Chapter 8 - Joints (Learn Smart)

Moving a body part backward in the horizontal plane is called ___.

retraction

What prefix means "joint"?

arth-

A ___ joint consists of a convex surface of one bone fitting into the concave surface of another.

hinge

The joint between the humerus and ulna (elbow joint) is an example of a specific synovial joint called a(n) ____ joint.

hinge

The hip joint is an articulation between what two bony structures?

- Acetabulum of pelvis - Head of femur

What are three functions of a joint or articulation? - Protect internal organs - Allow bone growth in children - Bind parts of the skeleton - Enable movement - Produce body heat

- Allow bone growth in children - Bind parts of the skeleton - Enable movement

The coracohumeral ligament of the shoulder joint is connected to what two bony structures?

- Coracoid process of scapula - Greater tubercle of humerus

The shoulder can undergo what four movements?

- Flexion and extension - Circumduction - Adduction and abduction - Rotation

Indicate the ligaments that are associated with the shoulder joint: - Cruciate ligaments - Coracohumeral ligament - Ulnar collateral ligament - Glenohumeral - Transverse humeral ligament

- Glenohumeral - Coracohumeral ligament - Transverse humeral ligament

The transverse humeral ligament of the shoulder joint is connected to what two structures?

- Greater tubercle of the humerus - Lesser tubercle of the humerus

What are the three ligaments that contribute to the stability of the hip?

- Iliofemoral ligament - Pubofemoral ligament - Ischiofemoral ligament

What are the three extracapsular ligaments (located outside of the capsule) of the knee?

- Patellar ligament - Tibial collateral ligament - Fibular collateral ligament

Indicate three functions of the synovial fluid.

- Provide nutrients to articular cartilage - Contains stem cells - Moistens and lubricates cartilage of joint

Indicate the bursae that are associated with the shoulder joint

- Subdeltoid bursa - Subcoracoid bursa - Subacromial bursa

Cartilaginous joints include ___ and ___.

- Symphyses - Synchondroses

What are the three classifications of joints based on what binds them together?

- Synovial - Fibrous - Cartilaginous

The elbow joint is stabilized by what three structures?

- Ulnar collateral ligament - Tendon of brachialis muscle - Radial collateral ligament

what types of movements are allowed at the hip joint?

- circumduction - adduction - abduction - flexion - extension - lateral rotation - medial rotation

Identify three examples of types of synovial joints. - condylar - suture - symphysis - gomphosis - ball-and-socket - plane

- condylar - ball-and-socket - plane

Which movements are allowed at the knee?

- flexion - extension

What are names of bursae associated with the knee?

- suprapatellar - prepatellar

Which type of joint is a synarthrotic joint? - hinge joint - syndesmosis - suture

- suture

The condition called ___ is characterized by inflammation of the joints, and has many causes and forms.

Arthritis

In general, wherever two bones come together, a junction called a(n) ____ is formed.

articulation

The joint, or articular, ___ of a synovial joint encloses the joint and prevents bone ends from being pulled apart.

capsule

Describe hyperextension:

Movement beyond anatomical position

A person who is prone is lying in what position?

On their stomach, face down

The joint between the radius and the ulna allows what type of movement?

Pronation & supination

The movement that results in straightening a bent elbow is an example of ____.

extension

Extension is a movement where bones or body parts are moved ___ each other.

farther from

The bone ends within a ___ joint are held together by dense connective tissue.

fibrous

The rounded head of the ____ articulates with the shallow glenoid cavity of the ____ to form the shoulder joint.

humerus ; scapula

What type of structure(s) holds together bones within a synchondrosis?

hyaline cartilage

In order to stretch your leg straight out behind you, you must ____ your hip joint.

hyperextend

Which structure functions to enable movement, allow for growth and bind together parts of the skeleton? - cartilage - ligament - joint

joint

Changes in collagen in joints due to aging results in ____.

joint stiffness

The femoropatellar articulation is part of the ____ joint.

knee

At synovial joints, the joint capsule is reinforced by ___ that help stabilize the joint and bind together the bone ends.

ligaments

Structures called ___ that are found in some synovial joints cushion the articulating surfaces and help distribute body weight at joints such as the knee.

menisci

Joints classified as ___ are being described by their function.

Synarthrotic, diarthrotic, or amphiarthrotic

The shoulder joint is more movable than the hip joint. Why?

The articulating surfaces fit more snugly together in the hip than in the shoulder

Bones held together by hyaline or fibrocartilage are classified as ___ joints.

cartilaginous

Flexion is a movement where the two bones or parts of the body are moved ___ each other.

closer to

Movement at the ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin is called ___.

dorsiflexion

The femoropatellar joint between the femur and the kneecap is an example of a ___ joint.

plane

The patellofemoral joint is a ____ joint.

plane

What type of joint permits non-axial movements because it only allows a back-and-forth, sliding or twisting motion?

plane joint

If a person is lying on their stomach, face down, they are said to be lying ___.

prone

Moving a body part forward in the horizontal plane is called ___.

protraction

In anatomical position, the hand and forearm are ____.

supinated

Adduction is moving a body limb ____ the midline of the body.

toward

T/F: synovial joints are freely movable and are therefore classified as diarthrotic joints.

true

The ____ collateral ligament connects the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the medial margin of the coronoid process and olecranon process of the ulna

ulnar

The movement called elevation is the movement of a body part in which direction?

upward

The elbow joint (humeral-ulnar joint) is a ____ joint. Thus, it only permits ____.

Hinge ; flexion and extension

What is a bursa?

A fluid-filled sac that decreases friction between two structures

Turning the foot so that the plantar surface faces laterally is called ___ of the foot.

Eversion

The membranous areas found in fetal and infant skulls are called ____ .

Fontanels

What's the definition of 'Glen-'

Joint socket

What is bursitis?

Inflammation of the bursa(e)

Turning the foot so that the plantar surface faces medially is called ___ of the foot.

Inversion

Where does the fluid found within the synovial joint cavity come from?

It is secreted by the synovial membrane

Within the elbow joint, a hinge joint occurs between the ____ and the ____.

Trochlear notch & trochlea

Lifting your arm horizontally to form a right angle with the side of the body involves a movement called ___ of the arm.

abduction

Moving a limb away from the midline of the body or the axial line of a limb is called ___.

abduction

The thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones in a synovial joint is called ___ cartilage.

articular

What's the definition of 'Burs-'

bag, purse

The glenohumeral joint, between the humerus and the scapula, is an example of a(n) ___ joint.

ball-and-socket

What is an example of a saddle joint? - between the phalanges - between the carpals - between the carpal and the metacarpal of the thumb - between the humerus and the ulna

between the carpal and the metacarpal of the thumb

What is an example of a condylar joint? - between the carpals - between the tibia and femur - between the metacarpals and proximal phalanges

between the metacarpals and proximal phalanges

Within the elbow joint, a plane joint occurs between the ___ and the ___.

capitulum & head of radius

A movement which decreases the angle of a joint, bringing the bones closer together, is called ____.

flexion

What's the definition of Anul-

ring

Movement of a body part around its axis, such as turning the head to look over the shoulder, is called ___.

rotation

A joint described as an amphiarthrotic joint is, by definition, ___.

slightly movable

The fibrous joints between the flat bones of the skull are called ___.

sutures

A joint that involves a pad of fibrocartilage anchoring together the bone ends is a type of cartilaginous joint called a(n) ____.

symphysis

Based on their structure, the joints between vertebrae, containing intervertebral discs, are examples of what type of cartilaginous joint?

symphysis

The pubic ___ is the cartilaginous joint at the anterior of the pelvis between the pubic bones.

symphysis

What is the specific term for a fibrous joint involving an interosseous membrane or interosseous ligament(s)?

syndesmosis

Joints surrounded by a tubular joint capsule are classified as ____ joints.

synovial

The ___ membrane lines the joint capsules of synovial joints.

synovial

The structural (not functional) classification of a freely moveable joint enclosed in a joint capsule is a(n) ____ joint.

synovial

Joint stiffening and decreased range of motion and elasticity are characteristic age-related changes of what type of joint?

synovial joints