across) compare to Earth.

c. Venus is currently much more volcanically active than Earth.

Quiz 8: Unit 4. Part 5. Question 5. Watch the Unit 4 Part 5 lecture video and answer the following question: Which of the following is not required for a planet to generate a magnetic field (planetary dynamo)? a. An electrical conducting fluid layer b. Convection c. Rapid planet spin d. All the above are required

d. All the above are required

Quiz 9: Unit 5. Part 1. Question 6. Watch the Unit 5 Part 1 lecture video and answer the following question: What happens when a tectonic plate moves over a hotspot? a. It causes volcanism b. It causes a chain of volcanoes to be formed c. It prevents volcanism from occurring d. It initiates mid-ocean ridge spreading

b. It causes a chain of volcanoes to be formed

Quiz 12: Unit 6. Part 6. Question 8. Watch the Unit 6 Part 6 lecture video and answer the following question: How many tracked near-Earth asteroids of significant size (≥ 10 m) have a significant chance (> 1/300) of hitting the Earth in the next several hundred years? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 5

a. 0

Quiz 11: Unit 6. Part 3. Question 8. Watch the Unit 6 Part 3 lecture video and answer the following question: How far does an ejecta blanket (i.e., continuous ejecta, not crater rays) usually extend beyond a crater rim? a. 1 crater diameter b. 2 crater diameters c. 5 crater diameters d. 10 crater diameters

a. 1 crater diameter

Quiz 12: Unit 6. Part 5. Question 5. Watch the Unit 6 Part 5 lecture video and answer the following question: Why is a lot of iridium evidence of an asteroid impact? a. Because asteroids have much more iridium than normally found on Earth's surface b. Because it is only created under extremely high temperatures and pressures c. Because it is only found on the surface of the Earth after being excavated from much deeper by an asteroid impact d. All the above

a. Because asteroids have much more iridium than normally found on Earth's surface

Quiz 12: Unit 6. Part 6. Question 10. Watch the Unit 6 Part 6 lecture video and answer the following question: Which of these is not a potential strategy for changing the orbit of an asteroid on a collision course with Earth? a. Focus solar energy to create thrust from the resulting sublimation of ice b. Detonate a nuclear bomb on one side c. Land a spacecraft on it and turn on its engines to push it d. Attach a solar sail to the object

a. Focus solar energy to create thrust from the resulting sublimation of ice

Quiz 11: Unit 6. Part 2. Question 5. Watch the Unit 6 Part 2 lecture video and answer the following question: Which craters are circular, bowl-shaped depressions, that are partially filled with impact breccia? a. Simple craters b. Complex craters c. Peak-ring craters d. Multi-ring basins

a. Simple craters

Quiz 11: Unit 6. Part 1. Question 2. Watch the Unit 6 Part 1 lecture video and answer the following question: With the Earth's mass (gravity) so much larger than the Mercury's, why do asteroids hit Mercury with higher velocities? a. Because Mercury orbits faster. b. Because Mercury is much closer to the Sun. c. Because the Moon causes asteroids to slow down before impacting Earth. d. Because Mercury has a proportionally larger iron core.

b. Because Mercury is much closer to the Sun.

Quiz 12: Unit 6. Part 4. Question 2. Watch the Unit 6 Part 4 lecture video and answer the following question: Why does the Kentland Crater in Indiana not look like an impact crater? a. Because it is overlain by corn fields b. Because the top of the crater was removed by glaciation c. Because it was destroyed by mining d. Because its topography is covered by a lake

b. Because the top of the crater was removed by

Quiz 11: Unit 6. Part 2. Question 6. Watch the Unit 6 Part 2 lecture video and answer the following question: Which craters have flat floors, a central peak, and terraced rims? a. Simple craters b. Complex craters c. Peak-ring craters d. Multi-ring basins

b. Complex craters

Quiz 12: Unit 6. Part 6. Question 9. Watch the Unit 6 Part 6 lecture video and answer the following question: What is our best strategy to avoid an extinction level size asteroid from hitting the Earth? a. Destroy it b. Deflect it c. Hide form it d . There is nothing we can do

b. Deflect it

Quiz 12: Unit 6. Part 4. Question 1. Watch the Unit 6 Part 4 lecture video and answer the following question: What are there more impact craters on the Moon compared to the Earth? a. The Moon is closer to the asteroid belt. b. The Moon has no erosional processes to remove impact craters. c. The Moon gets hit by asteroids more often than the Earth. d. The Earth has a larger mass.

b. The Moon has no erosional processes to remove impact craters.

Quiz 12: Unit 6. Part 6. Question 7. Watch the Unit 6 Part 6 lecture video and answer the following question: About how many Near-Earth Asteroids (NEAs) larger than 1 km in diameter are we currently tracking? a. 10 b. 100 c. 1000 d. 5000

c. 1000

Quiz 11: Unit 6. Part 1. Question 4. Watch the Unit 6 Part 1 lecture video and answer the following question: When does a transient crater form? a. The moment of impact b. During the contact and compression stage c. At the end of the excavation stage d. At the end of the modification stage

c. At the end of the excavation stage

Quiz 12: Unit 6. Part 5. Question 6. Watch the Unit 6 Part 5 lecture video and answer the following question: How was the Chicxulub Crater found? a. From radar data b. From photos from space c. From gravity data d. From sonar data

c. From gravity data

Quiz 11: Unit 6. Part 3. Question 10. Watch the Unit 6 Part 3 lecture video and answer the following question: What does bright ejecta on the Moon mean regarding an impact crater? a. That the impact crater formed in an anomalously hotter region of the Moon b. That the impact crater is relatively old c. That the impact crater is relatively young d. That the impact crater was caused by a comet as opposed to an asteroid

c. That the impact crater is relatively young

Quiz 11: Unit 6. Part 1. Question 1. Watch the Unit 6 Part 1 lecture video and answer the following question: What does the minimum impact velocity of an asteroid depend on? a. The mass of the asteroid b. The density of the asteroid c. The escape velocity of the target planet d. There is no minimum impact velocity.

c. The escape velocity of the target planet

Quiz 11: Unit 6. Part 3. Question 9. Watch the Unit 6 Part 3 lecture video and answer the following question: Which type of impact angles lead to butterfly ejecta patterns? a. Those from straight or close to straight overhead (very steep angles: 45-90 degrees). b. Those from medium low angles (20-35 degrees). c. Those from very low angles (< 15 degrees). d. Ejecta patterns are not influenced by the angle of impact, they are always round.

c. Those from very low angles (< 15 degrees).

Quiz 12: Unit 6. Part 5. Question 4. Watch the Unit 6 Part 5 lecture video and answer the following question: What percent of species on Earth died off at the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event? a. ~25% b. ~50% c. ~75% d. ~90%

c. ~75%

Quiz 11: Unit 6. Part 1. Question 3. Watch the Unit 6 Part 1 lecture video and answer the following question: Why are impact craters generally 10-30 times bigger than the impactor itself and almost always round? a. Because impacts occur at very high speeds b. Because impacts generate a shock wave that spreads out in all directions c. Because impacts behave just like explosions d. All the above

d. All the above

Quiz 12: Unit 6. Part 4. Question 3. Watch the Unit 6 Part 4 lecture video and answer the following question: Why is shocked quartz evidence of an asteroid impact? a. Because it shows signs of being melted b. Because it is completely shattered into small grains like sand c. Because it is fragments from an asteroid d. Because it shows evidence of the passage of a shock wave

d. Because it shows evidence of the passage of a shock wave

Quiz 11: Unit 6. Part 2. Question 7. Watch the Unit 6 Part 2 lecture video and answer the following question: Which are the largest impact craters? a. Simple craters b. Complex craters c. Peak-ring craters d. Multi-ring basins

d. Multi-ring basins

Quiz 9: Unit 5. Part 2. Question 9. Watch the Unit 5 Part 2 lecture video and answer the following question: What is it called when lava flows out of a volcano unexplosively? a. An effusive eruption b. A Plinian eruption c. A vulcanian eruption d. A Strombolian eruption

a. An effusive eruption

5.5. In Wikipedia, look up "Ring of Fire" and answer this question: What is the ring of fire? a. A region around much of the rim of the Pacific Ocean where many volcanic eruptions occur. b. A ring of lava caused when a lava pours down evenly on all sides of a volcano. c. A ring-shaped ash cloud that occurs because of convection currents in the atmosphere. d. A ring of fire caused when a burning ember from a volcanic explosion ignites a grass fire.

a. A region around much of the rim of the Pacific Ocean where many volcanic eruptions occur.

Quiz 10: Unit 5. Part 5. Question 9. Watch the Unit 5 Part 5 lecture video and answer the following question: What is the evidence of cryovolcanism on Neptune's moon Triton? a. Dark streaks across its surface are nitrogen ice deposits from cryovolcanism. b. Cryovolcanoes are visible from space. c. We have recorded active cryovolcanic eruptions. d. Triton is the only large icy moon with no evidence of cryovolcanism.

a. Dark streaks across its surface are nitrogen ice

5.11. In Wikipedia, look up "Types of volcanic eruptions" and answer this question: Which is the calmest type of volcanic event? a. Hawaiian b. Strombolian c. Vulcanian d. Plinian

a. Hawaiian

4.2. In Wikipedia, look up "Earth's internal heat budget", read the intro and then scroll down to "Primordial heat", and answer this question: What is primordial heat? a. Heat from the original formation of planet. b. Heat from the Big Bang c. Heat from the Sun. d. Heat from radioactive decay.

a. Heat from the original formation of planet.

Quiz 7: Unit 4. Part 1. Question 2. Watch the Unit 4 Part 1 lecture video and answer the following question: What is meant by primordial heating? a. Heating that only occurs during planet formation b. Heating that occurs due to fusion c. Heating that originates in the core of a planet d. Heating that continues throughout the lifespan of a planet

a. Heating that only occurs during planet formation

6.8. In Wikipedia, look up "Multi-ringed basin"" and answer this question: Which of the following is a characteristic of a multi-ringed basin? a. It contains multiple concentric topographic rings. b. It is bowl shaped. c. It has a peak ring center. d. All the above are characteristics of a multi-ring basin.

a. It contains multiple concentric topographic rings.

6.12. In Wikipedia, look up "Kentland crater" and answer this question: What is unique about the Kentland impact crater? a. It is in Indiana b. It is the largest preserved impact crater on Earth c. It is the oldest recognized impact crater on Earth d. It is the impact crater that caused the extinction of the dinosaurs

a. It is in Indiana

4.12. In Wikipedia, look up "Mid-ocean ridge" and answer this question: What is a mid-ocean ridge? a. It is where seafloor spreading takes place along a divergent plate boundary. b. It is a plate boundary where the motion is predominantly horizontal. c. It is where oceanic lithosphere is recycled into the Earth's mantle at convergent boundaries. d. It is the transition between oceanic and continental lithosphere that is not an active plate margin.

a. It is where seafloor spreading takes place along a divergent plate boundary.

5.8. In Wikipedia, look up "Shield volcano" and answer this question: What is the viscosity of the lava that forms shield volcanoes? a. Low viscosity (highly fluid) b. Medium viscosity c. High viscosity (very sticky)

a. Low viscosity (highly fluid)

5.4. In Wikipedia, look up "Volcanic arc" and answer this question: In which tectonic settings is magma caused by water lowering the melting temperature of rock? a. Subduction zones b. Mid-ocean ridges c. Hot spots d. All the above

a. Subduction zones

Quiz 7: Unit 4. Part 3. Question 7. Watch the Unit 4 Part 3 lecture video and answer the following question: What do you call the strong outer layer of a planet, containing both crust and cold uppermost mantle, that comprises a tectonic plate? a. The lithosphere b. The tectonosphere c. The asthenosphere d. The mesosphere

a. The lithosphere

Quiz 10: Unit 5. Part 3. Question 2. Watch the Unit 5 Part 3 lecture video and answer the following question: How do we know that Venus was completely resurfaced by volcanism ~500 million years ago? a. The uniform distribution of impact craters b. We have dated the flows using robotic landers c. All the flows have the same chemistry d. All the volcanoes are evenly distributed

a. The uniform distribution of impact craters

Quiz 10: Unit 5. Part 4. Question 5. Watch the Unit 5 Part 4 lecture video and answer the following question: How does a Caldera form? a. When the ground collapses due to an emptying magma chamber. b. When the surface of a volcano is blown outwards by the release of underground pressure. c. When a volcanic dam breaks and empties out a lava pool at the top of a volcano. d. When an asteroid hits a volcano.

a. When the ground collapses due to an emptying magma chamber.

4.1. In Wikipedia, look up "Kelvin" and answer this question: The Kelvin scale is a temperature scale like the Celsius temperature scale (1 deg C = 1 deg K), but they are shifted from each other. Kelvin is the predominantly used for scientific purposes. What is the lowest theoretical temperature that can exist in the universe on the Kelvin scale? a. -273 K b. 0 K c. 100 K d. 273 K

b. 0 K

5.17. In Wikipedia, look up "Caldera" and answer this question: How does a volcanic caldera form? a. An explosive eruption blows out the surface of a volcano leaving a crater behind. b. A large depression in the ground results from the surface falling into an emptying magma chamber. c. Fast moving lava carves out a valley on the side of a volcano. d. An explosive eruption causes a massive landslide on the flank of a volcano powered by escaping hot gas.

b. A large depression in the ground results from the surface falling into an emptying magma chamber.

Quiz 8: Unit 4. Part 6. Question 9. Watch the Unit 4 Part 6 lecture video and answer the following question: What material layer powers the magnetic fields of Jupiter and Saturn? a. Liquid iron b. Metallic hydrogen c. Water mixed with ammonia d. Jupiter and Saturn do not have magnetic fields

b. Metallic hydrogen

4.18. In Wikipedia, look up "Magnetosphere" and answer this question: What is a magnetosphere? a. The core of a planet where a magnetic field is generated. b. A region of space surrounding an astronomical object in which charged particles are affected by that object's magnetic field. c. A spherical magnetic that only has a single magnetic pole. d. A zone of energetic charged particles, most of which originate from the solar wind, that are captured by and held around a planet by that planet's magnet field.

b. A region of space surrounding an astronomical object in which charged particles are affected by that object's magnetic field.

4.4. In Wikipedia, look up "Tidal heating" and answer this question: Tidal heating occurs when gravitational forces cause a body like a moon to deform, which creates heat. This happens whenever something is deformed due to internal friction. However, for heat to be sustained, the moon must continually deform, like an accordion being played. What kind of orbit is required in order to induce sustained tidal heating? a. A circular orbit b. An elliptical orbit c. A parabolic orbit d. A hyperbolic orbit.

b. An elliptical orbit

6.6. In Wikipedia, look up "Impact crater" and answer this question: Why are impact craters not the dominant geographic feature on Venus, Mars, Europa, Io, and Titan? a. Because these bodies have not been hit with very many asteroids or comets through their history. b. Because craters on these bodies become eroded, buried, or transformed by tectonics over time. c. Because the surfaces of these bodies are too weak to form impact craters when hit be asteroids or comets.

b. Because craters on these bodies become eroded, buried, or transformed by tectonics over time.

Quiz 10: Unit 5. Part 3. Question 4. Watch the Unit 5 Part 3 lecture video and answer the following question: How do we know that the mare basalt that fills large impact basins on the Moon are much younger than the impact basins themselves? a. By their dark color b. By having less impact craters than the surrounding regions c. Because the mare surface between impact craters is very smooth d. They are actually the same age since the impact caused the volcanism

b. By having less impact craters than the surrounding regions

4.7. In Wikipedia, look up "Convection (heat transfer)" and answer this question: How is heat transferred through convection? a. Through electromagnetic radiation b. By movement of fluids c. By microscopic collisions of particles within the body.

b. By movement of fluids

4.14. In Wikipedia, look up "Earth's internal heat budget", read the intro and then scroll down to "Heat flow and tectonic plates", and answer this question: What is the primary means with which bodies with lower internal heat, such as the Moon and Mars, get rid of their internal heat? a. Plate tectonics b. Conduction through a single lithospheric plate c. Volcanism

b. Conduction through a single lithospheric plate

4.15. In Wikipedia, look up "Mercury (planet)", read the intro and then scroll down to "Compressional features", and answer this question: What is the cause of compressional features on Mercury and the Moon? a. Plate tectonics b. Contraction of the surface due to cooling of the interior c. Volcanism

b. Contraction of the surface due to cooling of the

Quiz 7: Unit 4. Part 2. Question 6. Watch the Unit 4 Part 2 lecture video and answer the following question: The Earth's mantle is a solid (its temperature is less than its melting temperature). How does it transfer heat from the core toward the surface? a. Conduction b. Convection c. Radiative Heat Transfer

b. Convection

Quiz 9: Unit 5. Part 1. Question 2. Watch the Unit 5 Part 1 lecture video and answer the following question: Which will cause hot, but still solid, rocks to melt? a. Decreasing temperature b. Decreasing pressure c. Decreasing water content. d. None of the above

b. Decreasing pressure

Quiz 9: Unit 5. Part 1. Question 5. Watch the Unit 5 Part 1 lecture video and answer the following question: What causes hot rocks to melt at hotspots? a. An increase in temperature b. Depressurized melting c. Hydration-induced melting d. Radioactive decay

b. Depressurized melting

6.16. In Wikipedia, look up "Iridium" and answer this question: Where is iridium not found in high abundance? a. Meteorites b. Earth's crust c. The Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary d. Iridium is found in high abundance in all of the above

b. Earth's crust

6.4. In Wikipedia, look up "Impact crater", read the intro and then scroll down to "Crater formation", and answer this question: In which of the following stages of crater formation does the crater reach its maximum size (and depth), called the transient cavity? a. Contact and compression b. Excavation c. Modification and collapse

b. Excavation

5.9. In Wikipedia, look up "Tephra" and answer this question: What is Tephra? a. Lava flows made of up clinkers (porous lava rocks that clink when they make contact) b. Fragmental material (as opposed to lava) produced by a volcanic eruption c. Ash that has been fused into solid rock d. A steep conical hill of loose pyroclastic fragments

b. Fragmental material (as opposed to lava) produced by a volcanic eruption

5.14. In Wikipedia, look up "Flood basalt" and answer this question: What is a flood basalt? a. It is a flood that results when lava dams up a river. b. It is the result of a giant volcanic eruption or series of eruptions that covers large stretches of land or ocean floor with basalt lava. c. It is a type of lava that is particularly low in viscosity and thus flows like water. d. It refers to lava that comes out of fissures instead of volcanoes.

b. It is the result of a giant volcanic eruption or series of eruptions that covers large stretches of land or ocean floor with basalt lava.

4.20. In Wikipedia, look up "Jupiter", read the intro and then scroll down to "magnetosphere", and answer this question: What layer in Jupiter does its magnetic field arise from? a. Its rock and ice core b. Its liquid metallic hydrogen layer c. Its liquid hydrogen layer d. Its gaseous hydrogen layer

b. Its liquid metallic hydrogen layer

5.1. In Wikipedia, look up "Lava" and answer this question: What is the difference between lava and magma? a. The two terms have the same meaning. b. Magma is melted rock beneath the surface, lava is melted rock extruded onto the surface. c. Lava is melted rock beneath the surface, magma is melted rock extruded onto the surface. d. Lava is a specific kind of magma that has a ropy texture.

b. Magma is melted rock beneath the surface, lava is melted rock extruded onto the surface.

6.2. In Wikipedia, look up "Escape velocity" and answer this question: Assuming equal mass, which will have the higher escape velocity from its surface, a large diameter planet or a small diameter planet? (Hint: look at the equation for escape velocity(speed).) a. Larger diameter leads to higher escape velocity. b. Smaller diameter leads to higher escape velocity. c. If they have the same mass, the diameter of the planet does not matter.

b. Smaller diameter leads to higher escape velocity.

Quiz 9: Unit 5. Part 2. Question 8. Watch the Unit 5 Part 2 lecture video and answer the following question: Which kind of volcano forms by alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic flows? a. Shield volcanoes b. Stratovolcanoes c. Cinder cones d. Cryovolcanoes

b. Stratovolcanoes

Quiz 9: Unit 5. Part 1. Question 3. Watch the Unit 5 Part 1 lecture video and answer the following question: Which type of volcanism is observed to occur on the other terrestrial planets? a. Mid-ocean ridge volcanism b. Subduction zone volcanism c. Hot spot volcanism d. All of the above

b. Subduction zone volcanism

Quiz 9: Unit 5. Part 1. Question 4. Watch the Unit 5 Part 1 lecture video and answer the following question: In which type of tectonic setting is magma generated by hydration induced melting? a. Mid-ocean ridges b. Subduction zones c. Hotspots d. Transform plate boundaries

b. Subduction zones

5.13. In Wikipedia, look up "Soft drink", read the intro and then scroll down to "Carbonated drinks" and answer this question: Carbonated drinks contain dissolved carbon dioxide, mean that the carbon dioxide is in liquid form due to them being under pressure. What happens when the pressure is removed? (In case you are wondering, this process is exactly analogous to what happens to dissolved gas in magma when the pressure on the magma is reduced.) a. The carbonated drink explodes. b. The carbon dioxide is released from the solution as small bubbles. c. The temperature drops. d. The carbon dioxide disappears.

b. The carbon dioxide is released from the solution as small bubbles.

Quiz 10: Unit 5. Part 4. Question 7. Watch the Unit 5 Part 4 lecture video and answer the following question: In which part of the eruption column does ash rise because of buoyancy? a. The gas thrust region b. The convective ascent region c. The neutral density level d. The momentum-driven ascent region

b. The convective ascent region

Quiz 10: Unit 5. Part 5. Question 8. Watch the Unit 5 Part 5 lecture video and answer the following question: What is cryovolcanism? a. A volcano that erupts under water. b. The eruption of water or ices out of a volcano instead of molten rock. c. A volcano that erupts very low viscosity lava. d. A volcano that erupts lava below a layer of ice.

b. The eruption of water or ices out of a volcano instead

5.7. In Wikipedia, look up "Viscosity" and answer this question: What is viscosity a measure of? a. The surface tension of a fluid b. The resistance of a fluid to flow c. The buoyancy of a fluid d. The melting temperature of a fluid

b. The resistance of a fluid to flow

4.8. In Wikipedia, look up "Mantle (geology)" and answer this question: What is a mantle? a. A layer inside a planetary body bounded below by a core and above by a crust. b. The rigid, outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite c. The viscous, mechanically weak, and ductile region of the upper mantle.

b. The rigid, outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite

4.9. In Wikipedia, look up "Lithosphere" and answer this question: What is lithosphere? a. A layer inside a planetary body bounded below by a core and above by a crust. b. The rigid, outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite c. The viscous, mechanically weak, and ductile region of the upper mantle.

b. The rigid, outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite

4.11. In Wikipedia, look up "Mantle convection" and answer this question: What is a mantle convection? a. Volcanism caused by the melting of hot mantle material. b. The very slow creeping motion of mantle caused by convection currents carrying heat from the interior to the planet's surface. c. The motion of mantle current caused by the sinking of tectonic plates.

b. The very slow creeping motion of mantle caused by convection currents carrying heat from the interior to the planet's surface.

6.18. In Wikipedia, look up "Near-Earth object" and answer this question: Which of the following is not a correct statement about near-Earth objects? a. The object's orbit brings it to within ~1.3 au of the Sun. b. There are less than 1000 known near-Earth objects of any size c. Most near-Earth objects are asteroids d. All the above are correct statements

b. There are less than 1000 known near-Earth objects of any size

6.11. In Wikipedia, look up "Clearwater Lakes", read the intro and then scroll down to "Impact Craters" (make sure to read this entire section!) and answer this question: What which of the following is not a true statement about the two Clearwater Lakes East and West? a. They are impact craters b. They are the same age c. They are both complex craters d. All of the above are true about these lakes

b. They are the same age

6.7. In Wikipedia, look up "Complex crater" and answer this question: Which of the following is not a characteristic of a complex crater? a. They have uplifted centers. b. They have curved floors (as opposed to flat). c. They have terraced walls. d. All the above are characteristics of a complex crater

b. They have curved floors (as opposed to flat).

Quiz 7: Unit 4. Part 2. Question 5. Watch the Unit 4 Part 2 lecture video and answer the following question: How does convection transfer heat? a. Through the diffusion of vibrations b. Through the motion of buoyant volumes c. Through the emission of light

b. Through the motion of buoyant volumes

Quiz 8: Unit 4. Part 4. Question 2. Watch the Unit 4 Part 4 lecture video and answer the following question: What is a consequence of the cooling of the interiors of Mercury and the Moon? a. Volcanism b. Thrust faulting on their surfaces c. Normal faulting on their surfaces d. Subduction zones were generated

b. Thrust faulting on their surfaces

6.19. In Wikipedia, look up "Asteroid impact avoidance" and answer this question: What is the main strategy to avoid being hit by a large near-Earth object on a collision course with Earth? a. To destroy it b. To divert it so that it does not hit us c. To develop underground bunkers capable of withstanding a large impact d. There is nothing we can do except count on getting lucky

b. To divert it so that it does not hit us

Quiz 8: Unit 4. Part 5. Question 6. Watch the Unit 4 Part 5 lecture video and answer the following question: Which way will the north magnetic side of a compass point to on Earth? a. To the geographic north, since that is where Earth's magnetic north pole resides. b. To the geographic north, since that is where Earth's magnetic south pole resides. c. To the geographic south, since that is where Earth's magnetic north pole resides. d. To the geographic south, since that is where Earth's magnetic south pole resides. Question 71 / 1 point

b. To the geographic north, since that is where Earth's magnetic south pole resides. c. To the geographic south, since that is where Earth's magnetic north pole resides.

Quiz 9: Unit 5. Part 2. Question 7. Watch the Unit 5 Part 2 lecture video and answer the following question: What parameter measures the resistance of a fluid to flow?? a. Density b. Viscosity c. Resistivity d. Conductivity

b. Viscosity

4.3. In Wikipedia, look up "Earth's internal heat budget", read the intro and then scroll down to "Radiogenic heat", and answer this question: About what percent of the Earth's internal heat originates from radioactive decay? a. 10% b. 25% c. 50% d. 90%

c. 50%

Quiz 10: Unit 5. Part 4. Question 6. Watch the Unit 5 Part 4 lecture video and answer the following question: What feature on Io overloaded the infrared camera on the Galileo spacecraft. a. A caldera b. A river of lava c. A lava fountain d. Sunlight reflecting off of a lava pool

c. A lava fountain

Quiz 7: Unit 4. Part 3. Question 10. Watch the Unit 4 Part 3 lecture video and answer the following question: What do you call the location where an ocean plate dives back into the interior of the Earth? a. A mid-ocean ridge b. A transform boundary c. A subduction zone d. A hotspot

c. A subduction zone

6.3. In Wikipedia, look up "Impact crater", read the intro and then scroll down to "Crater formation", and answer this question: Why are craters nearly always round? a. Because asteroid and comets invariable strike from straight above the surface. b. Because initial contact is always a single point regardless of the impact angle. c. Because they are caused be explosions. d. They are not initially, but subsequent collapse of the crater walls during the modification stage serves to round them.

c. Because they are caused be explosions.

Quiz 8: Unit 4. Part 6. Question 8. Watch the Unit 4 Part 6 lecture video and answer the following question: Why do Mercury and Venus have weak or no magnetic fields? a. Because they do not have a liquid iron outer core b. Because their outer cores do not experience convection c. Because they have very slow spin rates d. Because they are too close to the Sun's magnetic field

c. Because they have very slow spin rates

Quiz 8: Unit 4. Part 5. Question 7. Watch the Unit 4 Part 5 lecture video and answer the following question: What protects Earth from the charged particles of the solar wind? a. The magnetic field b. The atmosphere c. Both the magnetic field and the atmosphere d. Neither the magnetic field nor the atmosphere

c. Both the magnetic field and the atmosphere

5.10. In Wikipedia, look up "Stratovolcano" and answer this question: How do stratovolcanoes formed? a. By successive lava flows b. By successive piles tephra c. By alternate lava flows and tephra d. By the collapse of the magma chamber

c. By alternate lava flows and tephra

4.6. In Wikipedia, look up "Thermal conduction" and answer this question: How is heat transferred though conduction? a. Through electromagnetic radiation b. By movement of fluids c. By microscopic collisions of particles within the body.

c. By microscopic collisions of particles within the body.

Quiz 10: Unit 5. Part 5. Question 10. Watch the Unit 5 Part 5 lecture video and answer the following question: What is the easiest way to sample the subsurface ocean of Enceladus? a. By flying through the eruption column of a cryovolcano on its surface b. By sending a submersible beneath the moon's icy crust c. By sampling Saturn's E-ring d. Enceladus does not have a subsurface ocean

c. By sampling Saturn's E-ring

Quiz 7: Unit 4. Part 1. Question 3. Watch the Unit 4 Part 1 lecture video and answer the following question: What is the source of heating from radioactive decay? a. Mass loss is converted into energy b. The breaking of atomic bonds c. Collisions of emitted particles d. Spontaneous combustion

c. Collisions of emitted particles

5.3. In Wikipedia, look up "Magma", read the intro and then scroll down to "Effects of water and carbon dioxide", and answer this question: What does the addition of water to hot rocks in the mantle cause? a. It causes their temperature to decrease b. It causes their temperature to increase c. It causes their melting (solidus) temperature to decrease d. It causes their melting (solidus) temperature to increase

c. It causes their melting (solidus) temperature to decrease

6.9. In Wikipedia, look up "Ejecta blanket"" and answer this question: What is an ejecta blanket? a. It is a layer of fine dust and broken rock from multiple impacts that covers the entire surface of an airless body. b. It is a layer of melted rock from the heat of impact that covers a crater floor. c. It is a generally symmetrical apron of ejecta that surrounds an impact crater. d. It is a mass of broken rock that covers a crater floor after impact.

c. It is a generally symmetrical apron of ejecta that surrounds an impact crater.

5.16. In Wikipedia, look up "Olympus Mons" and answer this question: Which of the following is not a true statement about Olympus Mons? a. It is almost 22 km in height (two and a half times that of Mt. Everest) b. It is the largest and tallest volcano in the Solar System. c. It is currently erupting. d. It is a shield volcano.

c. It is currently erupting.

Quiz 8: Unit 4. Part 4. Question 4. Watch the Unit 4 Part 4 lecture video and answer the following question: Which is not a plausible explanation of why Venus does not experience plate tectonics like Earth? a. It is too hot b. It is too dry c. It is smaller than Earth d. All the above

c. It is smaller than Earth

6.1. In Wikipedia, look up "Escape velocity" and answer this question: What is an escape velocity? a. It is the minimum horizontal speed needed to gain orbit around a primary body. b. It is the maximum speed that can be achieved through an atmosphere without burning up due to frictional forces. c. It is the minimum speed needed for an object to escape from the gravitational influence of a primary body. d. It is the minimum velocity required for a rocket to reach the Moon.

c. It is the minimum speed needed for an object to escape from the gravitational influence of a primary body.

4.13. In Wikipedia, look up "Subduction" and answer this question: What is a subduction? a. It is where seafloor spreading takes place along a divergent plate boundary. b. It is a plate boundary where the motion is predominantly horizontal. c. It is where oceanic lithosphere is recycled into the Earth's mantle at convergent boundaries. d. It is the transition between oceanic and continental lithosphere that is not an active plate margin.

c. It is where oceanic lithosphere is recycled into the Earth's mantle at convergent boundaries.

Quiz 8: Unit 4. Part 4. Question 1. Watch the Unit 4 Part 4 lecture video and answer the following question: Which of the following processes might a single plate planet still experience? a. Mid-ocean ridges b. Subduction zones c. Mantle convection d. A single plate planet will not have any of the above processes

c. Mantle convection

Quiz 8: Unit 4. Part 4. Question 3. Watch the Unit 4 Part 4 lecture video and answer the following question: What is a consequence of the cooling of Pluto's subsurface ocean? a. Volcanism b. Thrust faulting on its surface c. Normal faulting on its surface d. Subduction zones were generated

c. Normal faulting on its surface

Quiz 7: Unit 4. Part 2. Question 4. Watch the Unit 4 Part 2 lecture video and answer the following question: What is the only means by which a body can shed its heat to space? a. Conduction b. Convection c. Radiative heat transfer d. Volcanism

c. Radiative heat transfer

6.10. In Wikipedia, look up "Space weathering"" and answer this question: Space weathering occurs to the surface of bodies without atmospheres that are exposed to the harsh environment of outer space. Which of the following in not a space weathering process? a. Collisions of cosmic rays b. Irradiation from the solar wind c. Rain d. Bombardment by micrometeorites

c. Rain

Quiz 9: Unit 5. Part 1. Question 1. Watch the Unit 5 Part 1 lecture video and answer the following question: Which of the following is not true? a. Earthquakes can cause volcanic eruptions b. Volcanism can rapidly heat bodies of water c. Tectonic plates float on an ocean of molten rock d. All the above

c. Tectonic plates float on an ocean of molten rock

Quiz 7: Unit 4. Part 3. Question 8. Watch the Unit 4 Part 3 lecture video and answer the following question: What do you call the warm, weak region that flows like a viscous fluid and enables tectonic plates to be mobile? a. The lithosphere b. The tectonosphere c. The asthenosphere d. The mesosphere

c. The asthenosphere

4.17. In Wikipedia, look up "Earth's magnetic field" and answer this question: In what layer is Earth's magnetic field generated? a. The crust b. The mantle c. The liquid outer core d. The solid inner core

c. The liquid outer core

4.10. In Wikipedia, look up "Asthenosphere" and answer this question: What is asthenosphere? a. A layer inside a planetary body bounded below by a core and above by a crust. b. The rigid, outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite c. The viscous, mechanically weak, and ductile region of the upper mantle.

c. The viscous, mechanically weak, and ductile region of the upper mantle.

6.14. In Wikipedia, look up "Shocked quartz", read the intro and then scroll down to "Discovery", and answer this question: Where is a shocked quartz not found? a. At nuclear weapons testing sites b. Inside impact craters c. Volcanic craters d. Shocked quartz is found at all of the above locations

c. Volcanic craters

4.5. In Wikipedia, look up "Earth's internal heat budget", read the intro and then scroll down to "Heat flow and tectonic plates", and answer this question: What is the primary means with which bodies with high internal heat, such as Io, get rid of their internal heat? a. Plate tectonics b. Conduction through a single lithospheric plate c. Volcanism

c. Volcanism

Quiz 8: Unit 4. Part 6. Question 10. Watch the Unit 4 Part 6 lecture video and answer the following question: What material layer powers the magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune? a. Liquid iron b. Metallic hydrogen c. Water mixed with ammonia d. Uranus and Neptune do not have magnetic fields

c. Water mixed with ammonia

5.2. In Wikipedia, look up "Magma", read the intro and then scroll down to "Decompression", and answer this question: What is decompression melting? a. When adding water to rocks lowers their melting temperature b. When increasing the temperature of rocks leads to melting c. When decreasing the pressure on rocks lowers their melting temperature d. All the above

c. When decreasing the pressure on rocks lowers their melting temperature

6.13. In Wikipedia, look up "Shatter cone" and answer this question: What is a shatter cone? a. A type of impact crater where the central peak is shaped like a cone. b. A type of crater where the crater floor is conical instead of bowl shaped. c. It describes the fact that fractures occur at deeper depths below an impact crater then to the sides. d. A conical shaped fracture of rock indicative of the passage of a shock wave due to an impact.

d. A conical shaped fracture of rock indicative of the passage of a shock wave due to an impact.

5.19. In Wikipedia, look up "Cryovolcano" and answer this question: What is a cryovolcano? a. A volcano that occurs on a moon as opposed to a planet. b. A volcano with no topography that occurs on planets where the lava is very fluid. c. Am impact crater covered by a volcanic flow that leaves behind a ghost impression of the buried crater. d. A type of volcano that erupts volatiles such as water, ammonia, or methane instead of melted rock.

d. A type of volcano that erupts volatiles such as water, ammonia, or methane instead of melted rock.

Quiz 10: Unit 5. Part 3. Question 3. Watch the Unit 5 Part 3 lecture video and answer the following question: In comparison to Hawaii (Mauna Kea), Olympus Mons on Mars is a much bigger hot spot volcano. Which of the following helps volcanoes grow larger on Mars? a. Gravity on Mars is 1/3 that of Earth's b. Mars does not have plate tectonics c. Mars does not have significant erosion processes d. All of the above

d. All of the above

6.15. In Wikipedia, look up "Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event" and answer this question: Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event? a. It was a sudden mass extinction of three-quarters of the plant and animal species (including the dinosaurs) on Earth approximately 66 million years ago. b. It is marked by a thin layer of sediment called the K-Pg boundary, which can be found throughout the world in marine and terrestrial rocks. c. It was thought to have been caused by the impact of a massive comet or asteroid 10 to 15 km in diameter which devastated the global environment. d. All the above

d. All the above

6.17. In Wikipedia, look up "Chicxulub crater" and answer this question: The Chicxulub impact is thought to be responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs. What is the evidence that the Chicxulub crater was due to an asteroid impact? a. It contains an abundance of iridium b. It contains an abundance of shocked quartz c. It has the shape of an impact crater included a peak ring. d. All the above

d. All the above

Quiz 7: Unit 4. Part 1. Question 1. Watch the Unit 4 Part 1 lecture video and answer the following question: What happens when an object a moving object hits something and is suddenly stopped? a. It deforms b. Its atoms vibrate faster c. It heats up d. All the above

d. All the above

5.20. In Wikipedia, look up "Enceladus" and answer this question: Which of the following statements about Enceladus is not accurate? a. It has more than 100 geysers that erupt water vapor. b. Some of the erupting water vapor escapes and supplies most of the material making up Saturn's E ring. c. Enceladus is thought to have a subsurface ocean. d. All the above are accurate statements.

d. All the above are accurate statements.

6.5. In Wikipedia, look up "Impact crater" and answer this question: Which of the following is not a characteristic of impact craters? a. They are approximately circular depression in the surface of a planet, moon, or other solid body. b. They typically have raised rims and floors that are lower in elevation than the surrounding terrain. c. They range from small, simple, bowl-shaped depressions to large, complex, multi-ringed impact basins. d. All the above are characteristics of impact craters.

d. All the above are characteristics of impact craters.

5.18. In Wikipedia, look up "Eruption column", read the intro and then scroll down to "Structure", and answer this question: An explosive volcanic eruption creates a rising column of material that evolves due to several processes. Which of the following is not one of those processes? a. Material is violently forced upward out of the crater by the pressure of rapidly expanding gases. b. Convection carries hot, buoyant material to higher altitudes. c. When the rises column cools sufficiently to no longer be buoyant, it ceases to rise and instead spreads out into what is called the umbrella region. d. All the above are components of an eruption column.

d. All the above are components of an eruption column.

5.6. In Wikipedia, look up "Hotspot (geology)" and answer this question: Why do hot spots lead to a chain of volcanoes? a. Because hot spots are constantly moving b. Because hot spot lava generally flows in one direction c. Because hot spot magma chambers form as a long line d. Because tectonics plates move over stationary hot spots

d. Because tectonics plates move over stationary hot spots

Quiz 10: Unit 5. Part 3. Question 1. Watch the Unit 5 Part 3 lecture video and answer the following question: Why are Mercury, Venus, and Mars covered by giant flood basalt while the Earth is not? a. Because they are hotter inside than the Earth b. Because they have more shield volcanoes c. Because they do not have magnetic fields d. Because they do not have plate tectonics to shed interior heat

d. Because they do not have plate tectonics to shed interior heat

5.12. In Wikipedia, look up "Types of volcanic eruptions" and answer this question: Which is the most explosive type of volcanic eruption? a. Hawaiian b. Strombolian c. Vulcanian d. Plinian

d. Plinian

4.16. In Wikipedia, look up "Dynamo theory" and answer this question: What is a dynamo? a. The process by which protoplanetary discs heat up due to friction between colliding dust particles. b. The process by which compression due to gravitational forces causes internal heating of large bodies. c. The process by which colliding planetesimals induces newly formed planets and moons to be hot inside. d. The process through which a rotating, convecting, and electrically conducting fluid can maintain a magnetic field over astronomical time scales.

d. The process through which a rotating, convecting, and electrically conducting fluid can maintain a magnetic field over astronomical time scales.

6.20. In Wikipedia, look up "Double Asteroid Redirection Test" and answer this question: What was the objective of the Double Asteroid Redirection Test? a. To use an oil rig drilling crew to plant a nuclear device to split an Earth-bound asteroid in two such that both halves miss the Earth to either side by 400 km (oh wait, that is the solution used in the movie Armageddon). b. To use a nuclear device to blow up an Earth-bound comet into small enough pieces that they burn up in our atmosphere (oh wait, that is the solution in the movie Deep Impact). c. To drop a nuclear device (hand-held no less) into a volcano to cause a chain reaction of M16+ earthquakes (which itself would break the planet) that changes the angular inertia of the Earth, thus causing it to move out of the way of an incoming asteroid (oh wait, that is the solution used in the movie Asteroid vs Earth - seriously!). d. To deliberately crash a space probe into the asteroid moon Dimorphos to assess the future potential of a spacecraft impact to deflect an asteroid on a collision course with Earth.

d. To deliberately crash a space probe into the asteroid moon Dimorphos to assess the future potential of a spacecraft impact to deflect an asteroid on a collision course with Earth.

Quiz 9: Unit 5. Part 2. Question 10. Watch the Unit 5 Part 2 lecture video and answer the following question: Which combination of magma viscosity and gas content is most likely to lead to explosive volcanic eruptions? a. low viscosity, low gas content b. low viscosity, high gas content c. high viscosity, low gas content d. high viscosity, high gas content

d. high viscosity, high gas content

4.19. In Wikipedia, look up "Aurora", read the intro and then scroll down to "Atmosphere", and answer this question: True or false: The northern and southern lights are caused by emission of photons in Earth's upper atmosphere from ionized (excited) nitrogen and oxygen atoms caused by the solar wind. True False

true