11. the endocrine system

oxytocin

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

what hormones are produced by the hypothalamus

ADH and oxytocin

what are the two major types of receptor molecules that respond to an intercellular chemical signal

Intracellular receptors and membrane-bound receptors

what is an example of receptors that directly alter membrane permeability

acetylcholine binds to receptors that are part of membrane channels for sodium ions

membrane-bound receptors are located ___ and signals bind by ___;d

across the outer surface of the cell membrane; responding to intercellular chemical signals that are large and water soluble (do not diffuse)

adrenocorticotropic hormone targets the ___ and causes what response ___

adrenal cortex; increases secretion of cortisol

what are the four types of chemical signals

autocrine, paracrine, neuromodulators and neurotransmitters, and pheromones

chemical signals can produced new proteins by

binding to the DNA and increasing RNA synthesis, the messenger RNA then moves to the ribosomes where new proteins are produced

what are the three ways hormone secretion is regulated and what are some examples of each

blood level of chemicals, hormones, and the nervous system; blood glucose and insulin secretion, pituitary gland and ovaries/testes sex hormones, epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

hormones

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

what are some examples of hormones that usually remain unchanged or slightly decrease

cortisol, insulin, and thyroid hormones

intracellular receptors are located in ____ and signals bind to the receptor by ____

cytoplasm or nucleus; diffusing across membrane and binding to receptor sites on intracellular receptors

pheromones are chemical signals secreted into ____ and modify the _____ & ____ of ______; an example of this is ___

environment; behavior and physiology; other individuals; women sharing periods

what are some examples of hormones that decrease in secretion

estrogen, testosterone, growth hormone, melatonin

what are some examples of hormones that might increase secretion levels

follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and parathyroid hormone

what hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland (7)

growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and prolactin

what tissues does epinephrine target? what gland secretes it? what response does it have? and what is the under production cause

heart, blood vessels, liver, and adipose tissue; adrenal medulla; increases cardiac output and blood flow; hypocortisolism or Addison's disease

what an example of receptors that alter the activity of enzymes

increasing activity of an enzyme that usually breaks down glycogen, makes glucose available as an energy source

what is another word for chemical signals and what are they

ligands; molecules released from one location that move to another location to produce a response

what tissues do insulin and glucagon target? what gland is it released from? what response does it cause? and what is the hyper and under production cause?

liver, skeletal muscles, and adipose tissue, pancreas, insulin increases uptake and use of glucose and glucagon increases breakdown of glycogen; diabetes

autocrine chemical signals are released by cells that have a ___ effect on the ______ cell type; an example is ____

local; same; prostaglandin chemicals secreted in response to inflammation

hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis

major part of the neuroendocrine system that controls reactions to stress and regulates many body processes, including mood and emotion; may be abnormal in anxiety and depressive disorders

intercellular chemical signals bind to ____ to produce ____ responses

membrane-bound receptors; rapid

what tissues does the thyroid hormone target? what response does it have? and what is the under and over production cause? what gland is it release from?

most cells; increases metabolic rate; hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism; thyroid gland

what tissues does the growth hormone target and what response does it have

most tissues; increases protein synthesis

what feedback mechanism controls the secretion of hormones

negative feedback mechanisms

neuromodulators and neurotransmitters are chemical signals that are secreted by ____ cells and aid the _____ an example of this is ____

nerve; nervous system; acetylcholine produced during stress

can hormones bind to different receptor molecules and influence the function of cells despite not having receptor molecules for that hormone

no

does the endocrine system have ducts

no, it is ductless

receptors and G proteins are found ___ and function as _____

on the inner surface of the plasma membrane; receptors for hormones

intercellular chemical cells are released from

one cell and carried in the intercellular fluid and bind to receptors that are found in other cells

intracellular chemical signals are produced in

one part of the cell and travel to another part of the same cell

paracrine chemical signals are released by cells and have effects on ____ cell types; and example is ___

other; somatostatin secreted by the pancreas to release insulin by other cells in the pancreas

the follicle-stimulating hormone targets ___ and promotes ___

ovarian follicles and seminiferous tubules; promotes follicle maturation and sperm cell production

the luteinizing hormone targets ____ and promotes ___

ovaries and testes; ovulation and sperm cell production

prolactin targets ___ and causes what response

ovary and mammary glands; prolongs progesterone secretion

ADH, or anti-diuretic hormone, is released by the ___________ and acts on the ___________ to help retain water in the body.

pituitary; kidney

what do chemical signals bind to

proteins or glycoproteins called receptor molecules

what are the three types of response that happen when an intercellular signal binds to a membrane bound receptor

receptors that directly alter membrane permeability, receptors and G proteins, receptors that alter the activity of enzymes

how can aging affect hormone activity

secretion decreases, remains unchanged, or increases

intracellular chemical signals are relatively ___ and _____ so they can ____

small; soluble in lipids; diffuse through the cell membrane

describe the cascade effect

some intercellular chemical signals bind to membrane bound receptors and produce intracellular chemical signal molecules that activate enzymes inside the cell

what mechanism do receptor molecules use

specificity or shapes that only allow certain chemical signals to bind to it

hormones are distributed in the blood to all parts of the body but only certain tissues called

target tissues

what are the main functions of the endocrine system

water balance, uterine contraction and milk release, growth and metabolism, ion regulation, heart rate and blood pressure, blood glucose, immune system, and reproductive functions