11,12,13

Cells that provide direct protection and physical support to neurons are A. Neuroglial cells B. Fond primarily in lymphatic fluids C. Located only in the spinal fluid D. Nodes of ranvier E. Myelinated

A

Control of respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure integrated through the.... A. Medulla oblongata B. Hypothalamus C. Cerebellum D. Cerebral cortex E. Thalamus

A

Control of the smooth muscle and the intercostal organs is the role of the________ division of the nervous system. A. Autonomic B. Postsynaptic C. Somatic D. Sensory E. Endocrine

A

Convergence occurs when several presynaptic cells... A...... Form a synapse with a single postsynaptic cell B..... Activate the sodium potassium pump of a Schwann cell C....Depolarize sequentially D...... Form A Synapse with multiple postsynaptic cells E....... Depolarize simultaneously.

A

From an evolutionary standpoint, which of the following structure is considered the oldest , most primitive division of the brain? A. Hindbrain B. Cerebrum C. Corpus Callosum D. Midbrain E. Forebrain

A

The ovaries of a woman function as a endocrine organs by producing... A. Estrogen and progesterone B. oxytocin C. Growth hormone D. ADH E. Prostaglandins

A

Which one of the fallowing establishes and maintains the resting potential? A. Sodium potassium pump B. Repolarzation C. K+ leak channel D. Na+ leak channel E. Depolarization

A

Which one of the following types of neurotransmitters functions as an inhibitory agent, typically suppressing the sensation of pain? A. Endorphins B. Somatostatin C. Serotonin D. Acetylcholine E. Epinephrine

A

non-steroid hormones differ form steroids hormones in that they... A. Bind to a receptor on the outer surface of the cell membrane B. Cause a change to occur in the target cell C. Bind to an intracellular receptor D. can nor be stored E. Are water insoluble

A

Insufficient production of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary gland may result in.... A. Diabetes insipidus B. Dwarfism C. A drop in blood glucose levels D. Gigantism E. Acromegaly

B

Texting while driving involves which type of driving distractions? A. Real and imagined B. Visual, Cognitive, and manual C. Steering and speed D. Spatial, Temporal, and peripheral E. Oral, Auditory, and perceptual

B

The central nervous system is composed of which of the following? A. Sensory division and motor division B. Brain and spinal cord C. Autonomic nervous system and brain D. Somatic division and motor division E. Somatic division and autonomic division

B

The central nervous system is enclosed by membranes or meninges called the.... A. Fore,Mid, and hind meninges B. Dura mater, Pia mater, and arachnoid C. Glial, Schwann, And interstitial D. Dura mater, alma mater, and pia mater E. Pleura, Parietal, and arachnoid

B

The loudness (intensity) of a sound is specifically associated with the... A. Frequency of sound waves B. Amplitude of the sound waves C. Duration of the sound D. Specific hair cells that respond to the cochlea E. Area of the brain interpreting the sensory input

B

The malleus and icus function to.... A. Sence static postion B. Amplify sound C. Convert a sound wave into an electrical impulse D. Convert a long wave light into an electrical impulse E. Channel sounds in the inner ear

B

people who are intoxicated cannot coordinate their movements or walk a straight line because alcohol disrupts the normal function of which region of the brain? A. Hypothalamus B. Cerebellum C. Thalamus D. Corpus callousm E. Cerebrum

B

sound is amplified by components of the middle ear when they vibrate. When one of theses components, the stapes, vibrates the _________ will vibrate. A. Cochlea B. Oval window C. Pinna D. Tympanic membrane E. Eustachian tube

B

The left and right sides of the cerebrum are interconnected by which one of the following? A. Medulla oblongata B. Pons C. Corpus callosum D. Thalamus E. Cerebral cortex

C

The three main anatomical and functional divisions of the brain are the... A. Cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons B. Ventricles, meninges, Nerve tracts C. Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain D. Hypothalamus, Thalamus , pituitary E. Frontal , parietal, occipital

C

Which on of the following diseases is a progressive disorder caused by destruction of dopamine releasing neurons in the brain that coordinate muscle movement? A. Rabies B. Encephalitis C. Parkinson's disease D. Epilepsy E. Alzheimer's disease

C

Which on of the following hormone pairs is antagonistic, in that they have opposing effects? A. Epinephrine, norepinephrine B. Estrogen, Progesterone C. Glucagon, insulin D. Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) E. Oxytocin, prolactin

C

Which one of the following parts of the eye is effected by cataracts? A. Aqueous humor B. Cornea C. Lens D. Vitreous Humor E. Retina

C

when a sound wave first arrives in the ear, the wave is directed toward the auditory canal by... A. Vestibular apparatus B. Tympanic membranes C. Pinna D.Receptors on the head E. Auditory tube

C

An individual never developed otoliths in the inner ear due to a genetic defect. Which one of the following will be impaired as a result? A. Maintenance of balance B. Sense of rotational movement C. Hearing high pitched sounds D. Sense of head position and linear acceleration E. Hearing low pitched sounds

D

During which on of the following phases of an action potential do the sodium channels close and potassium channels open releasing potassium form the neuron? A. Both depolarization and repolarization B. Reestablishment of resting potential C. Depolarization D. Repolarzartion E. Saltatory propagation

D

Hormones act upon specific target tissues because.... A. They interact only with target cells at a synapse B. They are released next to target tissues, so they cannot interact with other cells C. The blood has access to all body tissues D. Target tissues display the appropriate receptor for a particular hormone E. They can be released only following depolarization of the target cell

D

Insulin helps regulate blood sugar at homeostatic levels by.... A. Promoting the breakdown of fat B. Activating hormone production in the posterior pituitary gland C. Stimulating alpha cells of the pancreas to produce more hormones D. Promoting the entry of glucose into the cells E. Stimulating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose

D

Mechanoreceptors specifically designed to monitor muscle length are termed.... A. Muscle fibers B. Dendrites C. Thermoreceptors D. Muscle Spindles E. Pacinian corpuscles

D

Slow pain originating from an internal organ is often perceived as coming from an area of the body totally unrelated to the source. This is known as.... A. Indirect tolerance B. Threshold propagation C. Delayed perception D. Referred pain E. "Shooting" pain

D

Somatic receptors distributed throughout the body are linked to sensory neurons that send impulses to which on of the following regions of the brain? A. Frontal lobe B. Medulla oblongata C. Pons D. Parietal lobe E. Occipital lobe

D

The vitreous humor fills the main chamber of the eye. Which one of the following structures of the eye would the vitreous humor come in direct contact with? A. Iris B. Choroid C. Cornea D. Retina E. Sclera

D

Whereas the sense of taste is based on ________ (how many?) classes of taste receptors, the sense of smell has over ________ (how many?) different receptors for chemicals associated with odor. A. 150;6 B. 10; 10,000 C. 500; 5,000 D. 5; 1,000 E. 20; 200

D

Which component of the nervous system is divided into the somatic and the autonomic divisions? A. Central B. Sensory C. Parasympathetic D. Motor E. Peripheral

D

Which on of the following activities would be facilitated by the same sympathetic nervous system? A. Decrease respiratory rate B. Decrease heart rate C. Increase bladder contraction D. Increase blood pressure E. Increase digestion and absorption

D

Which on of the following causes the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla? A. Releasing hormone form the hypothalamus B. AMTH from the anterior pituitary C. Parasympathetic nerves D. Sympathetic nerves E. ACTH form the anterior pituitary

D

Which on of the following cells transmit impulse away from the central nervous system to the muscles and other organs? A. Sensory neurons B. Neuroglia C. Dendrites D. Motor neurons E. Interneurons

D

Which on of the following is required in the diet in order for active thyroid hormones to be produced? A. Calcium B. Phosphorus C. Zinc D. Iodine E. Iron

D

Which on of the following occurs with each cycle of the sodium potassium pump? A. The inside of the cell becomes more negative as potassium is pumped out B. Sodium is moved into the cell creating a net negative charge outside the cell C. The net effect is removal of one osmotic particle and one negative charge from inside the cell D.The net effect removal of one osmotic particle and one positive charge form inside the cell E. Two potassium ions and three sodium ions are pumped out of the cell

D

oligodendrocytes are similar to Schwann cells on that they... A. Are located in the peripheral nervous system B. Help nervous regenerate after injury C. Conduct nerve cell impulses D. Are a type of neruoglial cell E.are located in the central nervous system

D

A stronger stimulus results in which one of the following? A. Neural fatigue B. Action potentials that travel more quickly C. larger Action potentials D. Grader frequency E. Activation of more receptors and initiation of more action potentials

E

Both voluntary and involuntary skeletal muscle movement are controlled through which one of the following divisions of the nervous system? A. Parasympathetic division B. Sensory division C. Endocrine system D. Sympathetic division E. Somatic division

E

Color blindness usually results from a decrease in the number of A. Rods B. Optic disks C. Ciliary muscles D. Foveae E. Cones

E

Insufficient production of acetylochline in the synapses of the brain, abnormal tangled neurons, and large deposits of beta-amyloid are associated with which on of the following? A. Meningitis B. Epilepsy C. Parkinson's disease D. Rabies E. Alzheimer's disease

E

Luteinizing hormone is considers a gonadotropin because of which on of the following reasons? A. it stimulates the growth and development of gonads ,but only in females B. it triggers the production of gonadotropin hormones C. It stimulates the growth but not the development of gonads in males D. It functions to complement the activity of TSH E. Ir promotes the growth of reproductive organs in both male and female

E

Olfactory receptors are located in which on of the following? A. Skin surrounding the nasal openings B. Upper regions of the mouth C. Muscles D. Taste buds E. Upper part of the nasal passages

E

The action of non steroid hormones often results in conversation of ATP to cyclic AMP, Which then functions.... A. As an internal receptor for steroid hormones B. To stimulate the release of the original hormone from the cell surface receptor C. As an enzyme in the generation of ATP D. As a secondary hormone released into the bloodstream E. To initiate a cascade of enzyme activations

E

The transparent covering of the front of the eye is called... A. pupil B. lens C. iris D. fovea contrails E. cornea

E

The vestibule contains two fluid filled chambers, called the utricle and saccule, which are alike in that.... A. They are directly attached to the semicircular canals B. They both are surrounded by cupular membranes C. Both contain D. Each lines the semicircular canals E. Each has a gel like substance on the inside

E

Which of the following receives a physical or chemical stimulus and ultimately causes nerve impulse to be generated in sensory neurons? A. Axons B. The brain C. Hillocks D. Schwann cells E. Receptors

E

Which on of the following diseases is caused by a virus that is introduced to the body through the skin and travels along sensory neurons to the brain? A. Epilepsy B. Parkinson's disease C. Alzheimer's disease D. Meningitis E. Rabies

E

Which on of the following is caused by the secretion of atrial natriuretic hormone by the heart? A. Decrease in blood calcium level B. Decrease in kidney function C. Increase of blood sugar level D. Increase production of fats and proteins E. Decrease in blood pressure

E

Which one of the following provides the cns with information about the outside environment? A. Autonomic division B. Sympathetic division C. Motor division D. Parasympathetic division E. Sensory division

E

A neuron at rest has a charge difference across it cell membrane with the interior of the cell negative relative to the exterior. The difference in charge across the plasma membrane is referred to as ___________ potential. A. resting B. graded C. depolarized D. action E. refractory

A

A student noticed that when his eyes close, He could still determine the position of his arms and legs. This is largely due to the activity of A. Mechanoreceptors B. Meissner's corpuscles C. Chemoreceptors D. Merkel disks E. Pain receptors

A

During synaptic transmission, the influx of ________ causes vesicles in the axon bulb to fuse with the cell membrane, releasing ________. A. Neurons; mitochondrion B. Ca2+; neurotransmitter C. Neurotransmitters; Ca2+ D. Vesicles; Neurons E. Mitochondrion; neuron

B

The pituitary gland is often called the "master of the endocrine system" because... A. It contains neuroendocrine cells that activate many of the other endocrine glands B. It secretes 8 different hormones that in turn regulate many of the other endocrine glands C. All blood vessels must pass through the pituitary so hormones can be regulated D. All other hormones must be activated by enzymes released by the pituitary gland E. Releasing and inhibiting factors for most other endocrine glands are released by the pituitary

B

When oxytocin is released during childbirth, the hormone targets cells in the A. Breasts and uterus B. Uterus C. Breasts D. Kidney E. Hypothalamus

B

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for speech and conscious thought? A. Temporal B. Frontal C. Occipital D. Corpus callousm E. Parietal

B

Which one of the following non-hormonal chemical messengers is important in local control of blood flow and blood clotting? A. Histamine B. Prostaglandins C. Tumor angiogenesis growth factor D. Nerve growth factor E. Epidermal growth factor

B

Within the cochlea, higher-frequency sounds are converted to electrical impulses near the? A. Tapered tip B. Oval and round window C. Sensory neurons D. Auditory tube E. Cornea

B

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (AlS) is a demyelinating disease that results from the nerve damage beginning in the... A. Diaphragm B. Brain C. Spinal cord D. Sensory neurons E. Intercostal muscles

C

Conscious thought is associated with which on of the following? A. Thalamus B. Cerebellum C. Cerebral cortex D. Hypothalamus E. Medulla oblongata

C

Hypo-secretion of ADH results in A. Stimulation of protein synthesis B. An increase in the mass and length of bones C. Diabetes insipidus D. Overstimulation of cell division E. Reduced uptake of blood glucose

C

Nearsightedness and Farsightedness are caused by the... A. Density of the aqueous and vitreous humor B. Shape of the cornea C. Length of the eyeball D. positioning of the rods and cones E. Shape of the lens

C

Receptor adaptation occurs when.... A. The brain ignores the incoming action potentials B. The stimulus stops C. The sensory neuron stops sending action potential D. Action potentials form multiple sensory neurons cancel one another E. Impulses transmission stops at a synapse

C

The following list of events involved in the activation of a cell by a steroid hormone. Which one of the following best represents the order in which the steps occur? 1. Cellular response to the hormone 2. Activation of a gene 3. Formation of a hormone-receptor complex 4. Diffusion of the hormone through a target cell membrane 5. Production of a protein A. 2, 5, 4, 3, 1 B. 5, 3, 4, 1, 2 C. 4, 3, 2, 5, 1 D. 2, 5, 1, 3, 4 E. 4, 3, 2, 1, 5

C

A goiter results from low dietary iodine levels A. because ADH levels rise controllably B. As glucagon levels elevate C. because the hypothalamus can no be inhibited without iodine D. due to the activity of the anterior pituitary gland E. because thyroxine can not be made which results in high levels of TSH

E