Nutrition Midterm

Each of the ___ vitamins has its own special dietary role to play A. 13 B. 16 C. 8 D. 23

A. 13

Assuming no alcohol, if a person consumes 50% of their daily kilocalories from carbohydrates and 30% from protein, what percentage of their daily kilocalories will come from fat? A. 20% B. 10% C. 40% D. 30%

A. 20%

Which of the following is NOT a category of the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)? A. Anthropometric Measurements (AM) B. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) C. Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) D. Adequate Intakes (AI)

A. Anthropometric Measurements (AM)

In the MyPlate icon, which food group is shown separate from the plate? A. Dairy B. Carbohydrate C. Fat D. Micronutrients

A. Dairy

Which of the following substances is a contaminant mineral A. Lead B. Copper C. Nickel D. Bromine

A. Lead

Which of the following vitamins is not water soluble? A. Vitamin K B. Biotin C. Pantothenic acid C. Vitamin C

A. Vitamin K

Which of the following products have all the nutrients and fiber found in the original grain? A. Whole-grain B. Refined grain C. enriched grain D. pseudo-cereal grains

A. Whole-grain

glucose moves against a concentration gradient, which requires energy; therefore, it is absorbed by ______. A. active transport B. complex diffusion C. simple diffusion D. facilitated transport

A. active transport

Which nonnutritive substance contributes energy, but does not sustain life? A. alcohol B. sugar C. fats D. artificial sweeteners

A. alcohol

Which of the following foods contain cholesterol? A. baked chicken B. wheat germ C. pasta D. peas

A. baked chicken

what substance is secreted by the gallbladder to emulsify fats? A. bile B. mucus C. digestive enzymes D. pepsinogen

A. bile

Which of the following reflects the correct sequence of stages in development of a nutrient deficiency? A. declining nutrient stores, abnormal functions within the body, and overt signs B. declining nutrient stores, overt signs, and abnormal functions within the body C. abnormal functions within the body, declining nutrient stores, and overt signs D. abnormal functions within the body, overt signs, and declining nutrient stores

A. declining nutrient stores, abnormal functions within the body, and overt signs

Niacin was involved in a groundbreaking nutrition discovery that showed that _____. A. diet inadequacies could cause disease B. niacin was a water-soluble vitamin C. tryptophan was a precursor of niacin D. the B vitamins were involved in energy metabolism

A. diet inadequacies could cause disease

Adding calcium to orange juice product is an example of nutrient A. fortification B. enrichment C. mineralization D. restoration

A. fortification

Which substance denatures protein structures and activates pepsinogen? A. hydrochloric acid B. Enteropeptidase C. Pepsin D. Trypsin

A. hydrochloric acid

Physical signs and symptoms of a nutrient deficiency are always categorized as A. overt B. covert C. Primary D. secondary

A. overt

Which term describes the process in which a panel of scientists rigorously evaluates a research study to ensure that the scientific method was followed? A. peer review B. research validity C. meta-analysis D. systematic review

A. peer review

Human insulin consists of 51 amino acids chemically bonded together, which classifies it a/n ________. A. polypeptide B. unipeptide C. tripeptide D. dipeptide

A. polypeptide

For whom is nitrogen balance typically positive? A. pregnant women B. febrile children C. starving children D. burn victims

A. pregnant women

The lowest continuing intake of a nutrient that will maintain a specified criterion of adequacy is called a "nutrient ______" A. requirement B. adequate intake C. allowance D. tolerable limit

A. requirement

which disease is caused by a sequencing error in the structure of hemoglobin, which changes its shape and characteristics? A. sickle-cell anemia B. phenylketonuria C. marasmus D. diabetes

A. sickle-cell anemia

What does magnesium do in the body? A. supports enzyme activity for many body processes B. participates in blood clotting C. helps maintain gastric acidity D. stabilizes protein shape

A. supports enzyme activity for many body processes

iodine plays an integral part in which hormone? A. thyroid hormone B. estrogen C. insulin D. hepcidin

A. thyroid hormone

Which of the following accurately describes water balance and recommended intakes? A. water intoxication is rare but can result in death. B. the first sign of dehydration is an increased respiratory rate. C. the color of urine is not affected by hydration status. D. most water is lost in breathing through the lungs.

A. water intoxication is rare but can result in death.

Which of the following accurately describes minerals? A. when a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash. B. Minerals in food can be destroyed by acid. C. The body absorbs each mineral from foods in much the same way. D. the body needs about 200 milligrams of each trace mineral each day.

A. when a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash.

What is the RDA for calcium (mg/day) for college-aged adults? A. 800 B. 1000 C. 1200 D. 1300

B. 1000

Which fasting blood glucose level would be considered within the normal range? A. 107 mg/dL B. 57 mg/dL C. 77 mg/dL D. 127 mg/dL

B. 77 mg/dL

Of all of the amino acids, how many must be supplied by the diet? A. 2 B. 9 C. 13 D. 5

B. 9

Which of the following accurately describes fat-soluble vitamins? A. They travel freely and are absorbed directly into the blood. B. Deficiency symptoms sometimes take a year or more to develop on a poor diet. C. The kidneys detect and remove excesses in urine. D. They circulate freely in water-filled parts of the body.

B. Deficiency symptoms sometimes take a year or more to develop on a poor diet.

What is the principal EXTRACELLULAR cation? A. Magnesium B. Sodium C. Chloride D. Potassium

B. Sodium

Your old friend from high school has just moved to Northern Canada to do full-time research on bats in caves. She typically works in the caves during the day when the bats are there and leaves at sundown when the bats are active. Your friend is careful about her health and only purchases organic and all natural foods. Based on this information alone, which of the following foods would you recommend your friend regularly buy at the grocery store? A. Wheat germ B. Vitamin D-fortified milk C. whole-grain bread D. Vitamin A-fortified carrot juice

B. Vitamin D-fortified milk

Which of the following enzymes begins carbohydrate digestion? A. lactase B. amylase C. sucrase D. maltase

B. amylase

How is copper like iron? A. Both are better absorbed in presence of ascorbic acid. B. both are needed in many of the reactions involved in energy metabolism. C. a deficiency of both causes anemia D. both are found in ample amounts in milk.

B. both are needed in many of the reactions involved in energy metabolism.

Vitamin D's specific role in bone health is to assist in ________. A. the synthesis of carotenoids B. calcium and phosphorus absorption, and calcium mobilization from bone C. the secretion of calciol D. the synthesis of 7-dehydrocholesterol

B. calcium and phosphorus absorption, and calcium mobilization from bone

Of these foods, which is the best source of niacin? A. strawberries B. chicken breast C. broccoli D. carrots

B. chicken breast

What step follows if a hypothesis is supported in the scientific method? A. identify a problem to be solved B. Develop a theory C. formulate tentative solution D. design a study

B. develop a theory

B vitamins have a major role in ____. A. antioxidation B. energy metabolism C. antibody stabilization D. anticoagulation

B. energy metabolism

Which of the following unit of sugar is found in all of the three dietary disaccharides? A. galactose B. glucose C. sucrose D. fructose

B. glucose

Name the animal polysaccharide composed of glucose units. A. fiber B. glycogen C. dextrin D. enzyme

B. glycogen

A high-fiber diet can reduce pressure in the rectal veins and help prevent ________. A. peptic ulcers B. hemorrhoids C. hiccups D. reflux

B. hemorrhoids

Which of the following statements about whey protein is FALSE? A. it is found in many affordable protein powders. B. It benefits body tissues in ways dietary proteins cannot. C. it is a waste product of cheese production. D. it is popular among athletes hoping to build muscle.

B. it benefits body tissues in ways dietary proteins cannot.

Which of the following is true of pantothenic acid? A. it is relatively stable under most food preparation methods. B. it is involved in more than 100 steps in the synthesis of certain compounds. C. it is known to be toxic in large doses. D. it is the only B vitamin not involved in energy metabolism.

B. it is involved in more than 100 steps in the synthesis of certain compounds.

Which of the following is an essential fatty acid? A. stearic acid B. linolenic acid C. lecithin D. cholesterol

B. linolenic acid

The phytochemical lycopene _______. A. is abundant in apples B. may help protect against cancer and heart disease C. is one of many flavonoids D. is another name for vitamin E

B. may help protect against cancer and heart disease

Which of the following is a symptom of potassium deficiency? A. vomiting B. muscle weakness C. lowered blood pressure D. edema

B. muscle weakness

An adult deficient in Vitamin D may experience a softening of the bones, which is called _____ A. hyperkeratosis B. osteomalacia C. rickets D. keratomalacia

B. osteomalacia

Which of the following is NOT known to increase vitamin C needs? A. burns B. physical activity C. infections D. chronic use of oral contraceptives.

B. physical activity

What is the principal intracellular cation? A. chloride B. potassium C. magnesium D. Sodium

B. potassium

Enzymes that digest protein are called _____. A. naturalizers B. proteases C. sequencers D. transcriptors

B. proteases

Which of the following is NOT a feature of high-fiber foods? A. provide a feeling of fullness B. provide more energy per gram than processed and junk foods C. are lower in fat and simple sugars D. effective in weight control

B. provide more energy per gram than processed and junk foods

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between dietary protein and kidney function? A. protein deficiency increases the risk of kidney stones. B. restricting dietary protein helps slow the progression of kidney disease. C. high urea production from high-protein diets increases kidney efficiency. D. long-term, high-protein diets are a risk factor for kidney disease.

B. restricting dietary protein helps slow the progression of kidney disease

At a party with friends, Amal drinks wine and eats hors d'oeuvres, even though she is not hungry. This is an example of a food choice based on ________. A. negative association B. social interaction C. emotional turmoil D. established habits

B. social interaction

which lipid is most abundant in foods and in the body? A. sterols B. triglycerides C. glycerols D. monoglycerides

B. triglycerides

The DRI suggests a diet that provides what percentage of the daily energy intake from fat? A. 10 to 20% B. less than 10% C. 20 to 35% D. 40 to 50%

C. 20 to 35%

How many kcalories are contributed by 1 gram of dietary fat? A. 6 B. 12 C. 9 D. 3

C. 9

Which member of the vitamin E family is maintained in the body? A. Gamma-tocotrienol B. Beta-tocopherol C. Alpha-tocopherol D. Alpha-tocotrienol

C. Alpha-tocopherol

Which federal agency regulates dietary supplements? A. US Public Health Service B. Centers for Disease Control C. Food and Drug Administration D. US Department of Agriculture

C. Food and Drug Administration

Of the following minerals, which is found in the body in the lowest amount? A. Potassium B. Sodium C. Iron D. Calcium

C. Iron

The principle of providing foods in proportion to one another and in proportion to the body's needs is known as ________. A. kcalorie control B. nutrient profiling C. balance D. nutrient density

C. balance

Where is 99% of the body's calcium location? A. kidneys and intestines B. body fluids C. bones and teeth D. thyroid glad

C. bones and teeth

A food label ingredient list reads in the following order: Wheat flour, vegetable shortening, sugar, salt, and cornstarch. What item would be found in the SMALLEST amount in this food? A. sugar B. wheat flour C. cornstarch D. salt

C. cornstarch

Which of the following accurately describes fat-soluble vitamins? A. they travel freely and are absorbed directly into the blood. B. the kidneys detect and remove excesses in urine. C. deficiency symptoms sometimes take a year or more to develop on a poor diet. D. they circulate freely in water-filled parts of the body

C. deficiency symptoms sometimes take a year or more to develop on a poor diet.

Which of the following is the most reliable source of vitamin D? A. fruits B. vegetables C. fortified milk D. legumes

C. fortified milk

Which of the following is secreted by the pancreas in response to LOW blood sugar? A. glucose B. amylase C. glucagon D. glycogen

C. glucagon

How is blood routed through the digestive system? A.heart to capillaries to arteries (gallbladder) to hepatic portal vein to arteries (liver) to hepatic vein to heart B. heart to capillaries to arteries (intestines) to hepatic portal vein to arteries (liver) to hepatic vein to heart C. heart to arteries to capillaries (intestines) to hepatic portal vein to capillaries (liver) to hepatic vein to heart D. heart to arteries to capillaries (liver) to hepatic portal vein to capillaries (intestines) to hepatic portal vein to heart

C. heart to arteries to capillaries (intestines) to hepatic portal vein to capillaries (liver) to hepatic vein to heart

What does chloride do in the body? A. participates in blood clotting B. stabilizes protein shape C. helps maintain gastric acidity D. protects bone structures against degeneration

C. helps maintain gastric acidity

A deficit in the concentration of sodium in the blood is known specifically as _____ A. hyperkalemia B. water intoxication C. hyponatremia D. hypertension

C. hyponatremia

Which of the following is a function of Vitamin C? A. it is involved in energy metabolism. B. it helps rid the body of excess iron. C. it helps form collagen D. it helps rid the body of antioxidants.

C. it helps form collagen

Which of the following is true of fluoride? A. A deficiency can lead to pica. B. toxicity is unknown C. it makes teeth stronger and more resistant to decay D. a deficiency causes the condition fluorosis

C. it makes teeth stronger and more resistant to decay

Which of the following is true of riboflavin? A. people who follow a strict vegetarian diet can't get adequate amounts from food alone. B. it is also known as vitamin B1. C. it remains stable when exposed to heat. D. it is easily destroyed by heat.

C. it remains stable when exposed to heat.

Which of the following is NOT true of vitamin B12 A. it helps maintain nerve cells B. It is found almost exclusively in animal-derived foods. C. it works closely with thiamin D. it converts folate to its active form.

C. it works closely with thiamin.

A high risk of heart disease correlates with high blood levels of ____ A. high-density lipoproteins. B. free fatty acids C. low-density lipoproteins. D. very high-density lipoproteins.

C. low-density lipoproteins.

Fatty acids consist of a chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms with an acid group on one end and which type of group at the other end. A. carboxyl B. hydroxyl C. methyl D. amino

C. methyl

Which of these is the greatest contributor of riboflavin in most people's diet? A. dark green, leafy vegetables B. eggs C. milk and milk products D. meat, poultry and fish

C. milk and milk products

Which of the following is not an essential trace mineral? A. chromium B. copper C. nickel D. selenium

C. nickel

which nutrient provides a major source of dietary sulfur? A. fat-soluble vitamins B. fats C. protein D. carbohydrates

C. protein

Which title is given to a person who has a minimum of a bachelor's degree from an accredited university, has completed a supervised practice program, and has passed a national examination administered by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics? A. medical doctor B. certified nutritionist C. registered dietitian nutritionist D. certified nutrition therapist

C. registered dietitian nutritionist

Which of the following statements is true of essential trace minerals in general? A. they always function independently in the body. B. they are needed in the diet in amounts greater than 100 milligrams a day. C. they can be found in a wide variety of foods, but especially in seafood. D. toxicities are rare, but may occur from over-eating

C. they can be found in a wide variety of foods, but especially in seafood.

Which of the following statements is correct in context with non-vegetarians? A. they easily obtain large quantities of other nutrients including folate, vitamin C, Vitamin A B. they tend to have higher intakes of plant proteins and fiber. C. they tend to have higher intakes of saturated fat. D. they lack vitamin B12, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids.

C. they tend to have higher intakes of saturated fats

Why is folate supplementation recommended for women one month before conception and during the first trimester of pregnancy? A. to prevent severe morning sickness B. to reduce the risk of gestational diabetes C. to prevent neural tube defects, such as spina bifida, which may occur during the early week of pregnancy D. to help reduce the risk of iron-deficient anemia

C. to prevent neural tube defects, such as spina bifida, which may occur during the early weeks of pregnancy

what is the most prominent risk factor in the US, contributing to one of every six deaths each year? A. poor dietary habits B. alcohol consumption C. tobacco use D. physical inactivity

C. tobacco use

Population groups such as sedentary older men, sedentary younger women, and active older women have a daily energy need of approximately _____ kcalories. A. 1500 B. 1200 C. 1800 D. 2000

D. 2000

Of the top seven causes of death in the United States, how many are linked with diet? A. 2 B. 5 C. 1 D. 4

D. 4

How much carbohydrates does the body need each day to prevent ketosis? A. 150 to 200 g B. 10 to 25 g C. 100 to 150 g D. 50 to 100 g

D. 50 to 100 g

Which term refers to the study of how nutrients influence the activities of genes? A. Nutrigenetics B. Human nutritional economics C. Genetic synthesis D. Nutrigenomics

D. Nutrigenomics

Which of the following foods contains all of the essential amino acids in relatively the same amounts that the human body requires? A. Broccoli B. Quinoa C. Gelatin D. Turkey

D. Turkey

Which of the following statements accurately describes vitamins? A. vitamins are inorganic and do not provide energy. B. vitamins are indestructible. C. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are water-soluble vitamins. D. almost every action in the body requires the assistance of vitamins

D. almost every action in the body requires the assistance of vitamins

Vitamin E functions primarily as ______ A. a free radical B. a coenzyme C. a peroxide D. an antioxidant

D. an antioxidant

which set of blood tests reveals a person's total cholesterol, triglycerides, and various lipoproteins? A. comprehensive metabolic panel B. full thyroid panel C. complete blood count D. blood lipid profile

D. blood lipid profile

which of the following has the highest proportion of saturated fatty acids? A. peanut oil B. cottonseed oil C. walnut oil D. coconut oil

D. coconut oil

which is a chemical reaction in which water is released as two molecules that combine to form one larger product? A. hydrogenation B. hydrolysis C. oxidation D. condensation

D. condensation

For those who do not smoke or drink alcohol excessively, the one choice that can influence chronic disease risks more than any other is A. avoiding toxins B. hand washing C. physical activity D. diet

D. diet

The best way to add antioxidants to the diet is to ____ A. combine dietary intake and supplementation B. rely on supplements to meet RDA C. add a selenium supplement to a diet rich in vitamin E D. eat generous servings of fruits and vegetables daily.

D. eat generous servings of fruits and vegetables daily

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the body? A. facilitating chemical reactions B. maintaining volume of body fluids C. providing fuel for energy needs D. inhibiting the absorption of cholesterol

D. inhibiting the absorption of cholesterol

Which of the following is secreted by the pancreas in response to elevated blood sugar? A. glucagon B. glucose C. glycogen D. insulin

D. insulin

Which of the following is not true of copper? A. it is a key factor in hemoglobin synthesis B. it helps inactivate histamine C. it helps make collagen D. it depends on triglycerides to maintain balance and for transport in the body.

D. it depends on triglycerides to maintain balance and for transport in the body.

what is the most likely reason for a person to have abnormally high blood urea levels? A. rapid weight gain B. protein intake one-tenth the RDA C. liver dysfunction D. kidney dysfunction

D. kidney dysfunction

What is the term for the force that directs the movement of water across a cell membrane? A. hypotension B. hypertension C. solute pressure D. osmotic pressure

D. osmotic pressure

In the USDA Food Patterns, in which food group are legumes found? A. dairy B. grains C. fruits D. protein

D. protein

Nutrient dense refers to foods that _____. A. contain a mixture of carbohydrate, fat, and protein B. are higher in weight relative to volume C. carry the USDA nutrition labeling D. provide more nutrients relative to kcalories

D. provide more nutrients relative to kcalories

the pyloric sphincter opens into the ____ A. large intestine B. colon C. rectum D. small intenstine

D. small intenstine

In which part of the GI tract do enzymes hydrolyze the disaccharides into monosaccharides? A. stomach B. pancreas C. salivary glands D. small intestine

D. small intestine

in what part of the GI tract is pepsin active? A. small intestine B. mouth C. pancreas D. stomach

D. stomach

Essential nutrients are those that _________. A. contain hydrogen and carbon. B. can be destroyed by light, heat, and chemical agents C. yield energy when consumed D. the body cannot make for itself in sufficient quantity

D. the body cannot make for itself in sufficient quantity

What is a unique property of phospholipids? A. they have a multiple-ring structure. B. they have three double bonds. C. they have a trans structure D. they are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

D. they are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

one difference between water-soluble vitamins and fat-soluble vitamins is that ____ A. fat-soluble vitamins are easier for the body to excrete. B. fat-soluble vitamins outnumber water-soluble vitamins C. in large amounts, water-soluble vitamins can be more toxic than fat-soluble vitamins D. water-soluble vitamins need to be consumed more frequently than fat-soluble vitamins

D. water-soluble vitamins need to be consumed more frequently than fat-soluble vitamins

What happens when the body uses energy-yielding nutrients? A. a person's energy stores are depleted. B. the body converts them into storage compounds. C. the amount of water in the body decreases D. the bonds between the atoms break and release energy

The bonds between the atoms break and release energy