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tardive dyskinesia; neuroleptics
Bella was diagnosed with schizophrenia at age 22. She was put on medication to help control the hallucinations and delusions she was experiencing. Now at age 34, she continues to take that medication because it works for her. However, she has started to develop embarrassing facial twitches that she cannot control. Bella likely has _____, which is a result of the _____ she has been taking over the years.
tardive dyskinesia.
A severe side effect of the typical antipsychotic medications that affects many individuals is _____
automatic thoughts
According to Aaron T. Beck, _____ is/are unreasonable but unquestioned ideas that rule a person's life.
90 percent
After three months of cognitive therapy, approximately _______ of clients with panic disorder are panic-free.
self-help groups.
Alcoholics Anonymous, Overeaters Anonymous, and Gamblers Anonymous are all examples of _____
is learned and can therefore be unlearned with the appropriate behavioral techniques
Behavioral therapy rests on the notion that abnormal behavior _____
aversion therapy.
Pairing an unpleasant stimulus with an undesirable behavior in an effort to reduce or eliminate that undesirable behavior is the basic idea behind _____
free association
The psychoanalytic technique of _____ is used to explore the unconscious by having patients reveal whatever thoughts, feelings, or images come to mind.
self-actualization.
The realization of one's inner potential is called _____
the time out.
The removal of reinforcers for a certain period of time as a means to eliminate undesirable behaviors is called _____
obsessive-compulsive disorder
The technique of exposure and response prevention has been used successfully in treating individuals with
psychodynamic therapy.
Uncovering repressed childhood issues, if any exist, and using them to explain an individual's current difficulty is the goal of _____
biomedical therapies.
Using medications or surgeries to treat psychological disorders, based on the assumption that psychological disorders are symptoms of underlying physical problems, is the focus of _____
Systematic desensitization is gradual, whereas flooding is administered all at once.
What is the difference between systematic desensitization and flooding?
culturally sensitive therapy.
When a therapist has knowledge of a client's cultural and ethnic background and then chooses therapeutic techniques based on what will likely work best for that client's background, the therapist is providing _____
directive therapy.
When a therapist takes an active role in determining the course of therapy sessions and provides answers and suggestions to the client, she or he is providing _____
A token economy
When appropriate and desirable behaviors earn points or tokens that can later be exchanged for rewards, which of the following techniques is being used?
progressive muscle relaxation
When utilizing systematic desensitization, clients are trained in _____, which becomes a vital component to the treatment.
Effectiveness is largely a result of the therapy's appropriateness to the client's problems and life circumstances.
Which of the following accurately reflects what research suggests about the effectiveness of any therapeutic technique?
Active listening
Which of the following are techniques used by a person-centered therapist?
Time out
Which of the following behavior modification techniques is based on operant conditioning?
Participant modeling
Which of the following behavioral techniques is based on Albert Bandura's observational learning theory?
Psychoanalysis
Which of the following does not fall within the category of relationship therapies?
Cingulotomy
Which of the following forms of psychosurgery have proven useful in the case of severe obsessive-compulsive disorder?
systematic desensitization
Which of the following is NOT used in psychoanalysis?
Beck's cognitive therapy (CT)
_____ aims at helping individuals overcome cognitive errors.
Joseph Wolpe
_____ applied classical conditioning techniques to therapy and is credited for devising systematic desensitization.
Tricyclics
_____ are antidepressants that produce their effect by blocking reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine.
Relationship therapies
_____ are defined as therapies that attempt to improve clients' interpersonal relationships or create new relationships to support clients' efforts to address psychological problems.
Humanistic therapies
_____ are psychotherapies that assume that people have the ability and freedom to lead rational lives and make rational choices.
Neuroleptics; benzodiazepines
_____ are to antipsychotic medications as _____ are to antianxiety medications.
Psychodynamic therapies
_____ attempt to uncover repressed childhood experiences that are thought to explain a patient's current difficulties.
Carl Rogers; humanistic
_____ developed person-centered therapy, which is based on the _____ school of thought.
Gestalt therapy
_____ emphasizes the importance of clients' fully experiencing, in the present moment, their feelings, thoughts, and actions, and then taking responsibility for them.
Exposure and response prevention
_____ exposes patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder to stimuli that trigger obsessions and compulsive rituals, while patients must resist performing the compulsive rituals for progressively longer periods of time.
Insight therapies; relationship therapies
_____ focus solely on the individual in the therapeutic process, whereas _____ focus on both the individual and the individual's interpersonal relationships in the therapeutic process.
A self-help group
_____ focuses on a single problem and is often led by someone who is not a professional therapist.
Family therapy
_____ has the goal of helping family members reach agreement on changes that will help heal the family unit, improve communication problems, and create more understanding and harmony within the group.
Atypical neuroleptics
_____ have been developed to target both the positive symptoms and the negative symptoms of schizophrenia by targeting both dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain.
Couples therapy
_____ involves intimate partners whose behavior change or emotional responses to each other or both are the focus of treatment.
A token economy
_____ is a behavior modification technique that rewards appropriate behavior with tokens that can be exchanged later for desired goods and/or privileges.
Aversion therapy
_____ is a behavior therapy in which an aversive stimulus is paired with a harmful or socially undesirable behavior until the behavior becomes associated with pain or discomfort
Lithium
_____ is a drug used to treat bipolar disorder and at the proper maintenance dosages reduces both manic and depressive episodes.
Person-centered therapy
_____ is a nondirective, humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist creates an accepting climate and shows empathy, freeing clients to be themselves and releasing their natural tendency toward self-actualization.
Gender-sensitive therapy
_____ is an approach taken in therapy that takes into account the effects of gender on both the therapist's and the client's behavior.
Nondirective therapy
_____ is any type of psychotherapy in which the therapist allows the direction of the therapy session to be controlled by the client.
Directive therapy
_____ is any type of psychotherapy in which the therapist takes an active role in determining the course of therapy sessions and provides answers and suggestions to the client.
Systematic desensitization
_____ is used to treat fears by training clients in deep muscle relaxation and then having them confront a graduated series of anxiety-producing situations until they can remain relaxed while confronting even the most feared situation.
Lithium
_____ is/are a naturally occurring salt used to bring an individual out of a manic state.
Participant modeling
_____ models an appropriate response to a feared stimulus in graduated steps, after which the client attempts to imitate the model step-by-step, encouraged and supported by the therapist.
Flooding
_____ occurs when an individual is asked to imagine or even be in the presence of the feared object; she or he remains there until the fear has subsided.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
_____ produce their effect by preventing an enzyme from breaking down serotonin and norepinephrine in the synapses.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs); increasing
_____ produce their effect by preventing an enzyme from breaking down serotonin and norepinephrine, thereby _____ the availability of the neurotransmitter in the synapses.
Transference
_____ refers to the strong emotional reaction a patient has to the psychoanalyst, which demonstrates how the patient acts toward significant individuals in her or his life.
Cognitive behavior therapy
_____ rests on the idea that thoughts that precede the behaviors need to change first.
Insight therapy
_____ specifically refers to the idea that working toward psychological health requires self-understanding.
Psychotherapy
_____ uses psychological rather than biological means to treat psychological disorders.
Behavior therapy
_____ utilizes the principles of operant conditioning, classical conditioning, and/or observational learning to eliminate inappropriate and maladaptive behaviors.
Rational emotive behavior therapy
_____ works to change maladaptive behaviors by looking for, challenging, and then changing the irrational beliefs that underlie those maladaptive behaviors.
The time out
_____, a behavior modification technique, is used to eliminate undesirable behavior, especially in children and adolescents, by withdrawing all reinforcers for a period of time
Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
_____, developed by Albert Ellis, is a directive form of psychotherapy designed to challenge clients' irrational beliefs about themselves and others.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
_____, usually reserved for patients with severe depression who are suicidal, occurs when an electric current is passed through the right hemisphere of the brain.
Cognitive behavior therapies (CBT)
. _____ assume(s) that maladaptive behavior can result from irrational thoughts, beliefs, and ideas.
interpersonal therapy (IPT).
A brief psychotherapy designed to help people with depression better understand and cope with problems relating to their interpersonal relationships defines _____
classical conditioning.
Aversion therapy is built upon the concept of _____
A self-help group
Although Caitlynn is already in cognitive therapy for her eating disorder, her psychologist believes that she would also benefit from talking to others with eating disorders. Her psychologist wants Caitlynn to meet others struggling to beat an eating disorder and also someone who has already recovered. What type of treatment will Caitlynn's psychologist likely suggest to her?
behavior modification.
An approach to therapy that uses learning principles to eliminate inappropriate or maladaptive behaviors and replace them with more adaptive responses defines _____
e-therapy.
An ongoing interaction with a trained therapist via the Internet is referred to as _____
Directive therapy
Anya provides therapy to her clients in a very straightforward manner. She decides what course the sessions will take and offers advice and suggestions when she feels it is necessary. What type of therapy does Anya likely provide?
dopamine and serotonin
Atypical neuroleptic medications work by affecting _____ in the brain.
anticonvulsant drugs
Based on research evidence, _____ seem(s) to be an effective treatment option for those who have been diagnosed with bipolar disorder.
Depression
Based on the research, which of the following will interpersonal therapy be effective in resolving?
dream analysis
Because Freud believed that emotional concerns repressed in waking life are sometimes expressed in symbolic form while sleeping, he utilized the technique of _____ in therapy.
Systematic desensitization
Bernice has a terrible phobia of heights. It has become more problematic since the announcement of her promotion. With the promotion come more money, more perks, and more prestige. Unfortunately, it also requires Bernice to work on the 35th floor of the building. She knows that she must overcome this fear if she wants to accept the promotion. With which therapeutic technique will she likely find the most success?
increase; the binding of that particular neurotransmitter.
Blocking the reuptake of certain neurotransmitters will lead to a(n) _____ in _____
humanistic; unconditional positive regard; congruence
Brett notices in therapy that he seems to be the one controlling the direction the session is taking. He also notices that his therapist has done a nice job of creating an atmosphere of acceptance in therapy. Because his therapist does not make it seem like she is a know-it-all and an expert, he feels like they are on a person-to-person basis. Brett finds this all helpful because it make him trust his therapist even more. Brett's therapist is practicing _____ therapy and is utilizing _____ and _____ as therapeutic techniques.
those who have a single psychological diagnosis, have functioning relationships, and who believe the therapy will be effective.
Brief psychodynamic psychotherapy tends to be most effective for _____
rational emotive behavior therapy.
Bud has been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. He and his therapist are discussing what happened at school yesterday. Bud's psychology professor surprised the class with a pop quiz. Although Bud had been doing well in class up until that point, he had not had a chance to do his reading because he worked until midnight the night before; therefore, he failed the pop quiz. Bud's therapist asked him to share his thoughts about failing the pop quiz. Bud replied, "I should have known we'd have a pop quiz. I should have stayed up after work or gotten up early this morning to do my reading. I know I will fail the class now!" Bud's therapist retorted with, "Why do you think you have the ability to predict what will happen? That is ridiculous. It is just a pop quiz. Didn't you tell me that your professor drops a low score anyway?" His therapist continued on in this directive manner. Based on this interaction, it seems likely that Bud's therapist is providing him with _____
atypical neuroleptics.
Clozapine, risperidone, and olanzipine are collectively referred to as _____
depression
Cognitive therapy has been especially effective in the treatment of __________ .
behavioral; flooding.
Dora has been admitted to veterinary school and is excited to begin. She has an intense fear of dogs, probably stemming from when she was bitten by a dog many years ago. Dora knows that she must overcome this fear before she begins vet school. She finds a therapist who has her stand in a room with five dogs; the therapist remains in the room with her. After a few minutes of thinking that she would need to run out or start screaming, she realized that the dogs were actually not hurting her. After about an hour and a half, she noticed her anxiety level was substantially lower than it was before she entered the room. The technique seemed to be working. Dora's therapist was using the _____ technique known as _____
biomedical
Dylan is a psychiatrist who feels strongly that psychological disorders are caused by chemical imbalances in the brain or other brain abnormalities. Dylan works from a _____ perspective of treatment.
exposure and response prevention
Encouraging individuals to think of obsessions without allowing them to engage in compulsive behavior is the gist of the _____ technique.
A woman who has just lost her husband in a tragic car accident
Family therapy would probably not be the most ideal treatment for which of the following situations?
resistance.
Freud's view that important information is contained in what is NOT being said, is referred to as _____
monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI).
George's psychiatrist gave him a long list of foods that he cannot eat while on his new medication. If he does not follow the list, he is at risk for having a stroke. Based on this, George
Fritz Perls.
Gestalt therapy was developed by _____
Interpersonal therapy
Harold is a 52-year-old manager at a major automotive company. He was just informed that the company is downsizing, and he has two weeks to find a new job. Harold had been with the company for the past 24 years and was surprised, angry, and bitter about the news. Eventually, Harold's job loss started to interfere with his functioning. Based on research from your text, which of the following types of therapy would likely benefit Harold the most?
Interpersonal therapy (IPT)
Henderson lost his wife to cancer about four months ago. Nonetheless, he seems unable to pull himself together and live his life. His adult children fear that he is developing a depression and is getting worse as opposed to feeling better. According to your text, which type of therapy would be the initial choice that Henderson will benefit from most?
Psychodynamic therapy
Henry is a therapist and always begins sessions with new patients by asking them all about their childhood. Because he believes strongly that childhood experiences, especially traumatic ones, can affect the unconscious, he prefers to start there. Which type of therapy does Henry likely provide?
the natural tendency toward realizing one's inner potential is blocked by oneself or others.
Humanistic psychologists believe that psychological disorders result when _____
group therapy
In _____, several clients meet regularly with one or more therapists to resolve personal problems.
Decided to use the word "client" as opposed to "patient"
In an effort to help individuals facilitate their own personal growth in therapy, humanistic therapists did which of the following?
benefited substantially from
In large survey conducted by Consumer Reports in 1995, most clients expressed a belief that they had _____ psychotherapy.
Wanting Jerome to stop dwelling on violent thoughts
In which of the following scenarios would aversion therapy be an appropriate treatment?
thoughts, behaviors, coping mechanisms, emotions, and motives.
Insight therapies work by increasing an individual's understanding of her or his own _____
free association.
Jaycee attends therapy once per week. Her therapist instructs her to say whatever comes to mind without censoring it, and stresses the importance of this instruction. Jaycee's therapist is utilizing _____
a time out.
Jeremiah is told that he can play in the sand box only if he promises not to throw sand. He agrees. After about six minutes in the sand box, however, Jeremiah is caught by the teacher throwing sand at another child. Jeremiah is taken out of the sand box and made to sit on a chair for eight minutes where he can see the others playing in the sand box and having fun, but he cannot join in. Jeremiah is experiencing _____
Cognitive behavior therapist
Juan is a therapist who is meeting for the first time with an individual with depression. Juan inquires not only about his symptoms, but also about what thoughts or beliefs go through his mind when experiencing those symptoms. Juan strongly believes that in order to reduce the depressed symptoms, he first needs to address any irrational thoughts and beliefs that come before them. What type of therapist is Juan?
a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).
Laurel is taking medication for major depressive disorder. She has noticed that because she has been on the medication, she cannot perform sexually. She has also gained some weight, but it is the sexual dysfunction that is really bothering her. Laurel is likely taking _____
Systematic desensitization
LeRoi has been diagnosed with a specific phobia. His therapist asks him to imagine a time when he was very relaxed. After he achieves that relaxed state, the therapist asks him to imagine the feared object and then eventually works with him to be relaxed in the presence of the real object. This procedure is completed in gradual steps. Which technique did his therapist use?
A token economy
Lester, a 29-year-old smoker, has a head injury and lives in a group home with four other men. They have staff members who are with them 24 hours per day to help them with everyday tasks. Lester often displays aggressive or otherwise inappropriate behaviors as a result of his brain injury. For this reason, the staff members have been trained by the agency psychologist to give him a coupon every time Lester shows an appropriate behavior. When he saves up eight coupons, Lester is rewarded with a cigarette. Which of the following techniques is the staff members using with Lester?
active listening.
Mamie notices that when she discusses her issues in therapy, her therapist often says, "Okay, now let me make sure I understand. What it sounds like you are saying is that...." Mamie doesn't mind at all because it makes her feel like the therapist is paying attention, actually cares, and even gives her the opportunity to correct the therapist if what he says is not what she meant. Mamie's therapist is using the technique of _____
aversion therapy
MaryBeth has awful and frequent thoughts of suicide. Her therapist wants those thoughts to be eliminated as soon as possible. The therapist decides to pair the suicidal thoughts with the repugnant smell of ammonia with the intent that MaryBeth will eventually avoid engaging in suicidal thoughts. MaryBeth's therapist is using the _____ technique.
Xanax
Meghan has been taking medication for panic disorder. After a while, she decides she wants to try not taking the medication anymore. Her psychiatrist takes her off the medication. However, within a week or two, Meghan's panic attacks are worse than before and she is experiencing intense withdrawal symptoms. Which of the following drugs was Meghan likely taking?
antipsychotic
Mellaril and Thorazine are examples of _____ medications.
Beck's cognitive therapy (CT)
Nadia is a psychotherapist dealing mainly with clients battling depression and anxiety. Prior to ending the session with her last client, she assigned him homework. She told him to record and keep track of any automatic thoughts he notices in addition to his emotional response to them. When he came into the next session, they went over his homework and she analyzed his responses for cognitive errors. What type of therapy is Nadia most likely providing?
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).
Nardil, Parnate, and Marplan are examples of _____
culturally sensitive therapy.
Nina is an African-American therapist. Most of her clients are also African-American because they request a therapist who shares a similar cultural outlook. Nina is quite successful not only because she is a brilliant psychologist, but also because she knows well the African-American culture and chooses therapeutic interventions for her clients accordingly. Nina clearly provides _____
Psychoanalysis
Rasha uses free association, resistance, and dream analysis to help understand her patients' unconscious functioning. Which type of therapy does Rasha likely provide?
Raymond Cattell's theory of personality.
Rational emotive behavior therapy is based on _____
exposure and response prevention.
Sharif has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder. His therapist purposely asks him to think about the unwanted, intrusive, unpleasant thought. These thoughts typically trigger Sharif to feel the need to engage in a particular behavior. However, his therapist does not allow him to engage in that behavior for periods of time. The goal is to decrease and eventually eliminate the need for the compulsion. This technique is called _____
mental filter
Shayla focuses on one small detail of a situation instead of the overall situation. According to Aaron Beck, which cognitive error is Shayla experiencing?
participant modeling.
Solomon has poor social skills, which are interfering with his ability to make friends at school. His therapist demonstrates correct and appropriate social skills for him and then encourages Solomon to mimic them. The learning of social skills eventually occurs and is all a result of Solomon watching his therapist and then practicing the new skills with him. This technique is referred to as _____
neuroleptics.
Some antipsychotic medications are also known as _____
To be on an actual bridge until her fear subsides
Stella has a phobia of bridges, but needs to cross one in order to get to her new job. She found a therapist who can help her by using in vivo flooding. If she chooses this therapist, what should Stella expect during treatment?
behavior; behavior modification
Tanisha, a therapist, works with individuals who display poor social skills. In treatment, she uses reinforcements and other operant conditioning principles to bring about more adaptive responses in her clients. Tanisha is a _____ therapist using _____ in her therapy sessions to help treat the individuals.
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
The antidepressants that serve to block the reuptake of serotonin are referred to as _____
psychoanalysis.
The first psychodynamic therapy, which was developed by Sigmund Freud, is called _____
help clients achieve a more integrated self and become more self-accepting and authentic.
The goal of Gestalt therapy is to _____
help the person get back on the path toward self-actualization
The goal of person-centered therapy is to _____
positively
The length of time clients were in therapy was generally _____ correlated with their improvement.
Antabuse.
The nausea-producing drug prescribed to those battling alcoholism in an effort to reduce their drinking is called _____
lobotomy.
Though no longer a viable treatment option, surgically severing the frontal lobes from the deeper brain centers involved in emotion was known as the _____
posttraumatic stress disorder.
Though not the main disorder of its focus, exposure and response prevention has also proven useful in the treatment of _____
resistance.
Tipi's therapist notices that Tipi changes the topic whenever her mother is brought up. Additionally, when her mother is brought up, Tipi is always late to her next therapy session. Tipi is demonstrating the phenomenon Freud labeled
People have the ability and freedom to lead rational lives and make rational choices.
Which of the following is a basic assumption of humanistic therapies?
The therapist cannot see the client face-to-face, and thereby judge emotional and nonverbal reactions
Which of the following is a disadvantage to e-therapy?
Free association
Which of the following is a technique used in psychodynamic therapy?
Cognitive therapy is brief, usually lasting only 10 to 20 sessions.
Which of the following is a true statement regarding the practice of cognitive therapy?
Token economy
Which of the following is not a behavioral technique based on classical conditioning?
It is usually more expensive than individual therapy, but most feel it is well worth the extra cost.
Which of the following is not a benefit of group therapy?
There are no studies that have tracked and studied the effectiveness of this type of therapy thus far.
Which of the following is not a disadvantage as discussed in the current chapter regarding e-therapy?
They always take much longer to work than psychotherapy.
Which of the following is not a documented disadvantage to using drug therapy for psychological disorders?
A lobotomy
Which of the following is not considered a viable treatment option for major depressive disorder?
Psychiatrists attend medical school, whereas psychologists do not.
Which of the following is true regarding the comparison of psychologists with psychiatrists?
It is nondirective therapy.
Which of the following statements is false regarding Gestalt therapy?
The therapist plays the role of the "expert."
Which of the following statements is false regarding person-centered therapy?
Clients were equally satisfied by all three types of professionals.
Which of the following statements is true about the type of professional delivering therapy, according to the Consumer Reports survey of clients?
It assumes that the individual's beliefs about an event, rather than the event itself, cause distress.
Which of the following statements is true of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)?
It pairs the feared object with relaxation.
Which of the following statements is true of systematic desensitization?
Rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) and Beck's cognitive therapy (CT)
Which of the following therapeutic interventions are types of cognitive behavior therapies (CBT)?
Gestalt therapy
Which of the following therapies is directive and is known for its use of the empty chair technique?
Beck's cognitive therapy (CT)
Which of the following therapies utilizes homework assignments in which the client must record and keep track of automatic thoughts and her or his emotional response to them?
Making sure the child knows the rules first and then consistently following through with the punishment, remembering to remove all reinforcers
Which of the following will increase the effectiveness of the time out as a way of reducing or eliminating undesirable behaviors?
The use of electroconvulsive therapy
Which of the following would not be considered psychotherapy?
Object relations therapist
Which type of therapist bases her or his therapy on the notion that the emotional features of early relationships become the blueprint for future relationships?
Albert Ellis
Who developed rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)?
benzodiazepines.
Xanax, Librium, and Valium are examples of _____
Object relations therapist
Youssif is a psychotherapist who believes strongly that people attempt to resolve their early relationship struggles using their current relationships. Many of the people he helps in his practice were raised by at least one alcoholic parent. Interestingly, many of those individuals currently find themselves married to an alcoholic and are struggling once again. Based on this explanation, what type of therapist is Youssif?
