1.3 The Cell

____ are tiny manufacturing plants that assemble ____.

RIBOSOMES are tiny manufacturing plants that assemble PROTEINS.

Ribosomes are often located on the ____ ____.

Ribosomes are often located on the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM.

Ribosomes contain ribosomal RNA plus the ____ necessary to form ____ bonds between ____ acids.

Ribosomes contain ribosomal RNA plus the ENZYMES necessary to form PEPTIDE bonds between AMINO acids.

Transportation of particles across the cell membrane is known as ____.

Transportation of particles across the cell membrane is known as DIFFUSION.

A ____ surface area to volume ratio, this allows the metabolic processes to occur ____.

A LARGER surface area to volume ration, this allows the metabolic processes to occur FASTER.

A ____ electron microscope produces a ____ - ____ picture of the surface of an object.

A SCANNING electron microscope produces a 3-D picture of the surface of an object.

A ____ electron microscope, the specimen is cut into extremely ____ sections. Each section is passed under an ____ ____, which forms an image on a photographic plate or fluorescent screen.

A TRANSMISSION electron microscope, the specimen is cut into extremely THIN sections. Each section is passed under an ELECTRON BEAM, which forms an image on a photographic plate or fluorescent screen.

ATP stands for ____ ____ and is a high-energy molecule that provides energy for the cell.

ATP stands for ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE and is a high-energy molecule that provides energy for the cell.

Actin fibers cannot ____, but they can generate movement by rapidly ____ and ____.

Actin fibers cannot CONTRACT, but they can generate movement by rapidly ASSEMBLING and DISASSEMBLING.

After ____ are assembled by the ribosomes, they are modified and transported by the ____ ____.

After PROTEINS are assembled by the ribosomes, they are modified and transported by the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM.

Animal and human cells do not possess a ____ ____, however most plants and bacteria do.

Animal and human cells do not possess a CELL WALL, however most plants and bacteria do.

Animals and humans do not require ____ ___ as they are often equipped with some form of supportive and or protective ____.

Animals and humans do no require CELL WALLS as they are often equipped with some form of supportive and or protective SKELETON.

As portions pinch off from the golgi ____ forming enclosed sacs called ____, they and their contents can be transported to other organelles within the cell or exported out of the cell through the ____ ____.

As portions pinch off from the golgi MEMBRANE forming enclosed sacs called VESICLES, they and their contents can be transported to other organelles within the cell or exported out of the cell through the CELL MEMBRANE.

As a cell grows, the surface to area volume ratio ____.

As the cell grows, the surface to area volume ration CHANGES.

Bacterial cell walls do not contain ____, but may contain ____, which is a 3-D mesh-like structure composed of sugars and amino acids.

Bacterial cell walls do not contain CELLULOSE, but may contain PEPTIDOGLYCAN, which is a 3-D mesh-like structure composed of sugars and amino acids.

Because light must pass through the ____, only thin objects can be observed.

Because light must pass through the SPECIMEN, only thin objects can be observed.

Both types of endoplasmic reticulum possess a large variety of ____ that ____ (speed up) chemical reactions.

Both types of endoplasmic reticulum possess a large variety of ENZYMES that CATALYZE (speed up) chemical reactions.

____ ____ is that cells are the basic living units of organization and function in all organisms and that all cells come from ____ ____.

CELL THEORY is that cells are the basic living units of organization and function in all organism and that all cells come from OTHER CELLS.

____ is the smallest unit that can carry out all ____ we associate with life.

CELL he smallest unit that that can carry out all ACTIVITIES we associate with life.

____ are the organized or "____" form of DNA inside a cell.

CHROMOSOMES are the organized or "packaged" form of DNA inside a cell.

Cells (like those of the intestinal wall) and organelles (like the mitochondria) that are actively carrying out ____ processes have adaptations (like numerous folds) in addition to their small size that greatly ____ their surface area.

Cells (like those of the intestinal wall) and organelles (like the mitochondria) that are actively carrying out BIOCHEMICAL processes have adaptations (like numerous folds) in addition to their small size that greatly INCREASE their surface area.

Cells need to remain relatively ____ because as the cells expands, the amount of surface area relative to volume of the cell ____.

Cells need to remain relatively SMALL because as the cells expands, the amount of surface area relative to volume of the cell DECREASE.

Cilia and flagella project from the ____ of some cells.

Cilia and flagella project from the SURFACE of some cells.

Cilia are shorter and found in ____ number. In humans, ciliated cells are found along the ____ passageways for trapping and moving debris.

Cilia are shorter and found in GREATER number. In humans, ciliated cells are found along the RESPIRATORY passageways for trapping and moving debris.

During ____ ____, a ring of actin, associated with another protein, ____, causes the constriction of the cell to form two daughter cells.

During CELL DIVISION, a ring of actin, associated with another protein, MYOSIN, causes the constriction of the cell to form two daughter cells.

During cell division, microtubules grow ____ from the MTOC assisting in the movement of ____ into two new cells.

During cell division, microtubules grow OUTWARD from the MTOC assisting in the movement of CHROMOSOMES into two new cells.

During the heating process, food must be heated or boiling for ____ - ____ minutes to kill any highly heat resistant _____ that might be present.

During the heating process, food must be heated or boiling for 3-4 minutes to kill any highly heat resistant ENDOSPORES that might be present.

____ microscopes can magnify up to 250,000 times or more and have a resolution of more than _____ times the human eye.

ELECTRON microscopes can magnify up to 250,000 times or more and have a resolution of more than 10,000 times the human eye.

Each mitochondrion is bound by a ____ ____, that means there are two membranes, one inside the other ( ____ membrane and ____ membrane).

Each mitochondrion is bound by a DOUBLE MEMBRANE, that means there are two membranes, one inside the other ( INNER membrane and OUTER membrane).

Each type of cell produces a unique combination of ____.

Each type of cell produces a unique combination of PROTEINS.

Eukaryotic cells contain a ____ ____ and contain many membrane-bound ____.

Eukaryotic cells contain a NUCLEAR MEMBRANE and contain many membrane-bound ORGANELLES.

Fusion can occur because all membranes within the cell are structured ____.

Fusion can occur because all membranes within the cell are structured SIMILARLY.

Genes determine what proteins are ____ in the ribosomes.

Genes determine what proteins are SYNTHESIZED in the ribosomes.

____ ____ cells possess extensive amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. This is where ____, a major component of cell membranes, is formed.

HUMAN LIVER cells possess extensive amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. This is where CHOLESTEROL, a major component of cell membranes, is formed.

In aerobic ____ ____, oxygen is required to break down food (usually in the form of glucose). As a result, carbon dioxide, water and ____ are produced.

In aerobic CELLULAR RESPIRATION, oxygen is required to break down food (usually in the form of glucose). As a result, carbon dioxide, water and ATP are produced.

In muscle cells, ____ and ____ slide past one another, shortening the muscle fiber and causing muscle ____.

In muscle cells, ACTIN and MYOSIN slide past one another, shortening the muscle fiber and causing muscle CONTRACTION.

In order for microtubules to perform their job, they generally need to be ____ somewhere in the cell.

In order for microtubules to perform their job, they generally need to be ANCHORED somewhere in the cell.

In the genetic disease known as ____ ____, one of the normally present ____ ____ inside lysosomes is lacking.

In the genetic disease known as TAY-SACHS one of the normally present DIGESTIVE ENZYMES inside lysosomes is lacking.

Inside the MTOC of animal cells are usually found two ____, they are made up of nine sets of three attached ____ arranged to form a hollow cylinder.

Inside the MTOC of animal cells are usually found two CENTRIOLES, they are made up of nine sets of three attached TUBULES arranged to form a hollow cylinder.

It is through the lungs that the necessary ____ is obtained to be used by the cells for ____.

It is through the lungs that the necessary OXYGEN is obtained to be used by the cells for RESPIRATION.

____ ____, the least expensive and most common, are also known as compound microscopes because they contain ____ lenses.

LIGHT MICROSCOPES, the least expensive and most common, are also known as compound microscopes because they contain SEVERAL lenses.

Light microscopes have a ____ magnification of about 1,000 times. Their resolution is only about ____ times of the human eye.

Light microscopes have a MAXIMUM magnification of about 1,000 times. Their resolution is only about 500 times the human eye.

Lysosomes can also fuse with other ____ containing harmful bacteria, it can then be ____ into its components.

Lysosomes can also fuse with other VESICLES containing harmful bacteria, it can then be DEGRADED into its components.

____ are flexible, solid fibers made up of two intertwined polymer chains of ____ molecules.

MICROFILAMENTS are flexible, solid fibers made up of two intertwined polymer chains of ACTIN molecules.

____ are hollow cylinders (like a tube) that are involved in the movement of chromosomes during ____ ____ and in the structure of ____ and ____.

MICROTUBULES are hollow cylinders (like a tube) that are involved in the movement of chromosomes during CELL DIVISION and in the structure of CILIA and FLAGELLA.

____ is the organelle responsible for converting the chemical energy found in food into ____.

MITOCHONDRIA is the organelle responsible for converting the chemical energy found in food into ATP.

Many eukaryotic cells also secrete an ____ matrix, which contains tough protein fibers called ____.

Many eukaryotic cells also secrete an EXTRACELLULAR matrix, which contains tough protein fibers called COLLAGEN.

Membranes also form a work surface where many enzymes can ____ to complete a complex ____.

Membranes also form a work surface where many enzymes can CONGREGATE to complete a complex REACTION.

Membranes are important to a complex cell for many reasons, such as the forming of ____ within organelles were reactants are more likely to come in ____ or keep certain compounds ____ from each other.

Membranes are important to a complex cell for many reasons, such as the forming of COMPARTMENTS within organelles were reactants are more likely to come in CONTACT or keep certain compounds AWAY from each other.

Membranes provide a location for ____ ____ to occur, but because prokaryotic cells lack membrane bound organelles with membranes, the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic cell is often ____ ____ to create numerous folds where metabolic processes take place.

Membranes provide a location for METABOLIC PROCESSES to occur, but because prokaryotic cells lack membrane bound organelles with membranes, the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic cell is often FOLDED INWARD to create numerous folds where metabolic processes take place.

Most eukaryotic cells are surrounded by a ____ ____, made of polysaccharide ( ____ ) side chains, which project out from the proteins ( ____proteins) and lipids ( ____lipids), which comprise the cell membrane.

Most eukaryotic cells are surrounded by a CELL COAT, made of polysaccharide ( CARBOHYDRATE ) side chains, which project out from the proteins (GLYCO proteins) and lipids ( GLYCO lipids), which comprise the cell membrane.

____ are to a cell what organs are to a human. They can be used for energy ____ and for ____ of needed compounds.

ORGANELLES are to a cell what organs are to a human. They can be used for energy CONVERSION and for SYNTHESIS of needed compounds.

Once broken into their building block ____, these molecules can later be recycled into new ____.

Once broken into their building block MONOMERS, these molecules can later be recycled into new BIOMACROMOLECULES.

____ ____ surrounds all cells and contains specialized pumps and gates that regulate the ____ of materials in and out of the cell.

PLASMA MEMBRANE surrounds all cells and contains specialized pumps and gates that regulate the PASSAGE of materials in and out of the cell.

Parts of the golgi complex are ____; however, most form ____ compartments.

Parts of the golgi complex are CONNECTED; however, most form SEPARATE compartments.

Plants, animals and humans all possess ____ ____ complex cells that are 10-100 times larger than ____ ____.

Plants, animals and humans all possess EUKARYOTIC CELLS complex cells that are 10-100 times larger than PROKARYOTIC CELLS.

Prokaryotic cells are typically ____ than eukaryotic cells. Most are between ____ - ____ micrometers and ____ / ____ of an inch.

Prokaryotic cells are typically SMALLER than eukaryotic cells. Most are between 1-10 micrometers and 1/30,000 of an inch.

Prokaryotic cells contain a plasma membrane and ribosomes, ribosomes are composed of ____ ____ (RNA) and synthesize ____ for use by the cell.

Prokaryotic cells contain a plasma membrane and ribosomes, ribosomes are composed of RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA) and synthesize PROTEINS for use by the cell.

Prokaryotic cells do not contain many of the internal ____ - ____ organelles of eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotic cells do not contain many of the internal MEMBRANE - BOUND organelles of eukaryotic cells.

____ endoplasmic reticulum has no attached ribosomes and is responsible for the synthesis of ____.

SMOOTH endoplasmic reticulum has no attached ribosomes and is responsible for the synthesis of LIPIDS.

Similar structures called ____ ____ anchor cilia and flagella, both centrioles and basal bodies play a role in microtubule assembly.

Similar structures called BASAL BODIES anchor cilia and flagella, both centrioles and basal bodies play a role in microtubule assembly.

The ____ ____ acts as protection for the bacteria, ie the antibiotic, ______, interferes with the cell wall structure of gram positive bacteria, resulting in a fragile cell wall that cannot protect the cell.

The CELL WALL acts as protection for the bacteria, ie the antibiotic, PENICILLIN , interferes with the cell wall structure of gram positive bacteria, resulting in a fragile cell wall that cannot protect the cell.

The ____ ( ____ ) includes the fluid portion of the cell and all the organelles ____ of the nucleus.

The CYTOPLASM ( CYTOSOL ) includes the fluid portion of the cell and all the organelles OUTSIDE of the nucleus.

The ____ consists of a network of protein fibers that provide structural support and ____ within the cell.

The CYTOSKELETON consists of a network of protein fivers that provide structural support and MOVEMENT within the cell.

The DNA of a prokaryotic cell is not enclosed in a ____ ____, prokaryotic means before the nucleus.

The DNA of a prokaryotic cell is not enclosed in a NUCLEAR MEMBRANE, prokaryotic means before the nucleus.

The _____ _____ is a maze of tightly packed and flattened, sec-like structures that form interconnected compartments within the ____.

The ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM is a maze of tightly packed and flattened, sac-like structures that form interconnected compartments within the CYTOPLASM.

The ____ ____ is an organelle made up of a stack of many flattened sacs called _____.

The GOLGI COMPLEX is an organelle made up of a stack of many flattened sacs called CISTERNAE.

The ____ surrounded by the ____ ____ (____), is the most prominent organelle in the cell.

The NUCLEUS surrounded by the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE ( ENVELOPE ), is the most prominent organelle in the cell.

The RNA found in the ribosomes is called ____ ____ and synthesized in a region of the nucleus called the ____.

The RNA found in the ribosomes is called RIBOSOMAL RNA (rRNA) and synthesized in a region of the nucleus called the NUCLEOLUS.

The ____ the cell, the more active because relative to its volume, its surface area is larger than a ____ cell.

The SMALLER the cell, the more active because relative to its volume, its surface area is larger than a BIGGER cell.

The digestive enzymes break down ____ (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids) that originate ____ or ____ the cell.

The digestive enzymes break down BIOMACROMOLECULES (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids) that originate INSIDE or OUTSIDE the cell.

The endoplasmic reticulum is an extension of the ____ ____ of the nucleus.

The endoplasmic reticulum is an extension of the OUTER MEMBRANE of the nucleus.

The flagellum is usually a long, whip-like structure that ____ or ____ a single-celled organism through a watery medium.

The flagellum is usually a long, whip-like structure that PROPELS or PULLS a single-celled organism through a watery medium.

The golgi complex also produces small sacs of ____ enzymes called ____ ("lysis means to disintegrate).

The golgi complex also produces small sacs of DIGESTIVE enzymes called LYSOSOMES ("lysis means to disintegrate).

The golgi complex is responsible for receiving ____ and ____ synthesized by the ____ ____, altering their structures and shipping them to other parts of the cell.

The golgi complex is responsible for receiving PROTEINS and LIPIDS synthesized by the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, altering their structures and shipping them to other parts of the cell.

The information from the DNA is transferred to the ribosomes by ____ ____ ( ____ ).

The information from the DNA is transferred to the ribosomes by MESSENGER RNA (mRNA).

The inner mitochondrial membrane possesses numerous folds that increase the ____ ____, allowing ample room for the chemical reactions and ____ required to transfer the chemical energy in food to ATP.

The inner mitochondrial membrane possesses numerous folds that increase the SURFACE AREA, allowing ample room for the chemical reactions and ENZYMES required to transfer the chemical energy in food to ATP.

The nucleus contains ____ and serves as a ____ ____ for the cell.

The nucleus contains DNA and serves as a CONTROL CENTER for the cell.

The object is coated with a thin film of ____ or other metal, electrons do not pass through the object, instead, particles are emitted as the electrons ____ the object.

The object is coated with a thin film of GOLD or other metal, electrons do not pass through the object, instead, particles are emitted as the electrons STRIKE the object.

The thick cell walls in plants contain multiple layers of ____ fibers, these layers give the cell wall great mechanical strength and provide ____ ____ for the stem, roots and leaves.

The thick cell walls in plants contain multiple laters of CELLULOSE fibers, these layers give the cell wall great mechanical strength and provide STRUCTURAL SUPPORT for the stem, roots and leaves.

The unique sequence of DNA ____ in cell serves as a code that specifies the order in which amino acids are ____.

The unique sequence of DNA NUCLEOTIDES in a cell serves as a code that specifies the order in which amino acids are ASSEMBLED.

There are ____ types of protein fibers that compose the cytoskeleton, both of which can be rapidly ____ and ____.

There are TWO types of protein fibers that compose the cytoskeleton, both of which can be rapidly ASSEMBLED and DISASSEMBLED.

There is an ____ ____ between the inner and outer membranes, and a ____ that forms the center of the mitochondrion, bound by just the inner membrane.

There is an INTERMEMBRANE SPACE between the inner and outer membranes, and a MATRIX that forms the center of the mitochondrion, bound by just the inner membrane.

These anchoring regions are called ____ ____ ____ (MTOC'S).

These anchoring regions are called MICROTUBULE ORGANIZING CENTERS (MTOC'S).

These side chains allow cells to ____ one another, make contact, and sometimes to ____ to one another, such as forming tissues.

These side chains allow cells to RECOGNIZE one another, make contact, and sometimes to ADHERE to one another, such as forming tissues.

This bacterium, Clostridium botulinum, can form a dormant, extremely durable cell called an ____.

This bacterium, Clostridium botulinum, can form a dormant, extremely durable cell called an ENDOSPORE.

This is accomplished through ____ of the cell vesicles with the plasma membrane of the cell or other membrane bound organelles.

This is accomplished through FUSION of the cell vesicles with the plasma membrane of the cell or other membrane bound organelles.

This is very much like respiration ( ____ ) in your lungs, but at the ____ level.

This is very much like respiration ( BREATHING ) in your lungs, but at the CELLULAR level.

This produces an image of the ____ features of a specimen that would not otherwise be visible with a scanning electron microscope.

This produces an image of the EXTERNAL features of a specimen that not otherwise be visible with a scanning electron microscope.

Those bacteria possessing a very thick layer of peptidoglycan absorb and retain violet stain and are called ____ ____, while those that possess a very thin layer of peptidoglycan do not retain the violet stain and are called ____ ____.

Those bacteria possessing a very thick layer of peptidoglycan absorb and retain violet stain and are called GRAM POSITIVE, while those that possess a very thin layer of peptidoglycan do not retain the violet stain and are called GRAM NEGATIVE.

Thus, a toxic lipid in the brain cells cannot be broken down, the resulting buildup of lipids in these cells can cause intellectual ____ and ____.

Thus, a toxic lipid in the brain cells cannot be broken down, the resulting buildup of lipids in these cells can cause intellectual DISABILITY and DEATH.

When ____ are located on the endoplasmic reticulum, it is called the ____ endoplasmic reticulum.

When RIBOSOMES are located on the endoplasmic reticulum, it is called the ROUGH endoplasmic reticulum.