120A ZAPS learning checks

Imagine you are a web designer working on an interactive website. You need a symbol to indicate to users that they will start a timed task. Based on the ideas presented in this ZAPS lab, which of the following symbols would be most effective for this purpose?

"GO" in green circle To most effectively signal users to start a task, congruent colors, words, and shapes should be used. In most of the world, green is used to indicate "go," while red is used to indicate "stop." The circle is a neutral shape that does not conflict with the concept of "go," unlike the octagon, which is also associated with "stop."

Selective attention is our ability to...

Focus on one input or task while ignoring others

A dealer shuffles a standard pack of playing cards, including 26 red cards (diamonds and hearts) and 26 black cards (spades and clubs), and turns the card on top of the deck face up. If the face-up card is red, the gambler wins $11. If the face-up card is black, the gambler loses $9. Utility maximization theory predicts which response?

Most people will accept the gamble

How can mood congruence effects contribute to depression?

Negative mood primes negative thoughts and memories, which in turn make mood more negative

What is the primary finding from the feature search task?

Reaction times stay the same regardless of the number of distractors because of the pop-out effect.

Suppose a friend calls and tells you the seven-digit passcode to enter her home so that you can watch her cat while she's out of town. What can you do to maintain that information in working memory until you find a pen to write it down?

Rehearse it by repeating the passcode to yourself

What does the Stroop effect demonstrate?

The automaticity of language

Based on what you've learned about congruency, which of the following would be an example of an incongruency that might interfere with automaticity?

While giving your friend directions to the library, you point left but tell them to take a right

What kind of "critical lure" is most likely to elicit a false recall?

a word very strongly related to the other workds on the list

What is the mood congruency effect?

the tendency to recall information that matches your current mood

Which patient is most likely to have problems with mental rotation?

a patient with occipital-pairteal damage and deficits in visual-guided reading

A lexical decision task is used to test which of the following?

semantic priming

The word banana appears on the left screen, and the split-brain patient is told to use her left hand to select the object named on the screen. Will she be able to fetch the banana?

yes

The word car appears on the right screen. Will the split brain patient be aware of the word?

yes

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the deficits of someone with prosopagnosia?

"i see faces but i can never be sure of the identity of a person based on [their] face"

A research study asked participants to estimate death rates for different causes. Participants estimated that about four times more people die by homicide than from asthma, but the truth is the reverse - approximately four times more people die from asthma than by homicide. Which heuristic might cause this very incorrect estimation?

Availability heuristic: homicides are reported in the news, so they are easier to recall than asthma deaths, which are rarely reported in the news. News reports (and crime shows) make homicide deaths easier to recall and this availability is taken as indicating their frequency.

Which of these is an example of state-dependent memory?

Bilinguals recall more memories in which the language matches the language of the interview

A friend invites you over to play games and you want to do something involving insight problem-solving. Which of the following games would best fit that criteria?

Charades

Shifting attention to a specific location without moving your eyes to fixate that location is called

Covert attention

Which memory strategy might be effective for reducing the effect of encoding specificity?

Distributed practice: practicing at different times and in different contexts could reduce the specificity of the learned material

One of the key cognitive components to successful insight problem solving is

Divergent thinking.

What movement within Psychology was particularly interested in insight problem solving?

Gestalt Psychology

We have constancy for size and other things we perceive. Which of the following is an example of perceptual constancy?

Hearing the same word in many different people's voices

What description best characterizes the serial position curve for an experiment in which a distractor task comes between the presentation of a series and participants' recall of that series?

High recall for the first few items and low recall for all other items

A sudden insight problem requires there to be

Little or no awareness of mental processes that lead to the answer.

Now consider the same gamble again: If the face-up card is red, the gambler wins $11; if the face-up card is black, the gambler loses $9. Which response best describes actual people's behavior?

Most people will reject the gamble

"Opt-in" organ donation programs, where adults can choose to enroll in the program, have approximately 15% participation rates; "opt-out" organ donation programs, in which adults are enrolled by default and can choose to decline participation in the program, have approximately 90% participation rates. What best explains this difference?

Opt-out framing makes organ donation seem normal, opt-in framing makes it seem like a special act.

A cross-country driver decides to eat at a local restaurant she has never heard of. She walks in and sees a counter that contains cash register machines; a menu hangs above the counter. Behind the counter, employees wearing headsets and paper hats hustle to and fro, pulling food from a service window and placing it onto trays. These images will most likely trigger a ________ that will lead the traveler to believe she should ________.

Schema; order at the counter and then seat herself

The Ponzo and Müller-Lyer illusions are not universally experienced: Some cultures do not appear to display the same distortion of line length. Why might this be?

Some environments or cultures lack objects we see in urban environments, like buildings that have many right angles.

Neuroscience evidence shows that attention works by...

Strengthening responses to attended stimuli at many levels of processing.

In the experiment you just completed, what was the difference between the invalid cue and valid cue?

The valid cue was an arrow pointing towards the target location, the invalid cue was an arrow pointing away from the target location

Memory errors in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott procedure occur because

The word activates a schema that creates a memory illusion.

In the experiment you just completed, why are participants usually slower to respond on invalid cue trials than on valid cue trials?

They shift their attention in the direction of the cue, which is the correct direction on valid cue trials, but is the incorrect direction on invalid cue trials

In the Reference Results, what do the data show?

a difference in reaction times in which congruent trials are faster than incongruent trials

A split brain patient is presented with two pictures simultaneously, the word saw to the right and the word hammer to the left. If you give the patient a pen and paper and ask them to draw with their left hand, what should they draw?

a hammer

In a 1997 experiment, participants first were asked whether the Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi died before or after a certain age, and then were asked to guess the precise age at which Gandhi died. People who were first asked whether or not Gandhi died at age 9 gave an estimate (50 years) much lower on average than those who were first asked whether or not he died at age 140 (67 years). This experiment is a perfect example of which of the following?

anchoring

If you were asked to imagine the color of a lime, which brain region would most likely be activated?

area V4 which is involved in color perception

The key result of the lexical decision experiment showed that

associated word pairs are repsonded to more quickly than unassociated word pairs

Which of the following would take the longest to respond "yes" to (have the longest response time) according to the Collins and Quillian model?

cheddar is a type of food

Based on the ideas presented in this ZAPS lab, under which of the following conditions do you think participants would be able to most quickly name the color in which the stimuli are written or drawn?

colored blobs

A researcher asks participants in a study to indicate whether the green line at the front corner of the wall pictured here is longer than, shorter than, or equal in length to the green line at the back corner of the wall. Participants regularly say that the front line is shorter than the back line (even though the two are perfectly equal in length). What are the participants' brains using to guide perception?

context clues about distance

What is a retrieval cue?

contextual information that helps you recall information that was learned in the same context

What factor contributes to difficulty recognizing both inverted faces and other inverted objects?

experience : it is hard to identify objects that are in unusual orientations

The primacy effect—better memory for the first few items in a series—takes place because the first few items are still present in your working memory upon recall.

false

We are always aware of how we arrive at solutions to problems.

false

In this activity, which aspect of recall was facilitated by using the same cue word?

faster old/new recognition

Imagine you have been asked to find the following object pictured on the left in the accompanying array on the right. What type of search do you think this would be?

feature search

Which task would you expect to be the most difficult visual search for someone to complete?

finding the 3 of spades in a standard deck of 52 playing cards

You are making a grocery list and thinking about healthy foods to buy. The Collins and Quillian model would have a category with a "is nutritious" feature connected to those foods. How would a spreading activation model organize the nutition level of foods?

foods would have different connection strengths to the "is nutrutious" node and exhibit a graded membership structure

A region of the ________________ in the right hemisphere is specialized for recognition of faces.

fusiform gyrus

The Loftus and Palmer (1974) experiment showed that eyewitness memory of an event could be biased by

how questions about the event were phrased.

Why do we find it more difficult to recognize inverted faces than other inverted objects?

inversion disrupts the relationships between facial features

When an object is moving toward you, what does it do?

it takes up more of your visual field, but your mind adjusts for the size based on distance cues

Imagine (or maybe you don't have to imagine) that your psychology class takes place in an old room with uncomfortable desks. For the final exam in your class, you are scheduled to take the exam in a different room in a new building with comfortable chairs. Based on what you have learned about encoding specificity, what might you expect?

it will be more difficult to recall information in the new location

"Encoding specificity" refers to

memories are encoded specifically with their context

This ZAPS lab activity used "music and ideation" for what?

mood induction

The word flamingo appears on the left screen, and the split-brain patient is told to use her right hand to select the object named on the screen. Will she be able to fetch the banana?

no

The word trumpet appears on the left screen. Will the split brain patient be aware of the word?

no

In the Ponzo illusion, the primary finding is that people tend to do what?

overestimate the size of the line is framed to appear closer

Which of the following is a key finding from research using memory tests like the one in this ZAPS activity?

people believe the lure word was present just as frequently as other words that actually did appear in the list.

What is the primary finding from the conjunction search task?

reaction times increase as the number of distractors increases

It's a rainy night on campus in the middle of finals week. You have a Statistics exam the next day, and you study for it while listening to a playlist of sad music. The combination of the weather, finals, and the playlist put you in a gloomy mood. You wake up the next morning feeling much more upbeat, but you can't seem to remember everything you studied last night. According to the principle of mood dependency, what would jog your memory?

read through your notes while listening to the playlist from last night

On the first day of your literature class, the instructor asks all 15 students to introduce themselves. Afterward, when you try to remember your classmates' names, you realize that you can only remember the last few people who introduced themselves. What is the name of this phenomenon?

recency effect

The amount of time it takes to mentally rotate a 3-dimensional image in order to figure out whether it is identical to another image depends on...

the degree of rotation between the images

Recall of which items in a list would be most strongly affected by difficulty forming long-term memories, as in anterograde amnesia?

the first few items

You are at the supermarket looking for lemons and asparagus. The produce aisle is full of green produce—zucchini, broccoli, limes, and more. You are able to find the lemons you need very quickly, but it takes you several minutes to locate the asparagus. What explains why the lemons were relatively easy to find?

the pop-out effect

According to the network proposed by Collins and Quillian, common characteristics that different breeds of dogs share (e.g.: fur, tail, sharp hearing) will appear once and as high up as possible in the network. What is this concept called?

the principle of inheritance

The Collins and Quillian model proposes that categorical information is organized hierarchically. Which of the following is true about the difference between Collins and Quillian and the spreading activation model?

the relationship between concepts in a spreading activation model can strengthen or weaken depending on typicality and frequency of occurrence

In what way is face processing "holistic"?

the relationship or configuration of features is important for recognition

You hear a list of words: timber, chop, lumber, fall, trimmer, and chainsaw. Based on semantic priming, which word should be most active in your mind after hearing these?

tree

During flu season, people are more likely to ask, "Do you have any Kleenex?" than "Do you have tissues?" This is best explained by the typicality effect.

true

Mental rotation activates similar brain regions as performing a physical rotation.

true

Words are most likely stored in the mental lexicon by semantics, so that table would be closer to chair than it would be to fan.

true

Which of the following would take the longest to mentally rotate?

two blocks that are 180 degrees different

What is the difference between "words" and "lexicon"?

words are spoken, written, or signed, whereas the lexicon is your stored mental representations of sound and meaning