152 Questions to Summarize* AP Human Geo Unit 2: Population and Migration
What is the ideal replacement rate?
2.33
Which parts of continents do people primarily live?
Europe, South Asia, East Asia, SE Asia, NE US
What are positive checks?
Events that cause an increase in death rates (war, disease, famine)
What are anti-natalist policies?
Government policies that discourage the growth of population
What are some examples of countries that enforce anti-natalist policies? (don't memorize this, ASSOCIATE these countries with antinatalism)
India's mass sterilization, Bangladesh's education of women, China's former One Child Policy
What is internal migration?
Migration within a country
Who are Neo-Malthusians?
Modern day people concerned about overpopulation
What are some examples of countries that enforce pro-natalist policies? (don't memorize this, ASSOCIATE these countries with pronatalism)
Singapore, Denmark, Finland, Estonia, Sweden, France, USSR Motherhood Medals, China's Three Child Policy
What is life expectancy?
The average a number of years a newborn can expect to live at current mortality levels.
What is total fertility rate?
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (15-49)
What is environmental determinism?
The belief that the physical environment limits social development.
What is maternal mortality rate?
The number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births
What is possibilism?
The physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment.
What is CDR (Crude Death Rate)?
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive
What is agricultural density?
The total number of farmers per unit of arable land.
What is physiological density?
The total number of people per unit of arable land.
What is arithmetic density?
The total number of people per unit of land.
What is the one child policy in China?
a law stating that a family can only have one child. Put in place to lower population growth
What is dependency ratio?
amount of people under 15 and over 65 divided by people 15-64
What is doubling time?
amount of time for population to double (assuming that PGR will grow same amount)
When a woman gets more education, how will that change demographics? (Do not memorize this, ASSOCIATE the definition with the terms)
better care of children, more babies survive (better health care), fewer replacement babies, more women want to utilize education
What are the issues with dependency ratio calculations?
child labor, unemployment, underemployment, 65+ aged people working isn't counted
What are pull factors?
conditions that attract immigrants to a new area
What are push factors?
conditions that drive people from their homes
What is Natural Rate of Increase?
crude birth rate minus crude death rate
Ravenstein's Migration Laws: Most migrants move due to...
economic reasons
What are examples of pull factors? (Do not memorize this, ASSOCIATE the definition with the terms)
employment, fertile land, better climate, economic opportunity, better health care
What did India do to reduce CBR/NRI?
established family planning policies, clinics, distributed free/low cost birth control, sterlization
What are preventative checks?
events that decrease birth rate (marrying later, birth control)
What assumptions did Malthus make (those were turned out to be false)?
food production increases steadily while population increases exponentially, countries are closed systems
What did Malthus predict will happen?
humans will run out food
What is demographic momentum?
if older people die, population still goes up
When a woman gets employed, how will that change the economy? (Do not memorize this, ASSOCIATE the definition with the terms)
increase in GDP, more $$$ is household, can contribute to local economy
What are some strategies pronatal policies use?
increased maternity/paternity leaves, government-subsidized child care, family allowances based on the size of the family, banning contraception (extreme), priority housing
If you had one child in China during the one-child policy, what benefits would you get? (NOT IMPORTANT)
job, daycare, schooling, bonuses, pensions, medical care, housing
What are quotas?
laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year
Ravenstein's Migration Laws: Most young single men move ________.
long-distance
What are some strategies used in anti natalist policies? (don't memorize this, ASSOCIATE these with antinatalism)
low cost/free contraception, easy access to family planning, abortions, promotion of smaller families, free education/low-cost healthcare for smaller families, promotion of sterilization programs, loss of maternity leave after # of kids, women's rights, women education
Core countries have _ birth rates than undeveloped countries.
lower
Core countries have __ Total Fertility Rate than undeveloped countries.
lower
Core countries have a _ NRI than undeveloped countries.
lower
Core countries have a ____ MMR than undeveloped countries.
lower
What happens when a woman gets better access to healthcare? (Do not memorize this, ASSOCIATE the definition with the terms)
lower MMR, better medical care and more developed country
Higher literacy rates, high economic growth, and women's rights all lead to ___ NRIs.
lower/negative
What are the 4 classifications of immigration policies?
maintain current level of immigration, increase level, decrease level, no policy
Where do people generally live?
midlatitudes, low-lying areas, near water, fertile land, near natural resources
What is chain migration?
migrants from one place follow other migrants to a particular destination (possible migrant follows the group to neighboring country)
What is step migration
migration that follows a path in stages or steps to get closer to destination (Mahmoud's journey to Germany was split into different parts)
What is Ester Boserup's population theory?
more people would help figure out how to feed themselves better
What are social reasons that countries want anti-natalist policies?
more women in workplace, more opportunities for education, greater cheaper access to healthcare
What is migration?
movement of people from one place to another
What is external migration?
moving from one country to another
What is population growth rates?
natural rate of increase plus net migration
There is a ____ correlation between dependency ratio and ability to take care of dependents.
negative
Wealth and birth have a __ corellation.
negative
What is the correlation between wealth and IMR?
negative
What are the benefits of guest worker programs?
new cultures, people working undesired, low paying jobs, help win elections, increases working population
0 indicates _ corellation
no
What is the corellation coefficient?
number that measures how related are two variables
What are demographic reasons that countries want anti-natalist policies?
overpopulation concerns
What are guest worker programs?
people from poorer countries immigrate to different country to get jobs
What are emigrants?
people who leave a country
What are immigrants?
people who move into a country
What was Benjamin Franklin's population theory?
people won't have kids when they become economic burden (wealth restrains growth); food stays ahead of population
What is ecumene?
places on earth people inhabit
Where are anti-natalist policies found?
places with high CBR and high NIR
Where are pronatal policies found?
places with low/negative NIR and high elderly population
What are pronatal policies?
policies encouraged to increase birth
What is the youth dependency ratio?
population 0-15 age divided by people 15-64 years old
What is the elderly dependency ratio?
population 65+ age divided by people 15-64 years old
What are the drawbacks of guest worker programs?
possible competition for jobs, xenophobia (blamed for on problems in country), division between parties relating worker programs
What are immigration policies influenced by?
public opinion, economic reasons, resources to support them, international relations
What is infant mortality rate?
ratio of deaths of infants aged 1 year or under per 1000 births
What is corellation?
relationship between two variables
What are political reasons that countries want anti-natalist policies?
repress a group of people (making them have smaller families)
Ravenstein's Migration Laws: Most migrants move from ____ to ____.
rural, urban
Ravenstein's Migration Laws: Most migrants only move ____ distances.
short
What are intervening obstacles?
something that hinders migration (person having no passport)
What are intervening opportunities?
something that makes a migrant want to stay at a place, not the destination (better job opportunities, conflict resolved in the home county, etc.)
Ravenstein's Migration Laws: Most people move in (steps/large chunks).
steps
-1 indicates a _ relationship
strong negative
+1 indicates a _ relationship
strong positive
What is birth rate?
the number of live births per thousand of population per year.
What is causation?
the relationship between cause and effect
What is demography?
the study of population
What is replacement rate?
the total fertility rate needed for a population to replace itself
What are political reasons a country would want pronatalist policies?
to build up military and to occupy deserted areas
What are social reasons a country would want pronatalist policies?
to change demographics of population
What are economic reasons that countries want anti-natalist policies?
to remove resource strain on govt.
What are economic reasons a country would want pronatalist policies?
to replace older people in workforce, to support increasing amount of seniors, help develop resources/economic growth
What are demographic reasons a country would want pronatalist policies?
to replace those lost in violence and to ease elderly dependency ratio
Where do people generally don't live?
too dry, wet, cold, or high
What are examples of push factors? (Do not memorize this, ASSOCIATE the definition with the terms)
unemployment, crop failure, drought, flooding, poverty, civil war, loss of job, social outcast (hmm...), instability
What are examples of environmental degradation?
violence, high population, pollution, high resource consumption
What is correlation between wealth and death?
weak/none positive corellation
What are extinction clocks?
when a declining population is going to go extinct
What is Bangladesh doing to reduce CBR/NRI?
women education, greater contraception access
When greater contraception access, what happens regarding women? (Do not memorize this, ASSOCIATE the definition with the terms)
women stay in school/workforce longer, fewer women at home caring for large families
What do neo-Malthusians believe that Malthus assumed wrong on?
world is not closed system, gap between poor and rich wider than Malthus's assumption
Ravenstein's Migration Laws: Most migrants are (young/old) (single/married) (men/women).
young single men
