11 History: FINALS

How did urban modernists tend to view rural traditionalists?

"Behind the times"

Allied Powers

-Britain -France -US -Russia

Axis Powers

-Germany -Italy -Japan -Austria

Richard Nixon

-Republic -Current vice president -Steady, dependable, tough

Woodrow Wilson's 14 points

-Wilson's plan for peace in Europe... suggested changes to free trade, disarmament, and self-determination (people should be able to determine nationality) -Establishment of League of Nations -European nations rejected all of Wilson's ideas, but agreed to set up League of Nations, which ended up becoming part of Treaty of Versailles -Congress refused to ratify the treaty because they opposed League of nations

How many Koreans died in the Korean War?

1.6 million

Appeasement

Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict

According to LaFollette, how much do the American people support the war?

American people do not support the war

Television

Broadcasted protests and showed racism to country

Operation Rolling Thunder

Campaign of limited bombing against selected targets in North Vietnam

1959

Cuba became a Communist country led by Fidel Castro

What role did race play in US interest in Cuban affairs, once the Spanish would be kicked out?

Cuba had a mix of black and white people. It was thought that if the rebels won, Cuba would become "another black republic"

Black Tuesday

Day the stock market crashed, share prices collapsed

Economic

Dealing with the production, consumption, and transfer of wealth

Option 2 in Vietnam Simulation

Escalate Slowly and Control risks

Rough Riders

First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry under the leadership of Theodore Roosevelt

4th Amendment

Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures

Tammany Hall's purpose?

Help city's poor immigrants by introducing them to American society

Red Scare

Intense fear of communism and other politically radical ideas

March 15, 1965

LBJ outlines plan for Voting Rights Act

Stamp Act requires official stamp for what?

Legal documents, newspapers, and pamphlets

1969

My Lai Massacre: US troops brutally attack innocent Vietnamese

When was Diem assassinated?

Nov 1, 1963

Federalism

Powers shared between national and state government

18th amendment

Prohibition of alcohol

Why is economic growth important in uderstanding Postwar society?

Shows role of different key factors that help nation progress out of WW2

What did native-born Americans fear about Irish immigrants?

That Irish were aggressive

Option 4 in Vietnam Simulation

U.S. should pull out from Vietnam war RIGHT NOW

Perception of South in Presidential plan

Wanted to restore Southern states to their proper relationship with Union

One of the cities the KKK marched on?

Washington DC on 1925

Mass media

Way of spreading something quickly to a wide spread of people

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

White supremacist group established in 1866 that opposed Reconstruction and rights for Freedmen

Jane Addams

the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes

Promontory Point 1869

the nation's first transcontinental railway where Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads join at Promontory Point, Utah in 1869

Industrialization

the process of developing machine production of goods

Anthem of Civil Rights Movement

"We shall overcome"

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Describe the climate and Geography of Middle Colony. How did the region use the resources it had to make money?

**Middle Colony: NY, NJ, Pennsylvania, Delaware **Longer growing season than New England, rich and fertile soil --> cash crops, rolling hills and fields **Made money by selling grain and livestock

Three-Fifths Compromise

**the agreement between northern and southern states by which the number of each state's representatives in Congress would be based on a count of all the free people plus three-fifths of the slaves **three-fifths of the slave population would be counted for determining direct taxation and representation in the House of Representatives

Franklin D. Roosevelt

- Democrat - Put together "Brain Trust" - Involved with Fireside Chats - Had idea of Relief, Recovery, Reform -Allowed "good trusts" to survive but not bad ones -Wanted to control land while also preserving it -Started New Deal programs to deal with unemployment and poverty

New Deal

- Supply the unemployed with jobs, which helps them ease the burden of debt - Unfair to African Americans because they have lower wages, not guaranteed mortgages, get kicked off land, lynching happens, and segregated camps exist - Warm, nourishing meals are served to the children, helping them grow into useful, healthy citizens - Indians run a trading post, tourist camp, have a successful livestock cooperative, and a fishing business - World was still depressed with poor children and widows (however, this is only 3 years after the new deal took affect)

Herbert Hoover

- Took credit for economy - Supported "rugged individualism" - Initial reluctance for Federal Assistance

Baby Boom and Housing

-1 baby every 7 seconds -3,000 acres a day for housing -Building 1 house every 16 minutes

Homestead Act

-1862 -Allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30 -public land given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm... however, the land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation -Union leaders were willing to give in to all of Frick's terms except elimination of union

Little Big Horn

-1876 -General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse -most successful action fought by the American Indians against the United States Army in the West

Dawes Act

-1887 -Broke up reservation land into individual family farming plots.. unused land sold to whites -act failed: some lands was unsuitable for farming, some American Indians didn't adopt farming, some American Indians sold their plots to whites and others were angry that land was given away -Head of family will receive 160 acres -Native Americans had 4 years to select land or it would be selected for them

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

-1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States -law to limit trusts and big business

18th Amendment

-1919: Prohibition of alcohol -Liquor sold in secret

Kansas

-1950: Allowed local school boards to segregate schools based on race, even though it wasn't required -Topeka, Kansas chose to segregate its elementary schools by race

March on Washington

-200,000 protesters showed up -Considered a model for Peaceful Protest -Martin Luther King Jr. gave his "I have a Dream" speech -Made movement into bigger movement -Both whites and blacks -Determined to "be free"

The Harlem Renaissance

-6 million African Americans moved from South to Northern Cities -Movement for black pride -First literary and artistic movement in African American history -Literature, arts, music, and history were main ideas -New black newspapers and magazines appeared -Growing racial consciousness -First permanent Negro historical association was founded -Sought to recover links with African and folk traditions

Nixon vs. Kennedy Debate

-70 million people watching on TV -Kennedy looks confident and well rested -Nixon seems to be baffled after Kennedy speaks -Nixon was recovering from a serious knee injury, so he was underweight and sweating -Nixon mentioned past achievements a lot -Nixon stutters and stammers -Kennedy points out the bad part of Republicans (opposed federal aid for education, medical care for elderly, etc)

Bessemer Process

-A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities -Associated most with Andrew Carnegie

Who supported the South anti-communists in Vietnam?

-ARVN: Army of Republic of Vietnam -US military

How did adults respond to changes in youth culture?

-Adults thought their behavior was immoral and reckless -Traditionalists removed "immoral" books from libraries, pressured filmmakers for less sexual content, and passed laws to discourage women from wearing short skirts and swimsuits

Black Power Movement

-Advocated racial pride -Self sufficiency

Oliver Brown

-African American who's daughter was refused registration into a white school (the white school was close to their house, while the black school was far) -Contacted NAACP (civil rights organization) and agreed to let his case to be used to test the constitutionality of segregation in education (NAACP agreed that segregation of schools violated 14th amendment) -Court overturned precedent that was already in existence, and created a new precedent that would end Jim Crow laws

Rural and Urban Poverty

-After WW2, African Americans and other nonwhite minorities moved from rural areas to cities for better economic opportunities -Middle class white families moved to suburbs, which was bad because the middle class paid a large share of taxes -Conditions worsened and crime increased in inner city -Federal, State, and local govs devloped urban renewal projects, but they backfired -Federal goc constructed public housing but led to more poverty

Describe Lewis' tone in original speech

-Aggressive... seems frustrated and passionate -White audiences wouldn't be too happy if the original speech was the actual one spoken -Attacks the South

Clarence Darrow

-Agrees to be the lead defense attorney (defended John Scopes) -Pro evolution

William Jennings Bryan

-Agrees to be the lead prosecuting attorney -Anti evolution

Appliances and new technology (7)

-Aircons -Electric Washing machines -Aircraft -Dryers -Refrigerators -Ranges -TV

Why was MILITARY a main cause of Imperialism?

-Alfred T. Mahan wanted a strong navy -U.S. wanted to build and modernize navy -U.S. had 3rd largest navy by 1900

MLK Jr.'s thoughts on integration

-All men are equal -Whites and blacks should work together

Planning the D-Day attack

-Americans, British, and Canadians had greatest involvement -Allied deceived through radio signals (Germany believed the attack would be in Calais)

Franz/Francis Ferdinand

-Assassinated in Sarajevo -Heir to Austro Hungarian throne

Cuban Missile Crisis

-August 1962 -People discovered that Soviets were building nuclear weapons -Strengthened the USSR -JFK went on tv, approved naval blockade which prevented Soviets from completing bases -Behind the scenes: US would remove missiles in Turkey and Italy if Soviets removed missiles from Cuba

Response to Assasination

-Austrian government was furious and blamed Serbian gov for not controlling groups like Black Hand -July 5: Austrian ambassador met with Kaiser (leader) of Germany and the ambassador got a promise of full support -July 23: Austrian leaders demanded apologies from Serbia -July 24: Serbia sought help from Russia and received promise of support if Austria were to attack -July 28: Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia -After: Russia declared war on Austria Hungary, Germany declared war on Russia, France declared war on Germany and Austria Hungary, Britain joined France and Russia, then BOOM! Europe was at war

Why did many Americans oppose the Vietnam war?

-Because of the devastation and violence of the war... Americans believed that everyone should stop fighting and simply make up -The Americans themselves don't have freedom, so why should they help Vietnam gain their independence, especially by sending their own troops to fight and die

WEB Dubois

-Believed only strategy against segregation was agitation -Wants African Americans and Americans to keep fighting for voting and education, while Booker T. Washington wants them to be friendly and stop fighting -Verbally attacked President Wilson

Exodusters

-Benefits: Spread awareness, bring people together, more freedom, more better life... plenty of land, job, plenty of supplies available, nicer people, education for children, more religion -Costs: Fighting for homes/property

3 Opportunities in Northern Areas

-Better education -Better pay -Job opportunities

In MLK's "Beyond Vietnam" speech, which 3 groups does he say were hurt by the war and why?

-Black young men that were sent to fight and die for liberation in America even though they themselves are not free -Angry and desperate young men hurt by war -Americans: homes were destroyed, culture was undermined, land was wasted

Methods of Assimilation

-Boarding schools: Education American Indian children in white values and cultures, stripped away of Indian characteristics -Dawes Act: Broke up reservation land into individual family farming plots; unused land sold to whites (act FAILED) -Missionaries: Spread Christianity to Indian reservations -Killing Buffalo: Railroads used by eastern whites to hunt thousands of buffalo; force Indians to farm and be more like the White Americans; deprived Indian's source of main food

Muhammad Ali

-Born Cassius Clay -Boxing champion -Outspoken about many political issues -Opposed the Vietnam War because he doesn't want to go against his own beliefs -Drafted by U.S. military in 1966 and called for induction in 1967, but during the induction, he refused to answer to his name or take the oath, leading to his arrest and conviction

Compromise of 1850

-California admitted as free state to please Northerners -New fugitive slave law would be passed by Congress to help slave owners get their runaway slaves back

How did cars and mass media aid the "youth rebellion"?

-Cars helped kids escape elders' supervision -Mass media (magazines and movies) spread images of a fun and good life

Hooverville

-City/town built by unemployed and homeless people during the Great Depression that is made of lumber and tin -the "houses" vary in size (some are very tiny but others have 5 rooms) -no gas or electricity or running water -Kerosene oil lamps are used for lights -Wood is used to cook and heat with -Men that live there bu walk through alleys of Seattle with pushcarts and collect materials, like paper...Men with rowboats fish in the Elliott Bay -Women and children aren't allowed to live there, so middle aged men live there -Every race can be found there

Social Darwinism

-Claims that Charles Darwin's ideas of natural selection a.k.a. survival of the fittest should be applied to the marketplace and that those individuals and businesses who have the wealth should be allowed to thrive and everyone will benefit from the success of the wealthy/successful businesses and the weeding out of the unfit -Some human beings were superior than others and should perform better in society

Watts Riots

-Continued frustration about discrimination and poverty -Violence, looting, and arson

Describe Emmett Till's trial

-Court room was segregated -Trial took 5 hot days -Roy and J.W. Milam confessed to a reporter -One person was suspected during the trial, and it took an hour to prove him not guilty -Roy and J.W. Milam were found not guilty

Congressional Plan: Aid for Freed Slaves(3)

-Created Freedmen's Bureau, providing welfare and education to former slaves -Provided troops to protect black voting rights -No permanent land distribution

How did Levittown change American life?

-Created sense of community and unity -Everyone helped each other out, by activities like babysitting, driving someone somewhere, and etc.

John F. Kennedy

-Democrat -Young, charismatic -Senator from MA -"the question is whether the world will exist half slave or half free" -"I'm not satisfied when..."

MLK Jr.'s thoughts on violence

-Doesn't establish truth -Increases hate -Leads nowhere -Doesn't solve problems

Malcolm X' thoughts on violence

-Doesn't prefer violence -Only blacks are asked to be nonviolent -People should protect themselves in any way

Consumerism

-Economic state based on people buying lots of consumer goods -Median family income rose

Carlisle Boarding School

-Educated American Indian children in white values and cultures -Stripped away characteristics of American Indian identity by getting new names, clothes, hair cut, being forbidden to speak native language

Highway system

-Eisenhower saw need for change -Became biggest project -Built with manual labor -200,000 miles of track -Can connect cities in a new way -Gave people freedom -Efficient -Eased commutes from suburbs to cities -Boosted travel and vacation industries

Results of D-Day

-Eisenhower would take "full responsibility if attack failed" -425,000 casualties in Battle of Normandy -Attack allowed Allied forces to liberate France and move to Berlin

The Rise of the KKK

-Encouraged morality -Opposed to blacks, Jews, and more - 200 people were lynched by the klan -Heavily involved in politics

Three Colonial Regions

-England's Southern Colonies: Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia -The New England Colonies: Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire -The Middle Colonies: New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware

"Duck and Cover" strategy

-Everyone needed to be alert and prepared for an atomic bomb -Army needed to be on top of their jobs since they were the ones who were in charge of warning people when there was a bomb about to explode -Every possible attack needed to be taken seriously

Social Response to Cold War

-FCDA -Duck and Cover -Underground bunkers (supplies, shelter)

Triple Entente

-France, Russia, and Great Britain -formed by interlocking alliances between 1904 and 1907 -developed from the Franco-Russian Alliance (1894) formed to counterbalance the threat posed by the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria, and Italy

How/why did the Civil Rights Movement change after 1965?

-Gained national support -More media coverage -Racism continued on

Platt Amendment

-Gave US the right to intervene in Cuba's Political/Economic affairs, so Cuba had to change constitution

John D. Rockefeller

-Gave a bunch of money to large organizations, such as Education Board, medical research institutes, universities, and baptist home mission societies -Transformed New York into the financial, commercial, corporate, social, and cultural nerve center of the nation -Took over other people's oil businesses -Faithful baptist, gave to the poor, visited the sick -built his own oil lines and blocked other pipe lines -first business involving oil was a success

Black Hand- Gavrilo Princip

-Gavrilo Princip: one of Serbian assassins, unmarried, unemployed, afflicted with tuberculosis, shot and killed Archduke and his wife -Assassination set off a chain of events

2 leaders of WW2

-General Dwight Eisenhower: Supreme general of ALL allied forces -Erwin Rommel: In charge of German defenses

Thomas Nast

-German immigrant who began career illustrating newspapers moving to political cartoons -Embodied American Dream

Freedom Rides

-Group of whites and blacks set out from Washington DC to Jackson Mississippi -Success because it compelled government to act

Exposure to Living Outside South (4)

-Growth of organizations to promote equality -Increase in educated African Americans -Awareness of social problems -Communication

exposure to Living Outside South (4)

-Growth of organizations to promote equality -Increase in educated African Americans -Awareness of social problems -Communication

Process of creating the constitution

-Had to be ratified by 9 of 13 states to become law (Took 2 years for all 13 states to ratify the New Constitution) -James Madison and Alexander Hamilton wrote essays to persuade people to ratify

How did Jacob Riis expose the slums of New York? Who did he show this to? What new technology allowed him to do this?

-He revealed the horrible conditions they were living in -Showed the pictures to Americans -New technology: Flash powder was used to take pictures of streets, people, and tenement apartments he encountered

In what ways did Eisenhower change the economy in 1950s?

-Helped economy boom by low taxes, balanced spending, etc. -When nation faced recession, they used federal deficit to stimulate economy back into surplus

4 pull factors of moving to city

-High wages -Freedom to explore thinking -Could meet people from different cultures -Entertainment(movies, museums, concerts)

Atlantic Wall

-Hitler mounted defenses across the western European sea coast -Started building in 1942 -Made it difficult for Allied forces to land in occupied territories -Hitler ordered fortified garrisons to "fight until the end"

What was the impact of new immigration in the late 19th century? How did it transform the nation? (3 specific details)

-Immigrants came in large groups, looking for opportunities and/or freedom... *Original workers may have been kicked out and lost their jobs *Immigrants moved in to places like California looking for job opportunities, and the wages were lowered because of the popularity of jobs

Why did the murder of Emmett Till help start the Civil Rights Movement?

-Introduced Southern racism and opened people's eyes to it -People knew this was wrong and started to fight for change -Emmett's death was publicized, so everyone knew about it

Relief, Recovery, Reform

-Introduced by Franklin Roosevelt -Three components of the New Deal -"R" was the effort to help the one-third of the population that was hardest hit by the depression, & included social security and unemployment insurance - Second "R" was the effort in numerous programs to restore the economy to normal health -Third "R" let government intervention stabilize the economy by balancing the interests of farmers, business and labor

Jacob Riis's "How the Other Half Lives"

-Italians are at bottom of pyramid, but still can afford to have cooked meals and clean clothes -Chinese immigrants are secretive and seclusive -Jewish people are hard working

Pearl Harbor Attack

-Japan attacks Pearl Harbor in Hawaii -Over 350 Japanese war planes from 6 aircraft carriers bombed US ships at Pearl Harbor -Attack lasted 90 minutes -8 U.S. battleships were damaged -4 of battleships sunk -300 U.S. planes had been destroyed or damaged -Over 2,400 U.S. military personnel had been killed and 1,282 had been injured

Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?

-Japan wanted to convince the US and Britain to enter into an agreement to keep the territory Japan has gained in Asia -Japan didn't want America to interfere in their invasion of Dutch East Indies for oil

Space and Moon Landing

-John F Kennedy said he would get to the moon soon -Lots of fuel/oil -Trees were now planted on the moon -24 Americans reached the moon -Moon landing is America's scientific project

Berlin Crisis

-Kennedy asked Congress to increase military spending -Khrushchev ordered the construction of Berlin Wall, which divided East and West Berlin

Results of Cuban Missile Crisis

-Khrushchev lost power and prestige... politicians wanted Soviet Union to take a stronger stance -Kennedy was seen as a calculated leader (remained calm) -Installed "hot line" between Moscow and Washington DC -1963 nuclear test ban treaty (no above ground testing)

Nixon's Plan for Vietnam

-Launches massive bombing campaign on Cambodia and Laos targeting North's bases -1973: Cease-Fire achieved

Why is Levittown important in understanding Postwar society?

-Levittown gave those people in need of a home the place to stay -People started wanting money, a house, and a family

Reasons for economic growth in 1950s America

-Low tax -Balanced budgets -Public spending

Landing on D-Day

-Major landings: Sword, Juno, Gold, Omaha, Utah -Omaha Beach had greatest resistance to German Forces

Explain the four MAIN causes of First World War

-Militarism: Increase in desire for best navies -Alliances: Before World War 1, there were lots of alliances, but as soon as one country started fighting with another, it started chain of battles in between each other -Imperialism: Its when a country increases their power and wealth by bringing additional territories under their control. Increasing competition and desire for greater empires -Nationalism: Its loyalty to one's nation. Each country tried to prove their dominance and power

Post-Reconstruction life for African Americans in South

-Most African Americans still lived in poverty -Could vote and hold political office, but few participated in politics due to widespread prejudice and fear -14th and 15th amendments provided legal basis for Civil Rights legislation in 1950s and 1960s

Spanish American War

-Most soldiers died of disease -Spain controls Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Cuba -Spanish gov forced rural population into reconcentration camps

Harlem Renaissance

-Movement for black pride -First literary and artistic movement in African American history -Literature, arts, music, and history were main ideas -New black newspapers and magazines appeared -Growing racial consciousness -First permanent Negro historical association was founded -Sought to recover links with African and folk traditions

What was the Harlem Renaissance? What impact did this have on African Americans?

-Movement for black pride (African Americans were actually pride of their identity for once!) -FIRST literary and artistic movement in African American history (African Americans are getting a little more entertained and arts adds excitement and fun to life) -New black newspapers and magazines appeared (African Americans being able to write and be represented on media is huge!) -Growing racial consciousness (People became more conscious of the African Americans

William Tweed (Boss Tweed)

-New York politician -Became Tammany's leader in late 1860s -provided jobs to the unemployed -provided shelters and orphanages for the poor -LOTS of control over New York -Does things like steal money, but also give some of that money to the city, to "cover up" his actions

What role did credit have on the economic boom?

-New houses -Increased spending limit -Luxurious lifestyle -Cars

What did native-born Americans fear about new immigrants?

-New immigrants would harm the Native Americans, so they didn't want any connection between the 2 -New immigrants were crazy and labor intensive -New immigrants would be snobby, controlling, and demanding

MLK Jr.'s thoughts on protest tactics

-Nonviolence -People shouldn't buy products from racist companies

March 1975

-North Vietnamese take Saigon -Vietnam reunites as communist country -58,000 Americans die

Strengths and Weaknesses of the South and North during Civil War

-North has 22 million residents, while South had 9 -Most factories, railroads, and shipyards were located in North -South had great generals who took advantage of fighting a defensive war

Old Negros vs. New Negros

-Old Negros: Simplistic, let themselves be pushed around -New Negros: Fought for change, refused to follow laws regarding racial segregation if they don't agree with them

Executive Order 9066

-Ordered the removal of resident enemy aliens from parts of the West identified as military areas -Authorization of military authorities to exclude civilians from any area without trial or hearing

Cars

-People's ticket to own freedom -Bigger, faster, better -2 million cars manufactured in 1946 in America -People are spending lots of money to buy cars -U.S. was making 80% of automobiles -New automobiles: big engines, enormous horsepower, power steering, brakes, automatic transmission -Harley Earl designed cars with lots of chrome (similar to jet planes) -Used for drive-in movie theaters, shopping malls, and commute to work

Alfred T. Mahan

-Person best associated with US need for strong navy -believed that by having a more powerful navy, the United States will have more protection against foreign rivals

William Seward

-Person best associated with US purchase of Alaska -agreed to purchase Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. ... At the time, critics thought Seward was crazy and called the deal "Seward's folly."

Philippine-American War

-Philippine Republic objected to the terms of the Treaty of Paris under which the United States took possession of the Philippines from Spain -Filipinos fight for independence, US sends ship there -US ends up buying Philippines from Spain for $20 million but many opposed this purchase -Filipinos fought for their independence which resulted in a 3 year long war

Television and entertainment

-Popularity of TV threatened movie industry because families stayed home to watch TV and didn't go out to watch movies -Shows reflected ideal 1950s family -No major life problems were shown in TV shows -TV changed political campaigns

What benefits did GI Bill grant veterans?

-Provided a year of unemployment -Those veterans in college received financial aid -Got government loans for building homes and starting a business -Encouraged veterans to enter/return to college

Other Americans face injustice

-Puerto Rico migrants were in poorest inner city neighbors with limited employment opportunities and received little help from governments -Mexicans worked as farm laborers and were cheated by their employers -Native Americans were relocated to nation's cities and their health and welfare weren't cared for

Annexation of Hawaii

-Queen Liliuokalani opposed increasing power of white farmers -U.S. annexes Hawaii proclaimed territory with outbreak of Spanish-American War -U.S. imposed new taxes on Sugar Cane

Congressional plan said South must do what?

-Ratify 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments -Accept black citizenship -Accept black men voting -Put 20,000 federal troops in South -Not allow Confederate officials, officers, and soldiers to vote

Why did Congress reject league of Nations?

-Realized Henry Lodge was right about how Europe will have right to take part in settlement of all American questions OR maybe it was unbelievable that the league of Nations would actually solve the differences between nations

David Pratt

-Recruited children for his school in Carlisle, not adults, because the children would come back to help people understand the treaties.. the plan was always for them to come back -describes education as a means of peaceful war, meaning a disciplinary system was used on the children as if they were in the army.. all of the children had to be individually separated and put into cells -thinks the main purpose of boarding school is to teach hardwork, ambition, and willingness to be an an individual

Dust Bowl

-Refers to a period of severe dust storms and soil erosion in the Great Plains during 1930s -More than 300 dust storms between 1933 and 1938 -One of hardest hit places was Oklahoma -Lots of people moved to San Francisco to escape

What did Presidential plan South must do?

-Renounce secession -Ratify 13th Amendment -10% of votes from 1860 must swear allegiance to Union -Confederate officers, officials, and wealthy must make own special request for pardon

Article 10

-Required all members of League to assist any member threatened by external aggression -Would commit the US to defending any member of League in event of an attack

Pure Food and Drug Act

-Requires active ingredients be placed on packaging for customers -Companies had to list addicting or dangerous ingredients -Companies were fined if they didn't follow rules

What caused the rising education levels?

-Returning veterans from war went to college -more children started to attend school

Purchase of Alaska

-Rich in resources: timber, oil -William Seward (Secretary of State) bought Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million

The Nuclear Age

-Robert develops the team that deals with the atomic bomb -America's rival: Soviet Union -Soviet Union wants their own bomb -Soviet Union got their bomb, leading to the Cold War -U.S. spent $5.5 million on nuclear weapons

Music

-Rock and roll -Rock music originated in rhythm of African Americans -Live performances of rhythm music was separated from Whites -Elvis Presley -Rock music: symbol of emerging youth culture and of growing power of youth on mass culture

William McKinnley

-Said that "it is our duty to uplift and civilize them" referring to Filipinos -President -Turning point for U.S. -during his time in office, the US annexed Hawaii and also fought the Spanish-American War

What social changes took place within public schools?

-School segregation came to an end -Bigger schools -Teaching quality increased

What was the Scopes Trial? Why is it important in understanding in the 1920s?

-Scopes Trial: 1925 trial of John Scopes (Tennessee schoolteacher) for teaching Darwin's theory of evolution -Importance: represents a dramatic clash between traditional and modern values in America of the 1920s... traditionals were more religious than modernists AND ALSO modernists were all about trying new things and experimenting

After the Brown decision, what were the good factors?

-Set a new legal precedent -Overturns Plessy decision

3 Causes of Dust Bowl

-Severe drought -Windstorms -Overgrazing of land from cattle

Why was SOCIAL a main cause?

-Social Darwinism (some human beings were superior and should perform better) -Nationalism (belief that your country is strong) -Manifest Destiny (expand west/all over)

Settlement House Movement

-Social movement designed to get the rich and poor in society to live more closely together. Settlement houses were located in poorer neighborhoods and staffed by middle class workers who hoped to share their knowledge and alleviate poverty. Places offered social services to urban poor (food, shelter, and higher education) -Hull House was most famous

What effect did music have on activists in the Civil Rights Movement?

-Songs let them express their emotions -Gave activists the courage and drive to continue on -People couldn't take away the songs, because they were people's souls -Created sense of solidarity

Reaction to Election of 1860

-Southerners saw Lincoln's election as threat to way of life and didn't trust him -After election, South Carolina broke away from the union

Malcolm X's thoughts on protest tactics

-Spend money in the community you live in (when you take money out of the neighborhood where you live, the neighborhood where you send money becomes wealthier, and the neighborhood you take your money out of becomes poorer) -Black man has to know how to control his own economy

How did Birmingham police react to children/teenagers protesting in Birmingham?

-Sprayed firehoses at the children -Hit them

Malcolm X

-Strong proponent of Black power philosophy -Represents a divide in CRM

How did the constitution set the nation up for both success and failure?

-Success because they TRIED to solve all the problems with this New Constitution -Fail because even though they resolved pat problems, people will always come up with more problems and continue to cause conflict

Sunbelt

-Sunbelt: Southern and Western States -Sunbelt cities: Houston (Texas) and LA (California) -California: nice weather, large # of jobs -Cubans escaping Fidel Castro moved to Miami, Florida -Suburbs and Sunbelt gained representation -Urbanities in Northeast and Midwest lost political power

KKK's strategies(3)

-Targeted and attacked African Americans, especially those who owned land -Burned homes and lynched some victims -Attacked white Republicans

How did education improve?

-Teachers were allowed to create their own lessons -More math and science

What did some people who participated in sit-ins experience?

-Thrown out -Spat on -People put cigarettes out on them -Beat them -Spilt food on them -Poured cold water on them

How did the 2nd Industrial Revolution affect the US? (3 specific details)

-Time of national business expansion: John Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie wanted to take over oil and steel markets -Railroads: Transportation and communication -Workers suffered: Long work days, minimum wage, dangerous conditions, children helped

Why is the rise of education levels important in understanding Postwar society?

-To show that education matters more than before during this time period -Schools started to interact with social conflicts

Missouri Compromise

-Tries to create balance of slave and free states -As a compromise, Congress admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state

Tet Offensive

-Turning point in war -Coordinated attack on local capitals and 5 major cities -Americans win -Many Americans stop supporting war

Panama Canal

-U.S. built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa -Cost $387 million and 10 years to build -Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal -Declaration of America's coming of age in world

What was US strategy?

-U.S. dropped 6 million tons of bombs on North Vietnam and Viet Cong -U.S. used napalm because it was able to cover large areas with flames -Defend airbases in South Vietnam

Why was ECONOMIC a main cause of Imperialism?

-U.S. producing more good than it could consume -Industrialists wanted trade to expand into new markets -Senator Beveridge said they "must fine new markets" and wanted "new labor and capital"

Why were the Japanese interned during WW2? What steps did the US eventually take to apologize for this action?

-US citizens feared that the Japanese would be harmful. Also, the Japanese were not Americans with white skin (racist!!) -U.S. government acknowledged the harm it had caused... sent apologies and $20,000 tax-free payments to Japanese-Americans who were shipped to relocation camps during World War II (Reagan has said he will sign the bill)

Dropping of the Atomic Bomb

-US dropped atomic bombs that had more power than 20,000 tons of TNT on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in order to put an end to the War in the Pacific -Americans tested out the atomic bomb in New Mexico, where a steel tower had been "vaporized" by the tremendous explosion

Woodrow Wilson

-US president -Jan 1919: representatives of 27 victorious Allied nations met in Pair to make final settlement of war -Him and Premier Clemenceau of France and Prime Minister Lloyd George of Great Britain made up "Big Three" and were responsible for most important decisions at Paris Peace Conference -Though treaty should try to "end all wars", so he didn't think Allies should punish Germany too harshly -Drafted plan called "Fourteen Points" and brought it to pairs -Wants people to support and join League of Nations

Khrushchev's letter to President Kennedy

-US would remove the blockade and promise not to invade Cuba -Cuba, in return, would remove their weapons under the supervision of the United Nations, put a stop to the introduction of weapon systems in Cuba, and promise not to invade Turkey

Union vs. Confederacy

-Union: Wants to bring Confederate states back into Union -Confederacy: Withheld cotton at start of the war to hurt Northern textile industry and lure Britain and France to Confederate side -Confederacy has short term advantages of leadership and goal -Union has long term advantages of gov. and economy

Helen Hunt Jackson

-United States writer of romantic novels about the unjust treatment of Native Americans -Says that MANY indians don't get support from the government -thinks that Indians and Americans should agree on specific things that shouldn't be done and also protect the law of the Indian's rights of property

What effect did the baby boom have on women?

-Urged women to leave workforce and embraced their roles as house wives -Increased demand for suburban housing

North Vietnamese strategy

-Viet Cong and North Vietnam avoided large battles -Wear Americans down -Traveled light, dug tunnels, set traps and explosives

Explain how the states were split on the issue of representation. Include the Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan.

-Virginia Plan was supported by large states because states with large population have more representatives. New Jersey plan was supposed by small states, because then, small states would have the same amount of say as the big states -New Jersey Plan: wanted legislature with only one house, and each state would have ONE vote

Booker T. Washington

-Wanted to tolerate rather than resist racism in order to advance black progress -emphasized self help and indivdual advancement

In what ways is Lewis critical of the original goals and tactics of Civil Rights Movement in his speech?

-Was not willing to wait anymore -Says everything is being carried out too slowly

Civil Rights Movement

-When it was over, African Americans were supposed to be treated equally, but they weren't -Separate buses and restaurants -Twice as many people not employed -July 1948: No more segregation in military -Tried to convince freedom and justice -Martin Luther King Jr. led a march -Civil Rights Act passed through congress

Kansas Nebraska Act

-Whether to allow slavery in each of the territories would be settled by popular sovereignty (system where residents vote to decide an issue) -Got rid of Missouri Compromise by allowing people to vote for slavery in territories where Missouri Compromise had banned it

Malcolm X's thoughts on integration

-Whites work with whites and blacks should work with blacks

Why did Individuals strike in the late 19th century? What was the result of the 3 major strikes we studied?

-Why they striked: workers' wages are too low and too many working hours -Homestead Strike result: overall failure because the workers never got their jobs back, the leaders of the union were blacklisted from the steel industry, and it went from an 8-hour workday to a 12-hour workday -Government ended Pullman strike -Haymarket Riot result: Lots of people were killed AND Organized labor and the bombing were declared equally radical

Richard Nixon's actions

-Wins presidency with pledge to end war (wins 1968 election) -Withdraws(removes) U.S. troops

Changing role of women in 1920s

-Women won the right to vote -Felt right to live for herself, not just for her family -More makeup, shorter dresses, more clubs

Alain Locke

-Writer and philosopher -Leader of Harlem Renaissance -publicated "New Negro"

Tammany Hall

-a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city... seeking political control by corruption and bossism -stole lots of money from New York -Recognized because of cartoons

Chief Red Cloud

-a war leader and a chief of the Sioux -Led as a chief from 1868 to 1909 -One of the most capable Native American opponents the United States Army faced -Gave a speech at the reception in his honor in New York on July 16

New Negro

-an effort to promote racial equality by celebrating the cultural contributions of African Americans -refusal to submit quietly to laws of racial segregation

What was Levittown?

-collection of more than 17,000 houses that were built by unskilled workers -residents were young American veterans returning to the U.S. who needed a place to stay

John Muir

-focus: preservation in natural state as having social value that trumped economic value

Assasination of Archduke Ferdinand

-immediate cause of World War I -7 assassins had been sent to Sarajevo to kill him by Serbian nationalist group (Black Hand) -On morning of June 28, Archduke's car was instructed to take unannounced route, but driver of car got confused and drove down main road where Gavril Princip happened to be walking and he shot the Archduke and his wife

President Johnson

-increases U.S. ground forces in Vietnam -Resumes bombing of North Vietnam

Geneva Convention

-international agreement governing the humane treatment of wounded soldiers and prisoners of war -Split Vietnam into South and North

After the Brown decision, what were the bad factors?

-moves slowly -By 1957, 22% of school districts in South have begun desegregation process

U.S. standard of living

-prices increased 18% in 1946 -price of some products (ex. beef) doubled

Emma Goldman

-protests against Palmer Raids(????)

Double "V" campaign

-purpose: fight racism -movement by African Americans demanding equal rights in exchange for the sacrifices that they made in the war

Zimmerman Note

-sent from Germany to Mexico -secret communication issued from German Foreign Office that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico

Albert T. Beveridge

-supported increasing power of the federal government and Theodore Roosevelt's progressive views -supported expansion overseas and the ideals of a strong military front -in 1898 he delivered a speech for his election which advocated for the United States to seize territories after their victory against Spain

Treaty of Paris

-treaty signed by Spain and the United States on December 10, 1898, that ended the Spanish-American War... Spain voluntarily gave up war and Cuba's title AND gave up Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States

Andrew Carnegie

-wanted workers to be efficient, which cost steel workers their unions and control over own labor -horrible injuries were common in Carnegie mills -didn't care about safety -Reduced labor costs(wages of slaves) to be able to replace worn out equipments -kept his men on duty for 12 hours without sleep -Philanthropist -Created a free church organ -Gives the public gifts at the expense of his slaves

3 ways to get to Gold Rush

1) Across Panama: 3 1/2 month trip from New York to Chagres, Panama on a ship, cross 50 mile stretch of land known as Isthmus of Panama, risk of jungle and diseases, another 3300 mile trip by ship from Panama City to San Francisco, risk of being bit by poisonous snake and dying of Malaria and/or Cholera 2) Covered Wagon/Oregon California Trail: Desert trails littered with horse bones and men bones, no towns to supply wants and no trees to shade weary, 2000 mile journey from 7 to 10 months, five months longer if caught out in water, lots of rain so that the water was a foot deep in less than 2 hours, little to nothing for breakfast, traveled 15 miles per day, over 65000 deaths occurred 3) 18000 miles which is the longest.. 5 to 8 months...a lot of people suffer from scurvy-- disease where person lacks variety in diet, like Vitaminc C... have food, even though it's not the best food... have decent food for first 3 months

Motives and Effects of Imperialism

1) Alaska: Motives were military and resources, with effect being that they took control 2) Hawaii: Motives were military and business, with effect being that Hawaii gets annexed by United States 3) Cuba: Motives were democracy and military interests, with effect being Platt Amendment 4) Philippines: Motives were military and racism/social darwinism 5) Caribbean: Motives were democracy and military interest, with effect being that it helped maintain power 6) Haiti: Motives were business and racism, with effect being that the U.S. replaced black government

What was the purpose of the New Deal? Explain the purpose and impact of 3 specific programs

1) CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) --> -Impact: Employed 500,000 men (unemployment was a very big problem after the stock market crash because thousands of people were left unemployed -Purpose: To employ unskilled and unmarried men with jobs that involved planting trees, building flood barriers, fighting forest fires, and maintaining forest roads and trails 2) PWA (Public Works Administration) --> -Impact: Lots of buildings and hospitals were created -Purpose: Provide jobs to the unemployed 3) AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Act) --> -Impact: Helped farmers repay their loans and debt -Purpose: Restore the purchasing power of American farmers

Causes of WW2

1) League of Nations: weren't able or even willing to stop the aggressive actions European leaders took even though the League of Nations is supposed to help keep peace after the WW1 2) War Guilt Cause: Held Germany responsible for start of the war and wanted them to make huge financial payments, which upset/angered Germany 3) Reparations: Financial payments that Germany was responsible for, which made Germany mad/upset 4) Fascism: Fascist leaders like Hitler blamed difficult circumstances on the enemies of the nation and asserted territorial rights. They were racist and aggressive, and aggressiveness played a major part in the war 5) Anti-Semitism: Prejudice or hatred towards the Jewish people... people were against Jews, already creating a conflict 6) Scapegoat: Hitler made Jews seem like the people that were responsible for the problems following WW1 7) Appeasement: It allowed Hitler and the Nazis to build Germany's military power until it was strong enough to fight a major war 8) Isolationism: Americans waited until they were personally affected by Europeans to join and start fighting against them, but at that point, Europeans already had a lot of power

How did traditionalists and modernists differ in their way of thinking in the 1920s? Explain 3 examples

1) Modernists thought traditional values restricted individual freedom and pursuit of happiness, while traditionalists thought their own values provided order and stability to society 2) Modernists are people who embrace new ideas, styles, and social trends, while Traditionalists have deep respect for long-held culture and religious values 3) Modernists were big on having fun and enjoying themselves, rather than following to traditions where not a lot of fun activities existed

How did the US enter into a Great Depression? What caused this to happen? Could this have been prevented? List the 5 causes and explain them!

1) Over optimism/over investment -led to inflated prices --> people started selling stuff at really high prices -stock speculation --> people guessed on what materials would make a lot of money and when the materials didn't, the people would lose their money -High risk 2) Buying stocks on margin --> It was risky and no actual money to investment (bought materials with loaned money) 3) Inequities in wealth -The wealthy people didn't buy enough to keep the economy strong -Not enough goods were consumed 4) Farmers failed to sell off huge crop surplus --> Farmers fail to sell crop surplus and are unable to pay debts (farmers took out loans to buy big machinery during the war but couldn't pay back the money because people didn't need that much food after the war ended, so people didn't buy crops, and farmers couldn't earn money) 5) Buying on Credit --> People bought on installment plans (people bought stuff and told the owners they would repay them later, but some never did)

What caused the stock market to crash?

1) People invested in certain materials that ended up losing lots of money 2) Whenever there were rumors about things/places becoming successful, many people trusted in it and ended up getting disappointed and possibly losing even more money 3) People didn't invest enough of their money

Why did the US enter the First World War? Provide the two different reasons according to President Woodrow Wilson and historian Howard Zinn

1) President Wilson- to fight for the rights and liberty of small nations and for the rights of people 2) Howard Zinn- to make money off of foreign markets.. U.S. was able to get $3.5 billion or more from private foreign investments, and by making a lot of money, they could be like "THIS is why we NEEDED to get involved in the war"

Sharecropper Cycle of Poverty

1) Sharecropper is provided land and seed, and in exchange, he promises landowner half the crop 2) Sharecropper buys food and clothing on credit from landowner's store 3) Sharecropper plants and harvests crop 4) Sharecropper gives landowner crop to sell. Sharecropper will get half the earnings, minus the cost of his purchases for the year. 5) When settling up, landowner says sharecropper owes more than he has earned 6) To pay debt, sharecropper must promise landowner a great share of next year's crop

Three major events leading up to Declaration of Independence

1) Stamp Act: Tax introduced on legal documents to pay for defense of colonies... American boycotted British goods because they were the only colonies who needed to pay for this tax 2) Townshend Acts: Tax on products colonies needed, like glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea... Americans boycotted 3) The Intolerable Acts: King closed Boston Harbor to everything but British ships; he sent British troops to Boston and the colonists had to house and feed the troops, or else they would get shot AND also, British officials could only be tried in Britain for crimes, leaving the British free to do anything they wanted in the colonies

Why did US put Japanese into internment camps?

1) Thought the Japanese could be dangerous and didn't want to risk being attacked 2) Japanese are not White 3) "Hardships are a part of war" 4) Americans wanted to show the US the power they had

Why was the Declaration of Independence created? What was the purpose of having five parts?

1) To explain to foreign nations why the colonies had decided to separate themselves from Great Britain 2) To give full explanation

2 Issues at the Constitutional Convention and the Compromises

1) Virginia and other large states wanted a legislature with two houses, and in each house representatives from each state would be based on each state's population or wealth, while New Jersey and other small states wanted equal representation by having a legislature with only one house, and in it, each state would have ONE vote, regardless of size or wealth --> The Great Compromise: Each state would have an equal number of votes in the senate, which satisfied smaller states. Representation in the house of representatives would be based on population, which satisfied bigger states. 2) Southerners wanted slaves counted toward their population but not for taxes, while Northerners said that slaves were not citizens, so they do are not a part of the population, but that they should count for taxation --> Three-Fifths Compromise: Three-fifths of slave population would be counted when setting direct taxes on the states and toward calculating representation in House of Representatives

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

146 young women workers killed by fire while locked in New York factory (brought attention to poor working conditions, led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers)

Declaration of Independence DATE

1776

Which parallel does Vietnam divide at?

17th parallel

Manifest Destiny

1800s belief that Americans had the right to spread across the continent and reach the Pacific Ocean

Dates of French Colonialism in Vietnam

1800s-1941

Monroe Doctrine

1823: Warns European nations not to "interfere" in Western Hemisphere

Dates of American Civil War

1861~1865

Date of Congressional Plan

1866-1877

2nd wave immigration

1880-1920: individuals from Italy and Austria-Hungary had a large representation

Haymarket Riot

1886: There was a strike demanding 8-hour workdays, but the police got involved both times and people were injured and killed. The first encounter ended with police firing into the crowd, killing 2 workers, and the second encounter went like this: a person threw a bomb into a group of policemen, killing 7 and wounding 60. Then, the police opened fire on the crowd, injuring dozens of people. Organized labor and the bombing were declared equally radical

Homestead Strike

1892: The progress of open hearth furnaces and electricity led to the reduction of workers' pay. Negotiations broke down, which made Henry Clay Frick shut down the mill and locked out steel workers. The townspeople confronted to the private guards that were hired to protect the mill and demanded their jobs back. The strike was an overall failure because the workers never got their jobs back, the leaders of the union were blacklisted from the steel industry, and it went from an 8-hour workday to a 12-hour workday

Pullman Strike

1894: On May 11, nearly 90% of Pullman workers protested for higher pay and lower rents and American Railway Union helped, but the government ended the strike

Date: Treaty of Paris

1898

Date: Philippine-American War

1899-1902

Date: Sedition Act

1917

Palmer Raids

1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in cities

Scopes Trial Date

1925

Scopes Trial

1925 trial of John Scopes (Tennessee schoolteacher) for teaching Darwin's theory of evolution

When was the Great Depression?

1929-1939

When was Japan defeated?

1945

Cold War

1947-1991: Soviet Union and the U.S.

Korean War

1950-1953: First "hot" war of Cold War

Brown vs. Board of Education

1954: court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional

When was JFK elected president?

1960

Black Panther Party

1966 -Organized armed patrols of neighborhoods in Oakland to protest police brutality -Ran schools, community centers, and gave away food to African Americans

Fair Housing Act

1968: -Prohibits home sellers or landlords from refusing to sell or rent property to people based on their skin color, gender, religion, national origin, and/or disability -Signed into law by LBJ after assassination of MLK Jr.

Kent State

1970: National Guard kill 4 and wound 9 other students

End of Vietnam War

1975: North Vietnamese troops take Saigon and the country is reunited under communism

March 7, 1965

1st march, Bloody Sunday

Theodore Roosevelt

26th President

March 9, 1965

2nd march, "Turnaround Tuesday"

March 21-25, 1965

3rd march, Selma to Montgomery

Greensboro Sit Ins

4 African American college students were refused service... Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) gained strength because of this

How many military advisors did JFK send to South?

5,000

How many African Americans moved during Harlem Renaissance? From where to where?

6 million African Americans moved from South to Northern Cities (1910-1970)

Shay's Rebellion

A 1787 rebellion on courthouses in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers (small band of farmers) attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s

AFL (American Federation of Labor)

A labor union created by Samuel Gompers that was the ONLY labor union that only accepted skilled workers and focuses on specific craft

Knights of Labor

A labor union that accepted both unskilled AND skilled

Isolationism

A national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs

Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War

FEDERALIST OR ANTI-FEDERALISTS: Thomas Jefferson, George Mason, and Patrick Henry

ANTI-FEDERALISTS

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist who published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores

Freedmen

African-Americans who were freed from slavery during and after the Civil War

What caused the baby boom?

After the great depression ended, families thought there would not be more war, so they settled down and started having babies

Truman Doctrine

Aid Nations to fight against communist movement

Who said this? "So for generations in the mind of America, the Negro has been more of a formula than a human being-- a something to be argued about, condemned or defended, to be "kept down" or "in his place" or "helped up" to be worried with or worried over, harassed or patronized, a social bogey or a social burden"

Alain Locke

Principles of New Gov: #1 Principal Sovereignty

All gov power comes from people... people have the power

AFL

American Federation of Labor: union of only skilled workers

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolutionary War

What has the American government done to force Americans to accept and support the war?

American government has made espionage bills and conscription (military draft) bills

What caused American Brutality in Philippines?

American soldiers were simply following orders, or thought Filipinos were less than human, or were getting revenge for how Filipinos treated American soldiers

Option 1 in Vietnam Simulation

Americanize the war and fight to win using all sorts of violence

American Neutrality

Americans should have remained neutral so that they could calm down the war

How did the railroad lead to the destruction of many Native Americans societies?

Americans used the railroad to shoot the buffalo, which were how the Native Americans got food and clothes, but a lot of the buffalos were shot. This led some Native Americans to starvation

How were Americans initially exposed to WWI? Even then, how was the war portrayed?

Americans were initially exposed to WW1 in the movie houses by scenes of people shooting other people. However, in the movie houses, the WW1 seemed glamorous because of things like the beautiful uniforms

Blanche Bruce

An American politician who represented Mississippi as a U.S. Senator from 1875 to 1881 and was the first black to serve a full term in the Senate

"Gospel of Wealth"

An article written by Andrew Carnegie where he claims that the rich should be allowed to make as much as they can. After they have made it however, they should give it all away through charity and donations, benefiting the public

Speakeasies

An illegal bar where drinks were sold during the time of prohibition... It was called a Speakeasy because people literally had to speak easy so they were not caught drinking alcohol by the police.

Explain how Andrew Carnegie or John Rockefeller could be described as both a robber baron and captain of industry?

Andrew Carnegie can be described as both a robber baron and captain of industry because he treated the slaves badly by spending the slave's money to give the public free gifts and even reducing the slave's wages. He also created a free church organ.

What did each group want from the constitution

Anti-Federalists didn't want gov to control states

Bay of Pigs Invasion

April 1961: People wanted to invade Cuba because of how Castro was spreading communism and the acceptance of soviet economic and military aid... invasion failed due to poor execution... this strengthened Fidel's position

What specific event caused the first world war?

Assasination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand

Robert Kennedy

Attorney General (Grandpa of Joe Kennedy III)

Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General who thinks radicals are people that violate laws and because the duty of the US states government is to prevent crime, they need to arrest and deport people that may be radical thinkers

Japan Surrenders

August 15, 1945

John Lewis's Speech

August 1963: -talked about how the US marched for freedom but they have no transportation money, are receiving starvation wages (or no wages at all) -says there isn't anything on the civil rights bill that will protect people from police brutality -talks about how they want their freedom now and refuse to wait any longer

What grade (A-F) would you give the New Deal and why?

B or B- because a lot of unemployed people got jobs, nourishing meals were served to children, and Indians ran a trading post, tourist camp, and a fishing business. However, African Americans were treated very poorly and children and widows suffered a lot.

Congressional Plan: perception of South

Because Southern states had left Union, they were conquered territories, and should be treated accordingly

Internment

Being a prisoner for political reasons

Fundamentalism

Belief that scripture should be read as literal word of God and followed without question

Expansion of cotton

Between 1807 to 1815 the American textile industry increased due to a large amount of spindles and the new mills. The raise in the textile industry called for more slaves, because of the amount of cotton that was needed to be produced. Expansion of cotton was in the south

Election of 1932

Between Franklin Roosevelt and Herbert Hoover

Most segregated city in America

Birmingham, Alabama

What was said about the rising generation?

Blacks need a period of probation bcuz they've been slaves for too long so they are incapable of performing other duties

1970

Bombing of Cambodia: Bombing parts of Ho Chi Minh Trail

Boston Bussing Crisis

Boston Public Schools were under court control to desegregate through a system of busing students

Berlin Airlift

Britain and U.S. send supplies

Entente powers

Britain, France, Russia

How did flapper image clash with traditionalist values?

Broke traditional expectations for how women should dress and behave (flappers colored hair, cut hair, wore scandalous dresses, wore makeup, and danced at night clubs)

Election of 1960

Brought about the era of political television. Between Kennedy and Nixon...Kennedy argued that the nation faces serious threats from the soviets. Nixon countered that the US was on the right track under the current administration. Kennedy won by a narrow margin.

Who ran Birmingham?

Bull Connor.. he had full support of government

According to fascism, how does a country return to greatness?

By eliminating enemies within the country, asserting territorial rights, and expanding the nation's economy and influence

What's hard about sharecropping?

By the time sharecroppers had shared their crops and paid their debts, they rarely had any money left. Often they were uneducated and couldn't argue with landowners or merchants who cheated them. A sharecropper frequently became tied to one plantation, having no choice but to work until debts were paid

Who is KKK threatening?

Carpetbaggers and scalawags

Ultimate goal of KKK

Change minds of African Americans and be in power and have control over them

How did televisions change American society?

Children were targeted for advertisements

Principles of New Gov: #6 Representative Gov

Citizens elect representatives to gov to make laws

7th Amendment

Civil Trials: Guaranteed jury trial for civil cases in federal courts

Slog of Korean War

Climate is bad, malnutrition, diseases

1983

Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians issues its report, Personal Justice denied

Vietcong

Communist guerrilla fights located in South Vietnam

Grievances

Complaints

Great Compromise

Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house

Principles of New Gov: #3 Separation of Powers

Constitution assigns specific powers to each of the 3 branches of the federal gov; Legislate branch/congress enacts (makes bill or law), executive branch carries out laws, negotiates treaties, and commands the armed forces, and the judicial branch interprets law

Principles of New Gov: #2 Limited Gov

Constitution states what powers the gov has

Rural

Countryside

6th Amendment

Criminal Proceedings: Speedy trial AND judge should not be biased

5th Amendment

Criminal Proceedings: When you commit the same crime two times, you don't get charged the second time

Battle of the Bulge

Dec 1944: Germans launch the last major offensive of the war... Germans try to get the Allied to move from France to Belgium

How did the government respond to the Pearl Harbor attack?

Declared war on Japan

Nixon Doctrine

Defines limits of U.S. role in Asia

1968

Democratic Nation Convention protest

George Dewey

Destroyed Spanish ships in Manila Bay

Mercantilism

Development of industries by European countries by using raw materials to produce manufactured goods in exchange for gold and silver

What was the point of the Supreme Court upholding the constitutionality?

Didn´t want to give court the power

Charles K. Schenk

Distributed thousands of anti war pamphlets in 1917 and 1918

Iron Curtain

Divided East and Western Europe.... wall that separated communist regions

Principles of New Gov: #4 Federalism

Divides power between states and nation; Federal gov and state govs share power

When did Japan take over Vietnam?

During World World 2

Principles of New Gov: #5 Checks and Balances

Each gov branch has the power to lmit the actions of the other 2

Warsaw Pact

Eastern Euope

Why was it important to create a bridge connecting Brooklyn and Manhattan?

Easy transportation and too many people

Marshall Plan

Economic assistance to Western Europe (threatened by communism)

Cotton Gin

Eli Whitney made a cotton-growing business with his own cotton gin... using a cotton gin, a person could clean about 50 times the amount of cotton in a day as someone working by hand --> Result: New areas in South were planted with cotton, making South the world's largest cotton supplier --> Result: Overall need for labor increased as cotton production went up

What happened to Emmett Till?

Emmett, an African American boy from Chicago, was accused of flirting with Carolyn Bryant, a white woman inside of a store. Carolyn's husband, Roy, went to Till's great uncle's house armed. Emmett was kidnapped and they drove him away. 4 days later, Emmett's damaged body was found in the Tallahatchie River. He had been shot through the head.

What did consumerism and mass media encourage Americans to do?

Encouraged them to buy more goods more frequently and on a larger scale

13th Amendment

Ended slavery/made it illegal

How did farms suffer economically following WW1?

European demand for US farm products dropped, farmers couldn't repay loans, farmers lost their farms

What was needed in order for compromise to take place during the creation of the constitution?

Every 5 slaves would be counted as 3 individuals

How were the expectations v. reality of WWI different?

Everyone thought the war would be over by Christmas, but it was not. They wanted to get to France to fight, but when the war started, they realized how serious everything was, and no one was excited anymore. The number of the loss of lives was not expected, because it had never been that high before.

-Economics: Economic leaders argued expansion would increase U.S. financial prosperity. Industry had greatly expanded and many industrialists saw new colonies as source of cheap raw materials. Agriculture had expanded and farmers believed new colonies would create new markets for its products. Resources were raw materials for manufacturing, and Business was gaining new markets/customers for American manufacturers -Social: Many Americans believed that their gov, religion, and race were superior to those of other societies. Some people hope to spread democratic ideas overseas and others saw a chance to advance Christianity. Racist ideas about inferiority of non-white populations in many foreign countries were also used to justify American imperialism... 1) belief that US has duty to uplift backward, non-white nations by spreading Christian religion and American customs 2) desire to spread American form of gov to other parts of world 3) belief that Americans had a God-given destiny to spread over North America -Military: Some U.S. leaders urged country to follow Europe and establish military presence overseas *1 territory: U.S. annexes Hawaii *2 territory: Platt Amendment in Cuba *3 territory: U.S. replaced black gov in Haiti

Explain the economic, military, and social motives for US imperialism. Explain how 3 different territories influenced US involvement there

What happened with the US Naval ship?

Exploded, and blamed Spanish at the time... 266 Americans died

How did Shays' Rebellion expose the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

Exposed the fact that the gov, congress, couldn't form a military draft because federal government didn't have money because they couldn't enforce taxes upon citizens

FEDERALISTS or ANTI-FEDERALISTS: Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay

FEDERALISTS

Following WW1, how did population shift in terms of rural and urban population?

Farmers couldn't repay their loans, so they moved to cities, where there were high wages and steady jobs

FCDA

Federal Civil Defense Administration

Difference between Federatlists and Anti-Federalists?

Federalists want Strong gov that unites states as one nation, while Anti-Federalists don't like national gov having power over the states

Strategy of freedom rides

Find a way to get movement into the rest of the world... NOT successful

According to Colby, what types of people make up KKK?

First-class men who have good jobs and have lots of money

First and second Continental Congress

First: Convention of delegates called together from the Thirteen Colonies.. it became the governing body of the United States during the American Revolution Second:

What does Frederick Douglass want to do?

For African Americans to move upward. African Americans have limited opportunities because of colon line... he is hopeful that progress will happen with time

What does Ida B. Wells want to do?

Force action with help from church members -building from ground up -Negro Fellowship League

Japanese Internment Camps

Forcible relocation of Japanese Americans to housing facilities called "War Relocation Camps", in the wake of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor

1st Amendment

Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition

European Allies after WW1

Furious with Germany and wanted a treaty that punished Germany and made them pay for damage of war

14th Amendment

Gave African Americans citizenship and civil rights ("equal protection under the law")

How did Americans find out bomb-making secrets?

Germany kicked a non-Aryan woman out, so she revealed bomb-making secrets to Americans

Central Powers/Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria... group of nations fighting against the Allied Powers during World War I

What types of people are being attacked by the KKK according to Tourgee and why?

Government officials and judges because they had the ability to pass laws that would negatively impact the KKK, so they were the target

"Brain Trust"

Group of expert policy advisers who worked with Frankling Roosevelt in the 1930s to end the great depression

What resolution did President Johnson ask Congress to pass?

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution because it would give him the power to use military force in Vietnam.. congress eventually passes it

What effects did the Treaty of Versailles have on the losing nations?

Had lots of conditions that angered the losing nations

Xenophobia

Hatred of foreigners and immigrants

How does the video portray JFK's handling of Cuban Missile Crisis?

He called for a quarantine of Cuba... he ordered people to remove the missiles.. Kennedy wants to keep NATO as an ally... the video portrays his handling as smart and calm

What does MLK Jr. say to the angry crowd that gathered after his house was bombed?

He tells them to calm down and go home and that he wants everyone to love their enemies, not hate them

Why did Johnson veto the bill?

He thought that federal protection of civil rights would lead to the national gov becoming the center, and also that making Africans Americans full citizens would go against the white race

What was President McKinley's reason for getting involved in the Philippines?

He thought that the only thing he could do was to educate, civilize, and Christianize the Filipinos

How does John Stephens' death support the idea that the KKK was a terrorist organization?

He was murdered brutally, so would would obviously get around. Also, being murdered in a court could imply how it wasn't just specific people they were targetting

What role did television play in Civil Rights movement?

Helped transform U.S. by showing Americans the violence

Use of Atomic Weapons

Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) Nagasaki (August 9, 1945)

Scapegoat example

Hitler and the jews

Who declared Vietnamese independence?

Ho Chi Minh

Volunteerism

Hoover called on individuals, local charity organizations, churches, and local governments to work cooperatively to alleviate suffering and distribute relief

"Rugged Individualism"

Hoover's idea that each individual should be able to help themselves out, and that the government does not need to involve itself in people's economic lives nor in national economics in general

Compromise of 1877

If Rutherford B. Hayes got to be the president, he promised to remove the last Federal soldiers from the South, which would guarantee that all-white governments would rise to power.. Southern officials would receive federal funds for construction and improvement projects.. Hayes would appoint a Democrat to his cabinet of advisors... Democrats promised to respect african american's civil and political rights

Domino Theory

If Vietnam fell to the communists, then its closest neighbors would follow

Which groups are associated with 2nd wave immigration? Why did they come to the US? Push and pull factors

Immigrants (Irish, Americans, native Americans, Chinese) came for new opportunities

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city buses.. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

Despites a lack of training for many US soldiers, what was the United States able to achieve in Match of 1918? What did this help to achieve?

In March of 1918, the United States was able to achieve stopping the Germans. This achieved shifting the focus from war to peace

How did courtship change?

Instead of having marriage be the goal, men just wanted to date and have fun

IWW

International Workers of the World: socialist, wanted all workers to unite (black, white, men, women, skilled, unskilled)

Who was involved in the French and Indian War? Outcome? Why was it important?

Involved: Britain and France Outcome: Britain ended up with a lot of debt Why was it important: Started American Revolution

Why did the Anti-Federalists not originally approve the constitution?

It didn't include the Bill of Rights

Which country wasn't a part of Central Powers at end of WW1?

Italy

Who said this: "It is their war. They are the ones who have to win or lose it"

JFK

Why was the bill of rights created? Purpose?

James Madison created the Bill of Rights to protect citizens from excess governor by separating powers between different gov branches (judicial, executive, legislative)

1968 Olympics

John Carlos and Tommie Smith orchestrated one of the defining images in this Olympics... this raised fists in protest

World War I dates

July 28, 1914 - November 11, 1918

D-Day

June 1944: Day that Allied forces invaded northern France by beach landings in Normandy

Why did KKK attack Abram Colby?

KKK was against the Radical Republics and Colby voted for them

Containment

Keep communism within borders

Who, US or USSR, seems more scared in the documents about the Cuban Missile Crisis?

Khrushchev because he brought it to Kennedy's attention first, since US has many weapons and has more potential of causing more harm towards USSR

Leader of North Korea during the Korean War

Kim Il Sung

38th Parallel

Korea and Soviet Union split peninsula... Dividing line between North and South Korea

Abolition

Laws in Northern states limited rights of free African Americans and discouraged migration. Southerners believed God intended that black people should provide labor for white "civilized" society. South supported slavery, North was against slavery. Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglas are abolitionists. Northerners thought slavery was morally wrong.

Nikita Khrushchev

Leader of Soviet Union

In your opinion, what was the single greatest cause of WW2? Explain

League of Nations caused WW2 to start. It's original purpose was to keep everyone calm so that another war wouldn't break out. However, they weren't able or even willing to stop the aggressive actions European leaders took even though the League of Nations is supposed to help keep peace . Also, the League of Nations didn't do anything when fascist leaders in Europe tried to expand their influence by invading neighboring European territories and resource rich areas in Africa and Asia. Also, even if the League of Nations wanted to do something, they didn't have the power to. They especially didn't have the power to fight the Europeans since the Europeans gained a lot of control and power.

Option 3 in Vietnam Simulation

Limit U.S. involvement and negotiate a withdrawal

What did Lincoln do to start Reconstruction before his death?

Lincoln promised to reunify the union, including pardoning Confederate officials, called for allowing the Confederate states to form new governments and established the Freedmen's Bureau.

How did the Civil War start?

Lincoln sent supplies to Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor (South Carolina), risking war. Before the ships arrived, the Confederates attacked Union fort

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

Who was in charge of presidential plan

Lincoln, then Johnson after assassination

How did traditionalists defend their way of life?

Looked to their faith and the Bible for support

In John Kerry's speech, what does he say was the hypocrisy surrounding the war?

Loss of one American life in places was attempted to be proven to be the same and justify the preservation of freedom

Who was the president after John F. Kennedy was assassinated?

Lyndon B. Johnson

Who believed more direct military intervention was needed in Vietnam?

Lyndon Johnson

Who said this quote? "It is more honorable to walk in dignity than ride in humiliation"

MLK Jr.

Who was chosen to lead Montgomery Bus Boycott and why?

MLK because since he was a new person, the established leadership wouldn't be blamed, and instead, the "new guy" could take the blame

15th Amendment

Made it illegal to deny someone the right to vote based on race

Allies and the Rhine

March 1945: German troops wanted to protect the Rhine River and stop Allies from crossing, but Allies cross the Rhine

Germany surrenders

May 1945

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 in Philadelphia of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to produce new Constitution of the United States because they wanted to revise Article of Confederation

MAIN causes

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

How did traditionalists differ from modernists?

Modernists thought traditional values restricted individual freedom and pursuit of happiness, while traditionalists thought their own values provided order and stability to society

What did rural traditionalists think of cities?

Money-grubbing, materialistic, immoral

How long did the Montgomery bus boycott last?

More than 365 days.. Bus segregation was decided as unconstitutional by the supreme court

Whom did mercantilism benefit most, the mother country or the colony?

Mother Country because they taxed the goods, so they got money

The Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from the South to the North for job opportunities with a little higher wages

Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from the South to the North for jobs.

MAD

Mutually Assured Destruction: the idea that the superpowers had so many nuclear weapons that they would completely destroy each other in a war

Did the US sign the Geneva Accords?

NOPE because they were worried that Communists would win the general elections

How did the US gov respond to "radical thinking" during First World War?

NOT FOR IT! In fact, they deported and arrested anyone even SUSPECTED of "radical thinking"

Who supported the North communists in Vietnam?

NVA (north vietnamese army) and Vietcong

Slavic people in Bosnia no longer wanted to be part of Austria Hungary can be linked to...?

Nationalism

What does New Negro need to do to escape the past?

Need to learn how to stand up for what THEY think is right... they can't let people that don't agree with them cover up their own feelings

Ho Chi Minh trails

Network of trails through Laos and Cambodia that was used for the smuggling of weapons by North Vietnam into South Vietnam to support Communist insurgents

What does Locke mean when he writes the New Negro "cannot be swathed (wrapped) in their formulae (plans)"?

New Negros won't let themselves be pushed around.. they know what they want and will fight for it, unlike the Old Negros

Who was William Tweed? What impact did he have on New York City? (3 specific details)

New York politician who -used a lot of New York's money.. a lot was unnecessary -provided jobs to the unemployed -provided shelters and orphanages for the poor

Why is "baby boomers" important in understanding the Postwar society?

New era of country increasing population

How did the WW1 end?

New gov signed an armistice (agreement to end fighting in war)

Did the Civil Defense program do a good job in protecting the Americans?

No because the "duck and cover" method was only for people to not panic... it wouldn't ACTUALLY protect people from the atomic bombs

Did it make sense for Japanese to attack the US?

No because the only reason why Japan attacked was to make sure the US. didn't interfere with their invasion... Japan wasn't even certain that the US was going to interfere, but still caused so much damage

3rd Amendment

No quartering of troops: a soldier demanding that we give him food and let him stay at our house

Does Bryan fully believe in the Bible?

No... Darrow says the Bible says the world is BC. 40004 and Bryan says that Earth is much older

Did the United States allow EVERYONE to enter?

No... Irish were accepted in, but Chinese were not

Aid for freed slaves in presidential plan

None provided; it was up to individual states to decide how and to what extent newly freed slaves would be helpful

NATO Alliance

North Atlantic Treaty Organization: Western Europe

North and South Korea

North Korea was under the control of communists (Soviet Union) and South Korea was under the control of South (Americans)

How did the korean war start?

North Koreans pretended to be nice and make negotiations, but they were actually simply using the stick-and-carrot strategy (trying to figure out the perfect time to attack)... When North began entering into the 38th parallel, South Korea fought

Who was fighting during Vietnam War?

North Vietnam (communist): Ho Chi Minh fought South Vietnam (anti communist): Diem

Aug 2, 1964

North Vietnamese attacked U.S.S. Maddox

Radical Republicans

Northern Republican Congressmen who supported African-American citizenship and punishment for former Confederates

"weary of the Negro question"

Northerners are tired of trying to solve race problem

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who went south after the Civil War to help freedmen and Reconstruction

Lowell Mills

Not only was it was faster and more efficient, it was considered more humane than the textile industry in Great Britain by "paying in cash, hiring young adults instead of children, and by offering employment for only a few years and providing educational opportunities to help workers move on to better jobs". In addition to working 80 hours a week, the women had to adhere to strict moral codes (enforced by the matrons) as well as attend religious services and educational classes. So it is in the north because north is the place that started to industrialize while south was still farming

War with Mexico

Occurred due to annexation of Texas(Texas added to US). US won because it was larger, wealthier, and more populous than Mexico, so it got a bunch of states.

John Brown's raid

On the night of October 16, 1859, Brown and his band overran the arsenal. Some of his men rounded up a handful of hostages, including a few slaves. Word of the raid spread, and by morning Brown and his men were surrounded. A company of U.S. marines arrived on October 17, led by Colonel Robert E. Lee and Lieutenant J. E. B. Stuart. On the morning of October 19, the soldiers overran Brown and his followers. Ten of his men were killed, including two of his sons.

Who passed series of acts that would require colonists to pay taxes because Britain needed money?

Parliament

1971

Pentagon papers: American leaders involved US in Vietnam even tho Lyndon Johnson didn't want to send troops

What role did music play during slavery era?

People can say they've experienced something worse but had music to go to... music motivated and inspired people

Dehorners

People that drank denatured alcohol or canned heat at Hoovervilles... they didn't follow the rules

Modernist

Person who embraces new ideas, styles, and social trends

Traditionalist

Person who has deep respect for long-held culture and religious values

Why is consumerism/mass media important in understanding Postwar society?

Postwar society heavily revolved around buying and advertising goods

10th Amendment

Powers Reserved to the State: Federal gov only has powers specifically given by Constitution

Imperialism

Practice of extending power and dominion

Name of intro to Declaration of Independence

Preamble

August 1988

President Ronald Reagan signs HR 442 into law

The 2 plans emerged from Reconstruction

Presidential and Congressional

Why might increased anger about corruption in government lead to less interest in government attempts to reconstruct the South?

Problems in South could seem less important

Reconstruction

Process that the federal government used to readmit the Confederate states back into the Union(bring nation back together). Southern states had to build a new society NOT based on slavery.

Manufactured Goods

Products that are manufactured in European countries using raw materials EXAMPLES: Cabinets, Clothes, Alcohol, Gun

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Prohibits discriminatory practices in connection to people's rights to vote

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Prohibits racial discrimination in public accomodations, schools, employment... adds some reinforcements to voting rights

William Lloyd Garrison

Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Northern States: Slaves are PROPERTY or PEOPLE?

Property so that the Southern States would pay more taxes

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1866 propose to do?

Proposed that all persons born in the U.S. (except Native Americans) were citizens and that all citizens were entitled to equal rights no matter what race they are

Education Act

Provides free education for grades 1-4 and makes it a requirement for children to attend

How did increased public education help change youth culture?

Public education made kids spend lots of time outside home, giving them the time to dance, date, play sports, ect.

8th Amendment

Punishment for crimes cannot be cruel and unusual punishment

Queen Liliuokalani

Queen of Hawaii who gave the U.S. naval rights to Pearl Harbor

Who was in charge of Congressional plan?

Radical Republicans Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner

How did Radical Republicans in Congress RESIST rebuilding a good relationship with the South?

Radical Republicans demanded full and equal citizenship for African Americans, because they wanted to destroy the South's old ruling class and turn the region into a place with free schools, small farms, political equality for all citizens, and respect for labor

What followed compromise of 1877?

Reconstruction-era governments in South collapsed and white democrats rose back to power

How did baby boomers change society?

Rejuvenated feminism and the rise of more social, economic, political equation

War-Powers Act

Restricted the President's war-making powers without consent of Congress

Why was the deal between US and USSR kept a secret?

Reveal of their plans would damage the structure of NATO and the US position as the leader of NATO... US was a part of NATO and the Soviet Union wasn't

Who was Lyndon B. Johnson replaced by?

Richard Nixon

2nd Amendment

Right to bear arms (right to own guns)

Fireside Chats

Roosevelt updated people about what's happening in the country through the radio

Which of powers was originally with Germany but then switched over?

Russia

Even though it was known that "duck and cover" was an inadequate strategy to protect people, why did communities continue to teach it?

Safety experts knew that the people would be more calm knowing they had a way to be "protected"... they didn't want people to panic

What is President Grant trying to find in barrel?

Scandals and government frauds

According to Bryan, how has science hurt society?

Science has made war "hellish" and threatened civilization. It doesn't supply spiritual element, robs ships of its compass, and endangers its cargo

DeJure

Segregation based on laws --> Plessy vs. Ferguson

DeFacto

Segregation by unwritten customs or traditions

What was in Forest, Mississippi?

Segregation of racists -Restrooms -Local theaters -1 swimming pool for all white Americans -Graveyards

Social Gospel Movement

Social reform movement based on the belief that Christians have a responsibility to help improve working conditions and alleviate poverty

Eugene Debs

Socialist leader who made a speech about how American business leaders need to get their power taken away from them and how they are harming people's liberty and wellbeing

How did immigrants coming to the United States in the second half of the 19th century shape the culture and the new societies that they lived in?

Some immigrants were religious... --> made second half religious and just introduced more religions

Why did African American soldiers have mixed feelings about fighting in the Philippines? In other words, why did some of them SUPPORT it? Why did some of them OPPOSE it?

Some of them wanted to show just how courageous and patriotic African Americans could be and also wanted to get a head start in life by getting involved in the military, but others felt like they were fighting against people of color

How were the states divided on the issue of slavery?

Southern States counted slaves as people, because political power would increase. Northern States counted slaves as property because they would have to pay higher taxes if counted as people.

What did Southern States do to RESIST the process of reconstruction?

Southern States set up new state governments that were similar to the old ones, and some refused to ratify the 13th Amendment

Scalawags

Southern whites who supported Carpetbaggers and Freedmen

Dred Scott Case

Stated that because Scott was black, he wasn't a citizen and therefore had no right to sue

What kind of government did Federalists want?

Strong national gov

Raw Materials

Substances that are used in the production of finished (manufactured) goods EXAMPLES: Lumber, Crude Oil

December 1944

Supreme Court upholds constitutionality of Executive Order 9066 in Korematsu vs. US

"sick of carpet-bag government"

Suspicious of what they think is a corrupt government

What did Levitt assure homeowners?

That they could never be a communist, because they will be too busy decorating and customizing their new homes

Why did much of the American public want to help Cuba?

The American public was willing to help out Cuba because it looked like a good deed

Was the US justified to use the atomic bomb in the WW2? Explain

The US was **half** justified to use the atomic bomb in WW2. One of the main reasons why Japan first attacked the US was to make sure they didn't interfere with Japan's invasion of the Dutch East Indies. Japan wasn't completely sure the States were going to interfere, but still caused so much damage. Then, the US dropped an atomic bomb on Japan. It makes sense why the US attacked back-- Japan killed many people and property for a somewhat unreasonable reason. The US, of course, wanted to get revenge on Japan for them destroying the States. Already from the beginning, the attack wasn't justified. So, the fact that another attack happened on top of the first unjustified action is not good. I think the US bombing Japan, the incident by itself, was justified. The US just wanted revenge and it's very reasonable as to why they were seeking revenge

How involved was the United States in other countries' affairs during the late 19th century? Explain.

The United States sent troops to other countries and took an active role 103 times. They wanted Japan to open ports to American shipping, so they used warships

How did Wets represent modernist values?

The Wets ignored the ban of alcohol because they wanted to continue having fun. Modernists were big on having fun and enjoying themselves, rather than following to traditions where not a lot of fun activities existed

According to Secretary Stimson, what was the purpose of the atomic bomb in the larger scheme of the war?

The bomb would shorten the war between Japan and the US

How effective were the children of Birmingham's protest methods?

The children helped because of the amount of the children that protested, but they were eventually put to a stop

What was the initial position of the US in WWI? How did Americans feel about the war early on?

The initial position of the US in WW1 was neutral. Americans thought that everything was going fine

How did WWI encourage blacks to move North to work in factories?

The newspapers told blacks that jobs were available for them, that they would be taken care of, and that they wouldn't have to sit around and just be lazy anymore

Evolution

Theory created by Charles Darwin that states that simple forms of life on the early slowly gave rise to more complex forms

In MLK's "Beyond Vietnam" speech, what effect does he say the war had on social programs at home?

There used to be hope for the poor, blacks, and whites, but after Vietnam War started, the program broke, and America would never invest the necessary funds in helping the poor

In John Kerry's speech, how much does he say the government and military commands valued its soldiers?

They didn't, because the soldiers fought and died so that the president wouldn't die

How did Congress react to Johnson's veto?

They voted to override the veto.. the bill ended up becoming law

How did capitalism (the desire for more customers and profit) spur war to occur?

They wanted their products to be sold overseas so that they could make more money. The United States got involved with other countries

How did American isolationists react to Pearl Harbor attack?

Thought it would be unwise to stay quiet (wanted to speak out)

Why did the US become involved in the Vietnam War?

To prevent Communist Regime of North Vietnam from invading and gaining control of South Vietnam and the rest of Asia

Purpose of the Bill of Rights

To protect individuals from Gov

Sedition

To speak negatively against an authority figure, usually the government

In the beginning of the war, why did many Americans want to join the war?

To stop the Axis from taking over Europe and Asia

Urban

Town or city

How did Prohibition represent traditionalist values?

Traditionalists connected beer with German immigrants and wine with Italian immigrants. Prohibition was a way to stop foreign influences

Vietnamization

Transfer responsibility of fighting war to Southern Vietnamese and pull out American troops

Technology in WW1

Trench warfare

Why did Truman promise to drop more bombs on Japan?

Truman wanted to destroy Japan and their power to continue fighting in the war

Who was involved with the atomic bombs?

Truman, not Roosevelt

problem with trusts

Trusts would put pressure on smaller businesses to either join the trust or face possibility of going out of business

Why was the FCDA created by the federal government in 1951?

U.S. was worried that they would get attacked with nuclear weapons since the U.S. and the Soviet Union didn't have the best relationship

How was Diem overthrown?

U.S. worried that Diem's unpopularity would push more South Vietnamese to support Communists, so they supported a coup and Diem was overthrown and assassinated

Why did the Depression in the US affect other countries economically?

US loaned money to European nations, so when the stock market crashed in the US, other countries were affected

9th Amendment

Unenumerated Rights: Some rights that we still have, even if they are not written down here

Sinking of USS Maine

United States battleship Maine was suddenly blown up in an explosion which tore her bottom out and sank her, killing 260 officers and men on board... consequence was the brief Spanish-American War of 1898... many Americans blamed the Spanish for the outrage

What happened to Prohibition in 1933?

United States ratified the Twenty-First Amendment, which revoked prohibition, making alcohol no longer banned

Black Hand

Wanted all Serbian people to be in one nation and wanted Austria-Hungary out

Henry Cabot Lodge

Wanted to keep the united states out of the league of nations and tried convincing people NOT to join it

Vertical Integration

When a company owns all the different business that it depends on in order to operate/function. Instead of paying other businesses for their services, it simply uses each branch it owns to create its final product (ANDREW CARNEGIE almost monopolizes the industry)

Horizontal Consolidation/Integration

When a company tries to gain more power and control by buying out the businesses going against the person (ROCKEFELLER does this with oil)

Trust

When companies join together to form large monopolies

Captain of Industry

Where business leaders are claimed to have served the nation in a positive way by building factories, raising productivity, expanding markets, creating jobs, and using their fortunes to benefit the public

Robber Baron

Where business leaders are considering ruthless exploiters who used unethical means to destroy competition, create monopolies, and corrupt free trade

League of Nations

Woodrow Wilson had pushed for general association of nations that would guarantee independence for large and small nations and would use collective security.. a system in which group of nations acts as one to preserve peace of all to keep peace in future

Did U.S. support French?

YEP

Did the Pearl Harbor UNITE people?

Yes

War Bonds

a low-interest loan by civilians to the government meant to be repaid in a number of years

Gold Rush

a period when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold

Thomas Nast's description of Tammany Hall

an overfed monster that devours the city

By early 1915, how was the war beneficial to America?

banks in the United States were lending big amounts of money to Britain and France, who, in return, used the money to buy arms from American factories

What did Drys believe?

believed that forcing people to stop drinking would lead to a society filled with health and joy

What specific luxury item became widely available during the 1910s?

black car. It was the first car that an ordinary American was able to afford.

What was "radical thinking"

communism, socialism, and anarchism

Indian Removal

congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans

UN Security Council

council with the United Nations in charge of maintaining international peace

Economies of Sale

factors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as output rises, like too many industries or the buying and controlling of large amounts

Nativism

favoring the interests of native-born people over foreign-born people

United States Food Administration

federal agency created to encourage the production and conservation of food so there would be more for the war effort

Olive Branch petition

final attempt by the colonists to avoid going to war with Britain during the American Revolution. It was a document in which the colonists pledged their loyalty to the crown and asserted their rights as British citizens

Gulf of Tonkin incident

international confrontation that led to the United States engaging more directly in the Vietnam War

Sedition Act

made it a crime to write, print, utter, or publish criticism of the president of government.. fine is no more than $10,000 or imprisonment of no more than 20 years, or both

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

Norman Rockwell

painted scenes of life in small towns that reassured a simple life

Evangelicals

people committed to the Christian gospel message that Jesus Christ is the savior of humanity

What kinds of illegal activities sprang up in response to Prohibition?

people learning how to brew their own "bathtub gin", people buying illegal "bootleg" alcohol from Canada, and people opening secret drinking clubs

Who were the Wets?

people that thought freedom was restricted by the banning of alcohol

Patriots

people who wanted the American colonies to gain their independence from Britain

Localism

policy relied on by President Hoover in the early years of the Great Depression whereby local and state governments act as primary agents of economic relief

Proclamation of 1763

prohibited American colonists from settling west of Appalachia

Butler Act

prohibited Tennessee educators from teaching evolution in all public schools and universities

"... the slave went free; stood a brief moment in the sun; then moved back again toward slavery"

said by W.E.B. Dubois implying that African Americans were free only for a little while.. nothing changed permanently

Sons of Liberty

secret organization that was created in the Thirteen American Colonies to advance the rights of the European colonists and to fight taxation by the British government

Lyndon B. Johnson

signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965

John Scopes

substitute biology teacher accused for violating the Butler Act (charged $100)

According to LaFollette, whose support does President Wilson need to get for the war?

support of the supporters of the war bill

Lusitana

the British passenger ship that was sank by Germany killing more than 128 US citizens

Bootlegging

the act of making or transporting alcohol illegally

Creationism

the belief that God created the world as described in the Bible

Eugene McCarthy

the first antiwar advocate to challenge Johnson for the 1968 Democratic presidential nomination

What was the western front of fighting in WWI like?

there was a "competition" that resulted in the creation of a trench system that stretched for 300 miles. After the death of one person, the number of deaths started increasing. People lived in "holes on the ground", like animals, and the only times they would come outside were when they needed to eat or to fight. This would last about six months. The front never moved more than two miles in either direction

Why did "a last great war" appeal to many young future soldiers?

they thought it would be the last time they would see a "great war"

What were the three primary motives for American leaders purposely starting a war during the late 19th century?

to make protests stop protesting (at least temporarily), to group people up and have them go against a foreign enemy, and to make money by opening up a foreign market

According to the Washington Post, what "yearning" did the United States have during the late 19th century?

yearning to show their strength

Did U.S. support the South Vietnam leader?

yes at first, but Diem (South Vietnam leader) turned out to be oppressive and unpopular... he canceled elections, repressed buddhists, and caused major discontent in South Vietnam