15&16

Pterm-21ut the following in order: 1 - The pathogen must be re-isolated from the new host and must be identical to the original pathogen 2 - A healthy test subject infected with the suspected pathogen must develop the same signs and symptoms of disease as seen in postulate 3 - The suspected pathogen must be found in every case of disease and not be found in healthy individuals. 4 - The suspected pathogen can be isolated and grown in pure culture.

3,4,2,1

When localized pathogens, or the toxin it produces, can spread to secondary locations, it is considered _____________________.

A focal infection

This type of study gathers information about a disease outbreak, the affected individuals, and how the disease has spread over time in an exploratory stage of study.

Descriptive

A-B toxins, which are intracellular targeting toxins, are produced by some of the following diseases. Mark all that apply.

Diphtheria Cholera Tetanus

Betsy went to the hospital to visit her sick grandmother. While she was on her way on the bus, she was sitting next to Amy, a 46-year old woman headed to the hospital as well. She was coughing a lot (without covering her mouth) and looked miserable in general. Every time she coughed, Betsy could feel droplets hitting her arm. Later Amy was diagnosed with having the covid-19 virus. Once she was in the hospital waiting room, Betsy had to wait a while to see her grandmother. Michael was sitting across the room from Betsy and was coughing and sneezing a lot without covering his mouth. When he was finally seen, his body temperature was at about 38.5oC. He was later diagnosed with the influenza virus. Justin, a 10-year old boy, was sitting next to Betsy and had a severe runny nose and watery eyes. He was wiping his mucous-covered fingers all over the arm of Betsy's chair, and more than once she touched the boogery mess. Not having anything handy to wipe it off on, she just used her jeans. Justin was later diagnosed as being infected with the human Rhinovirus, the common cold. After about 20 minutes, Betsy was allowed to go see her grandmother in her hospital room. If Betsy's grandmother later

HAI

What is an example of a chronic disease?

Hepatitis B

What is the method to avoid phagocytosis by the host?

Inducing endocytosis

What does the dissemination of a pathogen throughout local tissues or within the body refer to?

Invasion

What is a disease?

Is any condition in which the normal structure of function of the body are damaged or impaired

What was the prior question an example of?

Koch's Postulates

The number of pathogen cells or particles required to cause death in 50% of inoculated animals is ____________________.

Media Lethal Dose (LD50)

The number of pathogen cells or particles required to cause active infection in 50% of inoculated animals is _______________________.

Median Infectious Dose (ID50)

_____________ are tracked by epidemiological studies and the data is used to inform health-care providers and the public about possible risks.

Notifiable diseases

If I said there were 43,103 confirmed cases of the Novel Coronavirus worldwide on February 11, 2020, I would be talking about the ________________ of the disease.

Prevalence

The CARCE and the WHO sent several clinicians to the affected areas to evaluate the population for signs and symptoms of the Salmonella infection. Any patients that were found with the infection were admitted to a healthcare facility and data were generated on the progression, treatment, and recovery of the disease and filed in a report to be used to compare to future outbreaks. This is an example of what kind of study? Explain why you think so.

Prospective studies follow individuals and monitor their disease state during the course of the study. Data on the characteristics of the study subjects and their environments are gathered at the beginning and during the study so that subjects who become ill may be compared with those who do not. Again, the researchers can look for associations between the disease state and variables that were measured during the study to shed light on possible causes.

When hiking in Northern California around the Russian River, Mary was bitten by a tick. The tick transmitted the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi to Mary's leg tissues while it was obtaining a blood meal. This bacteria is found in certain species of hard-bodied ticks around the USA such as the Deer Tick. The Borrelia bacteria completes part of its life cycle in the ticks. Since the disease caused by this infection (Lyme Disease) can only be transmitted through the bite of a tick, there is no need to _________ Mary from other people, since it cannot be passed from her to others.

Quarantine

A _______________ is a disease that is increasing in frequency after a previous period of decline. Group of answer choices

Re-emerging disease

This type study gathers data from the past on present-day cases.

Retrospective

A graduate student is using historical data from this region to attempt to find a pattern to the outbreaks of Salmonellosis, including the current one. The hope is that they can use these data sets to understand what might be a local trigger for these outbreaks and prevent future ones from occurring. This is an example of what kind of study? Explain why you think so.

Retrospective studies gather data from the past on present-day cases. Data can include things like the medical history, age, gender, or occupational history of the affected individuals. This type of study examines associations between factors chosen or available to the researcher and disease occurrence.

The aquatic larval form of this helminth uses proteases to degrade skin and enter the body of the host is _____________.

Schistosoma

What is an example of a latent disease? Group of answer choices

Shingles

What is an example of a noninfectious disease?

Sickle cell anemia

Match the scenario with its correct definition: Sporadic disease Endemic disease Pandemic disease Epidemic disease

Sporadic disease Single case of histoplasmosis was diagnosed in a community. Endemic disease About 60 cases of gonorrhea are usually reported in this region per week, slightly less than the national average. Pandemic disease Over 20 million people worldwide died from influenza in 1918-1919. Epidemic disease 22 cases of legionellosis occurred within 3 weeks among residents of a particular neighborhood (usually 0 or 1 per year).

What is the reason why malaria persists and it is not easily detected by the immune system of the host?

The antigenic variations

Koch's postulates are limited as two individuals that have the same pathogen, might not exhibit the same signs and symptoms.

True

Which protozoan can form capsules and thus avoid phagocytosis?

Trypanosoma

Which of the following is an example of an emerging disease? Select all that apply.

Zika H1N1 flu COVID-19 HIV

An emerging infectious disease is either new to the human population or has shown an increase in prevalence in the previous ______ years.

20

What is the excessive number of bacterial toxins in the blood known as? Group of answer choices

toxemia

Compare and contrast the differences between emerging diseases and re-emerging diseases. How are they similar? How are they different?

An emerging infectious disease is either new to the human population or has shown an increase in prevalence in the previous twenty years. Whether the disease is new or conditions have changed to cause an increase in frequency, its status as emerging implies the need to apply resources to understand and control its growing impact. Emerging diseases may change their frequency gradually over time, or they may experience sudden epidemic growth. A reemerging infectious disease is a disease that is increasing in frequency after a previous period of decline. Its reemergence may be a result of changing conditions or old prevention regimes that are no longer working. Examples of such diseases are drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis, bacterial pneumonia, and malaria. Drug-resistant strains of the bacteria causing gonorrhea and syphilis are also becoming more widespread, raising concerns of untreatable infections.

This type of study employs carefully selected groups of individuals in an attempt to more convincingly evaluate hypotheses about potential causes for a disease outbreak.

Analytical

Which of the following are considered re-emerging diseases? Select all that apply.

Antibiotic-resistant Malaria Antibiotic-resistant TB MRSA

What are we talking about when point mutations cause slight changes in the spike proteins hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N)?

Antigenic drift

Diseases that are contracted because of a medical procedure __________________.

Are known as iatrogenic diseases

What are endotoxins?

Are produced by Gram negative bacteria

What is Aflatoxin produced by?

Aspergillus

When hiking in Northern California around the Russian River, Mary was bitten by a tick. The tick transmitted the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi to Mary's leg tissues while it was obtaining a blood meal. This bacteria is found in certain species of hard-bodied ticks around the USA such as the Deer Tick. The Borrelia bacteria completes part of its life cycle in the ticks. Because the bacteria completes part of its life cycle in the tick, the tick is considered a _______ for the bacteria.

Biological vector

Which of the one listed below cannot be used for adherence?

Cell membrane galactose

Betsy went to the hospital to visit her sick grandmother. While she was on her way on the bus, she was sitting next to Amy, a 46-year old woman headed to the hospital as well. She was coughing a lot (without covering her mouth) and looked miserable in general. Every time she coughed, Betsy could feel droplets hitting her arm. Later Amy was diagnosed with having the covid-19 virus. Once she was in the hospital waiting room, Betsy had to wait a while to see her grandmother. Michael was sitting across the room from Betsy and was coughing and sneezing a lot without covering his mouth. When he was finally seen, his body temperature was at about 38.5oC. He was later diagnosed with the influenza virus. Justin, a 10-year old boy, was sitting next to Betsy and had a severe runny nose and watery eyes. He was wiping his mucous-covered fingers all over the arm of Betsy's chair, and more than once she touched the boogery mess. Not having anything handy to wipe it off on, she just used her jeans. Justin was later diagnosed as being infected with the human Rhinovirus, the common cold. After about 20 minutes, Betsy was allowed to go see her grandmother in her hospital room. If Betsy later came down with

Community acquired infection

Toxoplasmosis is caused by a protozoan parasite called Toxoplasma gondii. This parasite reaches sexual maturity in cats and the intermediate host is usually a rat or a bird. It can cause aberrant behavior in the prey organisms it infects, such as making the scent of cat urine appealing to rodents. Humans can become infected and affected by this eukaryotic single-celled organism, but the organism does not reproduce sexually in human tissues nor is it transmitted to other organisms by humans. In this scenario, the cat is what to the Toxoplasma gondii organism?

Definitive host